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Noori MT, Rossi R, Logan BE, Min B. Hydrogen production in microbial electrolysis cells with biocathodes. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:815-828. [PMID: 38360421 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Electroautotrophic microbes at biocathodes in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) can catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction with low energy demand, facilitating long-term stable performance through specific and renewable biocatalysts. However, MECs have not yet reached commercialization due to a lack of understanding of the optimal microbial strains and reactor configurations for achieving high performance. Here, we critically analyze the criteria for the inocula selection, with a focus on the effect of hydrogenase activity and microbe-electrode interactions. We also evaluate the impact of the reactor design and key parameters, such as membrane type, composition, and electrode surface area on internal resistance, mass transport, and pH imbalances within MECs. This analysis paves the way for advancements that could propel biocathode-assisted MECs toward scalable hydrogen gas production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tabish Noori
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University - Global Campus, Yongin-Si, South Korea
| | - Ruggero Rossi
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Bruce E Logan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Penn State University, Pennsylvania, PA 16801, USA
| | - Booki Min
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University - Global Campus, Yongin-Si, South Korea.
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Varjani S, Shahbeig H, Popat K, Patel Z, Vyas S, Shah AV, Barceló D, Hao Ngo H, Sonne C, Shiung Lam S, Aghbashlo M, Tabatabaei M. Sustainable management of municipal solid waste through waste-to-energy technologies. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 355:127247. [PMID: 35490955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and environmental concerns have sparked global interest in waste valorization through various waste-to-energy (WtE) to generate renewable energy sources and reduce dependency on fossil-derived fuels and chemicals. These technologies are vital for implementing the envisioned global "bioeconomy" through biorefineries. In light of that, a detailed overview of WtE technologies with their benefits and drawbacks is provided in this paper. Additionally, the biorefinery concept for waste management and sustainable energy generation is discussed. The identification of appropriate WtE technology for energy recovery continues to be a significant challenge. So, in order to effectively apply WtE technologies in the burgeoning bioeconomy, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the existing scenario for sustainable MSW management along with the bottlenecks and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India.
| | - Hossein Shahbeig
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Kartik Popat
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India; Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Zeel Patel
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India; Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Shaili Vyas
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India; Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382015, India
| | - Anil V Shah
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Christian Sonne
- Arhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Rasheed T, Anwar MT, Ahmad N, Sher F, Khan SUD, Ahmad A, Khan R, Wazeer I. Valorisation and emerging perspective of biomass based waste-to-energy technologies and their socio-environmental impact: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 287:112257. [PMID: 33690013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The economic developments around the globe resulted in the increased demand of energy, which overburdened the supply chain sources of energy. Fossil fuel reserves are exploited to meet the high demand of energy and their combustion is becoming the main source of environmental pollution. So there is dire need to find safe, renewable and sustainable energy resources. Waste to energy (WtE) may be viewed as a possible alternate source of energy, which is economically and environmentally sustainable. Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a major contributor to the development of renewable energy and sustainable environment. At present the scarcity of renewable energy resources and disposal of MSW is a challenging problem for the developing countries, which has generated a wide ranging socioeconomic and environmental problems. This situation stimulates the researchers to develop alternatives for converting WtE under a variety of scenarios. Herein, the present scenario in developing the WtE technologies such as, thermal conversion methods (Incineration, Gasification, Pyrolysis, Torrefaction), Plasma technology, Biochemical methods, Chemical and Mechanical methods, Bio-electrochemical process, Mechanical biological treatment (MBT), Photo-biological processes for efficacious energy recovery and the challenges confronted by developing and developed countries. In this review, a framework for the evaluation of WtE technologies has been presented for the ease of researchers working in the field. Furthermore, this review concluded that WtE is a potential renewable energy source that will partially satisfy the demand for energy and ensure an efficient MSW management to overcome the environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Rasheed
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Tuoqeer Anwar
- COMSATS University Islamabad (Sahiwal Campus), Off G.T. Rd., Sahiwal, Punjab, 57000, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences National University of Science and Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Sher
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Environmental and Computing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Salah Ud-Din Khan
- Sustainable Energy Technologies (SET) Center, College of Engineering, King Saud University, PO-Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawaiz Khan
- Engineer Abdullah Bugshan Research Chair for Dental and Oral Rehabilitation, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Wazeer
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Hou J, Huang L, Zhou P, Qian Y, Li N. Understanding the interdependence of strain of electrotroph, cathode potential and initial Cu(II) concentration for simultaneous Cu(II) removal and acetate production in microbial electrosynthesis systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125317. [PMID: 31722262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metallurgical microbial electrosynthesis systems (MES) are holding great promise for simultaneous heavy metal removal and acetate production from heavy metal-contaminated and organics-barren waters. How critical parameters of strain of electrotroph, cathode potential and initial heavy metal concentration affect MES performance, however, is not yet fully understood. Heavy metal of Cu(II) and four Cu(II)-tolerant electrotrophs (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia JY1, Citrobacter sp. JY3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa JY5 and Stenotrophomonas sp. JY6) were employed to evaluate MES performance at various cathode potentials (-900 or -600 mV vs. standard hydrogen electrode) and initial Cu(II) concentrations (60-120 mg L-1). Each electrotrophs exhibited incremental Cu(II) removals with increased Cu(II) at -900 mV, higher than at -600 mV or in the abiotic controls. Acetate production by JY1 and JY6 decreased with the increase in initial Cu(II), compared to an initial increase and a decrease thereafter for JY3 and JY5. For each electrotrophs, the biofilms than the planktonic cells released more amounts of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) with a compositional diversity and stronger Cu(II) complexation at -900 mV. These were higher than at -600 mV, or in the controls either under open circuit conditions or in the absence of Cu(II). This work demonstrates the interdependence of strain of electrotroph, cathode potential and initial Cu(II) on simultaneous Cu(II) removal and acetate production through the release of different amounts of EPS with diverse composites, contributing to enhancing the controlled MES for efficient recovery of value-added products from Cu(II)-contaminated and organics-barren waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Liping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yitong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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Strategies for improving the electroactivity and specific metabolic functionality of microorganisms for various microbial electrochemical technologies. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 39:107468. [PMID: 31707076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive microorganisms, which possess extracellular electron transfer (EET) capabilities, are the basis of microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) such as microbial fuel and electrolysis cells. These are considered for several applications ranging from the energy-efficient treatment of waste streams to the production of value-added chemicals and fuels, bioremediation, and biosensing. Various aspects related to the microorganisms, electrodes, separators, reactor design, and operational or process parameters influence the overall functioning of METs. The most fundamental and critical performance-determining factor is, however, the microorganism-electrode interactions. Modification of the electrode surfaces and microorganisms for optimizing their interactions has therefore been the major MET research focus area over the last decade. In the case of microorganisms, primarily their EET mechanisms and efficiencies along with the biofilm formation capabilities, collectively considered as microbial electroactivity, affect their interactions with the electrodes. In addition to electroactivity, the specific metabolic or biochemical functionality of microorganisms is equally crucial to the target MET application. In this article, we present the major strategies that are used to enhance the electroactivity and specific functionality of microorganisms pertaining to both anodic and cathodic processes of METs. These include simple physical methods based on the use of heat and magnetic field along with chemical, electrochemical, and growth media amendment approaches to the complex procedure-based microbial bioaugmentation, co-culture, and cell immobilization or entrapment, and advanced toolkit-based biofilm engineering, genetic modifications, and synthetic biology strategies. We further discuss the applicability and limitations of these strategies and possible future research directions for advancing the highly promising microbial electrochemistry-driven biotechnology.
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Beyene HD, Werkneh AA, Ambaye TG. Current updates on waste to energy (WtE) technologies: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Liu W, Niu X, Chen W, An S, Sheng H. Effects of applied potential on phosphine formation in synthetic wastewater treatment by Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:172-179. [PMID: 28110006 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphine (PH3) emission from conventional biological wastewater treatment is very inefficient (ng-μg m-3). In this work, we investigated the feasibility of promoting PH3 formation from inorganic phosphorus (IP) or organic phosphorus (OP) containing synthetic wastewater treatment by Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC) for the first time. Positive effect of applied potential on PH3 production was observed after methanogens was inhibited. The highest production of PH3 (1103.10 ± 72.02 ng m-3) was obtained in IP-fed MEC operated at -0.6 V, which was about 5-fold and 2-fold compared to that in open circuit experiment and OP-fed MEC, respectively. Meanwhile, PH3 formation corresponded positively with current density and alkaline phosphatase activity. This result showed that suitable potential could enhance the activity of relevant enzymes and boost the biosynthesis of PH3. Bacterial communities analysis based on high-throughput sequencing revealed that applied potential was conductive to the enrichment of phosphate-reducing organisms in contrast to the control test. These results provide a new idea for resource utilization of phosphorus in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaojun Niu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Weiyi Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaorong An
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong Sheng
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Nikhil GN, Yeruva DK, Venkata Mohan S, Swamy YV. Assessing potential cathodes for resource recovery through wastewater treatment and salinity removal using non-buffered microbial electrochemical systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 215:247-253. [PMID: 27177714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates relative functioning of microbial electrochemical systems (MES) for simultaneous wastewater treatment, desalination and resource recovery. Two MES were designed having abiotic cathode (MES-A) and algal biocathode (MES-B) which were investigated with synthetic feed and saline water as proxy of typical real-field wastewater. Comparative anodic and cathodic efficiencies revealed a distinct disparity in both the MES when operated in open circuit (OC) and closed circuit (CC). The maximum open circuit voltage (OCV) read in MES-A and MES-B was about 700mV and 600mV, respectively. Salinity and organic carbon removal efficiencies were noticed high during CC operation as 72% and 55% in MES-A and 60% and 63% in MES-B. These discrete observations evidenced ascribe to the influence of microbial electrochemical induced ion-migration over cathodic reduction reactions (CRR).
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Nikhil
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Dileep Kumar Yeruva
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India.
| | - Y V Swamy
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Pasupuleti SB, Srikanth S, Venkata Mohan S, Pant D. Development of exoelectrogenic bioanode and study on feasibility of hydrogen production using abiotic VITO-CoRE™ and VITO-CASE™ electrodes in a single chamber microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) at low current densities. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 195:131-138. [PMID: 26187582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single chamber membrane-free microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) was operated for the assessment of exoelectrogenic bacteria (EB) growth at carbon felt anode and resultant hydrogen (H2) production at abiotic cathodes, made using cold rolling (VITO-CoRE™) and casting (VITO-CASE™) methods. Progressive enrichment of EB was observed on anode during 70 days of operation at an applied potential of +0.2V vs Ag/AgCl, and a maximum current density (CD) of 330.59 mA/m(2) (1.38 mA) was recorded. H2 production at selected abiotic cathodes was observed, when the enriched bioanode was coupled to them in galvanostat mode between 0.1 and 1.0 mA current range for 10 min each. Higher H2 production of 114.46±3.75 mL/m(2) was documented with VITO-CoRE™ at 0.6 mA, while 102.76±3.75 mL/m(2) was recorded with VITO-CASE™ at 0.8 mA of current application. This study demonstrates the feasibility of H2 production on abiotic cathodes using enriched bioanode at low current densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Babu Pasupuleti
- Separation & Conversion Technologies, VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), India
| | - Sandipam Srikanth
- Separation & Conversion Technologies, VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Deepak Pant
- Separation & Conversion Technologies, VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Modestra JA, Babu ML, Mohan SV. Electro-fermentation of real-field acidogenic spent wash effluents for additional biohydrogen production with simultaneous treatment in a microbial electrolysis cell. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chandra R, Nikhil GN, Mohan SV. Single-Stage Operation of Hybrid Dark-Photo Fermentation to Enhance Biohydrogen Production through Regulation of System Redox Condition: Evaluation with Real-Field Wastewater. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9540-56. [PMID: 25927577 PMCID: PMC4463603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing hydrogen competently through wastewater treatment using a particular class of biocatalyst is indeed a challenging issue. Therefore, biohydrogen potential of real-field wastewater was evaluated by hybrid fermentative process in a single-stage process. The cumulative hydrogen production (CHP) was observed to be higher with distillery wastewater (271 mL) than with dairy wastewater (248 mL). Besides H2 production, the hybrid process was found to be effective in wastewater treatment. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was found higher in distillery wastewater (56%) than in dairy wastewater (45%). Co-culturing photo-bacterial flora assisted in removal of volatile fatty acids (VFA) wherein 63% in distillery wastewater and 68% in case of dairy wastewater. Voltammograms illustrated dominant reduction current and low cathodic Tafel slopes supported H2 production. Overall, the augmented dark-photo fermentation system (ADPFS) showed better performance than the control dark fermentation system (DFS). This kind of holistic approach is explicitly viable for practical scale-up operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Chandra
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India.
| | - G N Nikhil
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India.
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences (BEES), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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