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Sun S, Wang Q, Wang X, Wu C, Zhang X, Bai J, Sun B. Dry torrefaction and continuous thermochemical conversion for upgrading agroforestry waste into eco-friendly energy carriers: Current progress and future prospect. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167061. [PMID: 37714342 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Agroforestry Waste (AW) is seen as a carbon neutral resource. However, the poor quality of AW reduced its potential application value. Even more unfortunately, chlorine in AW led to the formation of organic pollutants such as dioxins under higher temperatures. Alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) in ash may deepen the reaction degree. Co-pretreatment of dry torrefaction and de-ashing followed by thermochemical conversion is a promising technology, which can improve raw material quality, inhibit the release of organic pollutants and transform AW into eco-friendly energy carriers. In order to better understand the process, theoretical basis such as the structural characteristics, thermal properties and separation methods of structural components of AW are described in detail. In addition, dry torrefaction related reactors, process parameters, kinetic analysis models as well as the evaluation methods of torrefaction degree and environmental impact are systematically reviewed. The problem of ash accumulation caused by dry torrefaction can be well solved by de-ashing pretreatment. This paper provides a comprehensive discussion on the role of the two- and three-stage conversion technologies around dry torrefacion, de-ashing pretreatment and thermochemical conversion in products quality enhancement. Finally, the existing technical challenges, including suppression of gaseous pollutant release, harmless treatment and reuse of torrefaction liquid product (TPL) and reduction of torrefaction operating costs, are summarized and evaluated. The future research directions, such as vitrification of the reused TPL (after de-ashing or acid catalysis) and integration of oxidative torrefaction with thermochemical conversion technologies, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Sun
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China.
| | - Xinmin Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China
| | - Chunlei Wu
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China
| | - Jingru Bai
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China
| | - Baizhong Sun
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin City, Jilin 132012, PR China
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Results of Comparative Studies of Treatment Processes of Some Types of Biomass by Wet and Oxidative Torrefaction Methods. CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10556-023-01132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Waheed MA, Akogun OA, Enweremadu CC. An overview of torrefied bioresource briquettes: quality-influencing parameters, enhancement through torrefaction and applications. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:122. [PMID: 38647887 PMCID: PMC10992263 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the need for clean, viable and sustainable source of alternative fuel is on the rampage in the global space due to the challenges posed by human factors including fossil induced emissions, fuel shortage and its ever-rising prices. These challenges are the major reason to utilize alternative source of energy such as lignocellulosic biomass as domestic and industrial feedstock. However, biomass in their raw form is problematic for application, hence, a dire need for torrefaction pre-treatment is required. The torrefaction option could ameliorate biomass limitations such as low heating value, high volatile matter, low bulk density, hygroscopic and combustion behaviour, low energy density and its fibrous nature. The torrefied product in powder form could cause air pollution and make utilization, handling, transportation, and storage challenging, hence, densification into product of higher density briquettes. This paper therefore provides an overview on the performance of torrefied briquettes from agricultural wastes. The review discusses biomass and their constituents, torrefaction pre-treatment, briquetting of torrefied biomass, the parameters influencing the quality, behaviour and applications of torrefied briquettes, and way forward in the briquetting sector in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Waheed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Florida, 1709, South Africa.
| | - O A Akogun
- Agricultural Mechanization and Sustainable Environment Programme, Centre of Excellence in Agricultural Development and Sustainable Environment, Federal University of Agriculture, P. M. B, Abeokuta, 2240, Nigeria
| | - C C Enweremadu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Florida, 1709, South Africa
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Yek PNY, Wan Mahari WA, Kong SH, Foong SY, Peng W, Ting H, Liew RK, Xia C, Sonne C, Tabatabaei M, Almomani F, Aghbashlo M, Lam SS. Pilot-scale co-processing of lignocellulosic biomass, algae, shellfish waste via thermochemical approach: Recent progress and future directions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126687. [PMID: 35007740 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermal co-processing of lignocellulosic and aquatic biomass, such as algae and shellfish waste, has shown synergistic effects in producing value-added energy products with higher process efficiency than the traditional method, highlighting the importance of scaling up to pilot-scale operations. This article discusses the design and operation of pilot-scale reactors for torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification, as well as the key parameters of co-processing biomass into targeted and improved quality products for use as fuel, agricultural application, and environmental remediation. Techno-economic analysis reveals that end product selling price, market dynamics, government policies, and biomass cost are crucial factors influencing the sustainability of thermal co-processing as a feasible approach to utilize the biomass. Because of its simplicity, pyrolysis allows greater energy recovery, while gasification has the highest net present value (profitability). Integration of liquefaction, hydrothermal, and fermentation pre-treatment technology has the potential to increase energy efficiency while reducing process residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nai Yuh Yek
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, University College of Technology Sarawak, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Wan Adibah Wan Mahari
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sieng Huat Kong
- School of Foundation Studies, University College of Technology Sarawak, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Shin Ying Foong
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Hiram Ting
- Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, UCSI University Kuching Campus, Lot 2976, Block 7, Muara Tebas Land District, Sejingkat, 93450 Kuching,Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Rock Keey Liew
- NV WESTERN PLT, No. 208B, Jalan Macalister, Georgetown 10400, Pulau Pinang
| | - Changlei Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, PR China; Anhui Juke Graphene Technology Co., Ltd., Bozhou, Anhui 233600, PR China
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Fares Almomani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Aniszewska M, Gendek A, Hýsek Š, Malaťák J, Velebil J, Tamelová B. Changes in the Composition and Surface Properties of Torrefied Conifer Cones. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13245660. [PMID: 33322427 PMCID: PMC7764392 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The paper investigated the torrefaction of cones from three tree species: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.). The objective was to determine the effects of torrefaction temperature on the properties of cones with a view to their further use as a renewable energy source. Torrefaction was conducted at 200, 235, 275, and 320 °C for 60 min under an inert gas atmosphere. Elemental composition, ash content, and lower heating value (LHV) were measured for the original and torrefied samples. Torrefaction performance was evaluated using formulas for solid yield, higher heating value (HHV), HHV enhancement factor, as well as energy yield. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess elemental composition and structural changes at the surface of the torrefied material. For all the studied conifer species, the higher the torrefaction temperature, the greater the carbon and ash content and the higher the LHV (a maximum of 27.6 MJ·kg−1 was recorded for spruce and larch cones torrefied at 320 °C). SEM images showed that an increase in process temperature from 200 to 320 °C led to partial decomposition of the scale surface as a result of lignin degradation. Cone scales from all tree species revealed C, O, N, Mg, K, and Si at the surface (except for pine scales, which did not contain Si). Furthermore, the higher the temperature, the higher the enhancement factor and the lower the energy yield of the torrefied biomass. Under the experimental conditions, spruce cones were characterized by the lowest weight loss, the highest HHV, and the highest energy yield, and so they are deemed the best raw material for torrefaction among the studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Aniszewska
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 164, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Arkadiusz Gendek
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 164, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Štěpán Hýsek
- Department of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 6, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Malaťák
- Department of Technological Equipments of Buildings, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 6, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (B.T.)
| | - Jan Velebil
- Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Drnovska 507, Prague 6, 161 01 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbora Tamelová
- Department of Technological Equipments of Buildings, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 6, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.M.); (B.T.)
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Pellet Production from Woody and Non-Woody Feedstocks: A Review on Biomass Quality Evaluation. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Forest and agricultural biomass are important sources of renewable and sustainable fuel for energy production. Their increasing consumption is mainly related to the increase in global energy demand and fossil fuel prices but also to the limited availability of petroleum and the lower environmental impact of these biomass compared with other non-renewable fuels. In particular, the pellet sector has seen important developments in terms of both production and the number of installed transformation plants. In addition, pellet production from non-woody biomass is increasing in importance. One of the fundamental aspects for the correct and sustainable use of a biofuel is evaluation of its quality. This is even more important when dealing with pellet production, considering the broad spectrum of possible raw materials for pelletizing. Considering the significant number of papers dealing with pellet quality evaluation and improvement in the last decade, this review aims to give the reader an overall view of the most current knowledge about this large and interesting topic. We focused on pellets of agricultural and forestry origin and analyzed papers regarding the specific topic of pellet quality evaluation and improvement from the last five years (2016–2020). In particular, the review findings are presented in the following order: the influence of different agro-forest management systems on pellet quality; analysis of pellets from pure feedstocks (no blending or binders); the influence of blending and binders on pellet quality; and the influence of pre and post treatments. Finally, a brief discussion about actual research lacks in this topic and the possibilities for future research are presented. It is important to underline that the present review is focused on the influence of the biomass characteristics on pellet quality. The effects of the process parameters (die temperature, applied pressure, holding time) on pellet features are not considered in this review, because that is another very large topic deserving a dedicated paper.
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Ma Z, Wang J, Li C, Yang Y, Liu X, Zhao C, Chen D. New sight on the lignin torrefaction pretreatment: Relevance between the evolution of chemical structure and the properties of torrefied gaseous, liquid, and solid products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121528. [PMID: 31150968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to reveal the deoxygenation mechanism of lignin torrefaction, the relevance between evolution of chemical structure of torrefied lignin and the properties of torrefied gaseous, liquid, and solid products was established in this study. Results showed that the contents of oxygen element, βO4 linkages, oxygen-containing functional groups (aliphatic OH, aliphatic COOH, aromatic OCH3) in lignin decreased with the increase of the torrefaction temperature from 210 to 300 °C. The oxygen removal efficiency of lignin torrefaction reached the maximum value of 25.53% at 300 °C. The removed oxygen in the torrefied lignin was transferred into the torrefied gaseous product (e.g. CO2, H2O, and CO) and torrefied liquid product (e.g. G-type and P-type phenols, acids). Among the torrefied gaseous products, CO2 was the dominant oxygen carrier, followed by CO and H2O. Among the torrefied liquid products, G-type phenols were the dominant oxygen carrier, followed by P-type phenols and acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqing Ma
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Junhao Wang
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Cong Li
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Youyou Yang
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Xiaohuan Liu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Dengyu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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Kai X, Meng Y, Yang T, Li B, Xing W. Effect of torrefaction on rice straw physicochemical characteristics and particulate matter emission behavior during combustion. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:1-8. [PMID: 30669026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effects of different torrefaction temperatures and durations on the physicochemical properties of rice straw (RS), and the emission characteristic of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of ≤10 µm) during torrefied RS combustion, were investigated. Results indicate that the release of Cl and K, and decomposition of the organic matrix demonstrated a promoting effect during torrefaction. However, the removal of Cl and K did not reduce the emission of PM1. The emission concentration of PM1 and PM1-10 generated from torrefied RS was enhanced, and the yields of PM1-10 was much higher than those of PM1. The concentrations of K and Cl in PM1-10 increased with torrefaction temperature, combined with the microstructure, indicating that the torrefaction pretreatment promoted the heterogeneous condensation of KCl vapour to form PM1-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingping Kai
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy of Liaoning, College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuxia Meng
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy of Liaoning, College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, PR China
| | - Tianhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy of Liaoning, College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, PR China.
| | - Bingshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy of Liaoning, College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, PR China
| | - Wanli Xing
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy of Liaoning, College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, PR China
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Su Y, Zhang S, Liu L, Xu D, Xiong Y. Investigation of representative components of flue gas used as torrefaction pretreatment atmosphere and its effects on fast pyrolysis behaviors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:584-590. [PMID: 30056368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three torrefaction atmosphere (N2, CO2 and 2 vol% O2 with N2 balance) were used to study effects of representative main components of flue gas during torrefaction and subsequent pyrolysis. Torrefaction pretreatment was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor at 230 °C and 250 °C, respectively. Results showed after torrefaction, torrefied samples from oxygenated atmosphere presented severer hemicellulose decomposition. And its effects on fast pyrolysis were investigated in thermogravimetry analysis and bench-scale fixed-bed reactor. It was found that oxygenated atmosphere preferred to give higher relative content of phenols at 230 °C and furans at 250 °C. For CO2, higher relative content of ketones and lowest phenols were got. The result also indicated that it's the O2 in flue gas which significantly improved the char yield. These results will be beneficial reference to predict and interpret alterations of pyrolysis behaviors when flue gas constitution changes in industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhai Su
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Lingqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanquan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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Correlations to Predict Elemental Compositions and Heating Value of Torrefied Biomass. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11092443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Measurements reported in the literature on ultimate analysis of various types of torrefied woody biomass, comprising 152 data points, have been compiled and empirical correlations are developed to predict the carbon content, hydrogen content, and heating value of a torrefied wood as a function of solid mass yield. The range of torrefaction temperature, residence time and solid yield of the collected data is 200–300 °C, 5–60 min and 58–97%, respectively. Two correlations are proposed for carbon content with a coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) of 81.52% and 89.86%, two for hydrogen content with R 2 of 79.01% and 88.45%, and one for higher heating value with R 2 of 92.80%. The root mean square error (RMSE) values of the proposed correlations are 0.037, 0.028, 0.059, 0.043 and 0.023, respectively. The predictability of the proposed relations is examined with an additional set of experimental data and compared with the existing correlations in the literature. The new correlations can be used as a useful tool when designing torrefaction plants, furnaces, or gasifiers operating on torrefied wood.
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Zeng K, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Mei Y, Wang X, Yang H, Shao J, Li J, Chen H. Influence of torrefaction with Mg-based additives on the pyrolysis of cotton stalk. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 261:62-69. [PMID: 29653335 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The study presented an approach to introduce Mg-based additives into cotton stalk for strengthening deoxygenation effect during torrefaction. Then catalytic pyrolysis of torrefied feedstock with Mg-based additives residue as catalyst was performed at 550 °C for 10 min in a fixed-bed reactor. The effects of torrefaction temperature (200, 230, 260, 290, 320, 350 °C), type of Mg-based additive (MgO and MgO-K2CO3), mass ratio of additive to biomass (0.5, 1 and 2) on pyrolysis were investigated. The results indicated that yields of bio-char and bio-oil significantly increased and decreased with torrefaction temperature rising to 350 °C. MgO inhibited pyrolysis bio-char yield increase with torrefaction severity. MgO-K2CO3 increased H2 yield a lot from 1.39 to 3.67 mmol/g. It also effectively improved the aromatic hydrocarbons in bio-oil and the reduction of acids. A maximum aromatic hydrocarbons yield of 16.05% was obtained with MgO-K2CO3 (the mass ratio of 0.5:1) at torrefaction temperature of 320 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; Harvard China Project, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Pierce Hall G2B, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Yanyang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan, PR China
| | - Xianhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Haiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Jingai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Jiashuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Hanping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China; Department of New Energy Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
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Zhang S, Su Y, Xu D, Zhu S, Zhang H, Liu X. Assessment of hydrothermal carbonization and coupling washing with torrefaction of bamboo sawdust for biofuels production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 258:111-118. [PMID: 29524685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two kinds of biofuels were produced and compared from hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and coupling washing with torrefaction (CWT) processes of bamboo sawdust in this study. The mass and energy yields, mass energy density, fuel properties, structural characterizations, combustion behavior and ash behavior during combustion process were investigated. Significant increases in the carbon contents resulted in the improvement of mass energy density and fuel properties of biofuels obtained. Both HTC and CWT improved the safety of the biofuels during the process of handling, storing and transportation. The ash-related issues of the biofuels were significantly mitigated and combustion behavior was remarkably improved after HTC and CWT processes of bamboo sawdust. In general, both HTC and CWT processes are suitable to produce biofuels with high fuel quality from bamboo sawdust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yinhai Su
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shuguang Zhu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Houlei Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xinzhi Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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Arteaga-Pérez LE, Grandón H, Flores M, Segura C, Kelley SS. Steam torrefaction of Eucalyptus globulus for producing black pellets: A pilot-scale experience. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 238:194-204. [PMID: 28433908 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Steam torrefaction of Eucalyptus globulus was performed at temperatures between 245°C and 265°C in a 100kg/h pilot plant. Torrefied biomass was then pelletized in a 300kg/h unit and the pellets were subject to durability, density and combustion tests. The structural changes measured with FTIR were studied along with the combustion behavior of the materials. Compositional analysis showed that increasing the torrefaction temperature reduced both hemicellulose fraction and overall mass yield (MY). Furthermore, there was a linear relationship between the energy yield (EY) and mass yield (EY=[1.04-0.9(1-MY)]) for these samples. The ignition and comprehensive indexes confirmed that the stability of the torrefied biomass in a combustion environment was higher than for untreated biomass. Finally, pellets showed high durability (98%), and had an energy density (13-14GJ/m3), which is comparable to low-rank coals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Arteaga-Pérez
- Chemical Engineering School, Department of Wood Engineering, University of Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Héctor Grandón
- Technological Development Unit, University of Concepción, Coronel, Chile
| | - Mauricio Flores
- Technological Development Unit, University of Concepción, Coronel, Chile
| | - Cristina Segura
- Technological Development Unit, University of Concepción, Coronel, Chile
| | - Stephen S Kelley
- Chemical Engineering School, Department of Wood Engineering, University of Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile; North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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14
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Li K, Zhang L, Zhu L, Zhu X. Comparative study on pyrolysis of lignocellulosic and algal biomass using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 234:48-52. [PMID: 28315604 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cornstalk and chlorella were selected as the representative of lignocelulosic and algal biomass, and the pyrolysis experiments of them were carried out using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The physicochemical properties of samples and the pyrolytic product distribution were presented. And then the compositional differences between the two kinds of pyrolytic products were studied, the relevant pyrolysis mechanisms were analyzed systematically. Pyrolytic vapor from lignocellulosic biomass contained more phenolic and carbonyl compounds while that from algal biomass contained more long-chain fatty acids, nitrogen-containing compounds and fewer carbonyl compounds. Maillard reaction is conducive to the conversion of carbonyl compounds to nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds with better thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Key Laboratory for Biomass Clean Energy of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Key Laboratory for Biomass Clean Energy of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Liang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Key Laboratory for Biomass Clean Energy of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xifeng Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Key Laboratory for Biomass Clean Energy of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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Li K, Zhu C, Zhang L, Zhu X. Study on pyrolysis characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass impregnated with ammonia source. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 209:142-147. [PMID: 26967337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents the pyrolysis characteristics of rice husk impregnated with different kinds of ammonia source (ammonium acetate, urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate) in a fixed bed reactor. The introduction of ammonia source in pyrolysis process achieved the conversation from carbonyl compounds to nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds. The liquid product of urea-impregnated biomass has higher content of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds (8.35%) and phenols (30.4%). For ammonium sulfate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate-impregnated biomass, the quantity of compounds in liquid products reduces remarkably, and the gas products are rich in CO and H2. All the solid products of pyrolysis have great potential application in biochar-based fertilizer and activated carbon for their high N content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomass Clean Energy of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Changpeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Biomass Clean Energy of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomass Clean Energy of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Biomass Clean Energy of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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Zhang S, Dong Q, Zhang L, Xiong Y, Liu X, Zhu S. Effects of water washing and torrefaction pretreatments on rice husk pyrolysis by microwave heating. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 193:442-448. [PMID: 26159301 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The influences of water washing, torrefaction and combined water washing-torrefaction pretreatments on microwave pyrolysis of rice husk samples were investigated. The results indicated that the process of combined water washing-torrefaction pretreatment could effectively remove a large portion of inorganics and improve the fuel characteristics to a certain extent. The gas products were rich in combustible compositions and the syngas quality was improved by pretreatment process. The liquid products contained less moisture content, acids and furans, while more concentrated phenols and sugars from microwave pyrolysis of rice husk after pretreatments, especially after the combined water washing-torrefaction pretreatment. Biochar, produced in high yield, has the alkaline pH (pH 8.2-10.0) and high surface area (S(BET) 157.81-267.84 m(2)/g), they have the potential to be used as soil amendments. It is noteworthy that water washing increased the pore surface area of biochar, but torrefaction reduced the pore surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Qing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanquan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xinzhi Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shuguang Zhu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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17
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Colin B, Dirion JL, Arlabosse P, Salvador S. Wood chips flow in a rotary kiln: Experiments and modeling. Chem Eng Res Des 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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