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Zhao X, Lu S, Guo X, Wang R, Li M, Fan C, Wu H. Effects of disturbance modes and carbon sources on the physiological traits and nutrient removal performance of microalgae (S. obliquus) for treating low C/N ratio wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140672. [PMID: 37963498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment with microalgae is an ecologically sustainable process. In this study, the growth characteristics, nutrient removal, and spectral changes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in microalgae bioreactors were investigated for treating low C/N ratio wastewater under different disturbance modes (agitation and aeration) and carbon sources (sucrose and humic acid). The results showed that the biomass and chlorophyll-a contents of Scenedesmus obliquus in the aeration condition (725.32-811.16 × 104 cells mL-1, 1.58-1.69 mg L-1) were higher than those in the agitation condition (426.06-465.14 × 104 cells mL-1, 1.48-1.61 mg L-1). The better removal of nutrients (TN, 29.62-36.39 mg L-1, TP, 1.84-2.30 mg L-1) by microalgae in sucrose-containing wastewater under agitation conditions occurred on the second day, with removal efficiencies of 21.33-30.67% and 44.84-58.51%, respectively; while it was on the fifth day both in sucrose and humic acid-containing wastewater under aeration conditions (TN, 19.56-31.20 mg L-1, TP, 0.26-0.30 mg L-1), with removal efficiencies of 13.92-46.75% and 88.36-90.50%, respectively. The wastewater DOM primarily consisted of humic-like substances under agitation and aeration conditions characterized by high levels of aromaticity, molecular weight and humification. Furthermore, the aromatization and humification properties of DOM in humic acid wastewater were higher than those in sucrose wastewater, which was corresponding with the lower removal and availability of pollutants by algae. Microalgae showed good biomass accumulation and nutrients removal at incubation time of 2 days (agitation condition) and 5 days (aeration condition), respectively. Consequently, a technical reference is provided for the microalgae coupled with other treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Xiaochun Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chunzhen Fan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Haiming Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Thepsuthammarat K, Reungsang A, Plangklang P. Microalga Coelastrella sp. Cultivation on Unhydrolyzed Molasses-Based Medium towards the Optimization of Conditions for Growth and Biomass Production under Mixotrophic Cultivation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083603. [PMID: 37110836 PMCID: PMC10145047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving biomass production with the utilization of low-cost substrate is a crucial approach to overcome the hindrance of high cost in developing large-scale microalgae production. The microalga Coelastrella sp. KKU-P1 was mixotrophically cultivated using unhydrolyzed molasses as a carbon source, with the key environmental conditions being varied in order to maximize biomass production. The batch cultivation in flasks achieved the highest biomass production of 3.81 g/L, under an initial pH 5.0, a substrate to inoculum ratio of 100:3, an initial total sugar concentration of 10 g/L, and a sodium nitrate concentration of 1.5 g/L with continuous light illumination at 23.7 W/m2. The photobioreactor cultivation results indicated that CO2 supplementation did not improve biomass production. An ambient concentration of CO2 was sufficient to promote the mixotrophic growth of the microalga as indicated by the highest biomass production of 4.28 g/L with 33.91% protein, 46.71% carbohydrate, and 15.10% lipid. The results of the biochemical composition analysis suggest that the microalgal biomass obtained is promising as a source of essential amino acids and pigments as well as saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. This research highlights the potential for bioresource production via microalgal mixotrophic cultivation using untreated molasses as a low-cost raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamolwan Thepsuthammarat
- Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Alissara Reungsang
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Research Group for Development of Microbial Hydrogen Production Process from Biomass, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Pensri Plangklang
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Research Group for Development of Microbial Hydrogen Production Process from Biomass, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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3
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Kumar M, Upadhyay SN, Mishra PK. Pyrolysis of Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) Leaves and Characterization of Products. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28052-28064. [PMID: 35990475 PMCID: PMC9386804 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The finite nature, regional availability, and environmental problems associated with the use of fossil fuels have forced all countries of the world to look for renewable eco-friendly alternatives. Agricultural waste biomasses, generated through the cultivation of cereal and noncereal crops, are being considered renewable and viable alternatives to fossil fuels. In view of this, there has been a global spurt in research efforts for using abundantly available agricultural wastes as feedstocks for obtaining energy and value-added products through biochemical and thermal conversion routes. In the present work, the thermochemical characteristics and thermal degradation behavior of sugarcane leaves (SCL) and tops were studied. The batch pyrolysis was carried out in a fixed-bed tubular reactor to obtain biochar, bio-oil, and pyrolytic gas. Effects of bed height (4-16 cm), particle size (0.180-0.710 mm), heating rate (15-30 °C/min), and temperature (350-650 °C) were investigated. The maximum yields of bio-oil (44.7%), biogas (36.67%), and biochar (36.82%) were obtained at 550, 650, and 350 °C, respectively, for a 16 cm deep bed of particles of size 0.18-0.30 mm at the heating rate of 25 °C/min. The composition of bio-oil was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Several aliphatic, aromatic, phenolic, ketonic, and other acidic compounds were found in the bio-oil. The biochar had a highly porous structure and several micronutrients, making it useful as a soil conditioner. In the middle temperature ranges, biogas had more methane and CO and less hydrogen, but at higher temperatures, hydrogen was predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Department
of Chemical Engineering &Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varana-si, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
- Department
of Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Siddh Nath Upadhyay
- Department
of Chemical Engineering &Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varana-si, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - P. K. Mishra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering &Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varana-si, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Jung J, Seo YL, Jeong SE, Baek JH, Park HY, Jeon CO. Linear Six-Carbon Sugar Alcohols Induce Lysis of Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-298 Cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:834370. [PMID: 35495711 PMCID: PMC9039742 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.834370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are a global concern due to their adverse effects on water quality and human health. Therefore, we examined the effects of various compounds on Microcystis aeruginosa growth. We found that Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-298 cells were lysed rapidly by linear six-carbon sugar alcohols including mannitol, galactitol, iditol, fucitol, and sorbitol, but not by other sugar alcohols. Microscopic observations revealed that mannitol treatment induced crumpled inner membrane, an increase in periplasmic space, uneven cell surface with outer membrane vesicles, disruption of membrane structures, release of intracellular matter including chlorophylls, and eventual cell lysis in strain NIES-298, which differed from the previously proposed cell death modes. Mannitol metabolism, antioxidant-mediated protection of mannitol-induced cell lysis by, and caspase-3 induction in strain NIES-298 were not observed, suggesting that mannitol may not cause organic matter accumulation, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death in M. aeruginosa. No significant transcriptional expression was induced in strain NIES-298 by mannitol treatment, indicating that cell lysis is not induced through transcriptional responses. Mannitol-induced cell lysis may be specific to strain NIES-298 and target a specific component of strain NIES-298. This study will provide a basis for controlling M. aeruginosa growth specifically by non-toxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejoon Jung
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Lin Seo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Eun Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, South Korea
| | - Ju Hye Baek
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.,National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Nutritional influences on biomass behaviour and metabolic products by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:96. [PMID: 35460020 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent works have shown the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a relevant model for investigations of algal bioprocesses. In the current work, several media were evaluated in batch mode for a better understanding of C. reinhardtii metabolism. Nutrient-suppression using heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions were performed. The findings showed C. reinhardtii metabolized lactose (from milk whey permeate) resulting in high biomass density (2.08 g/L) and total chlorophyll content (86.74 mg/m3). It was observed a specific growth rate of 0.023 h and 29 h for the doubling time. In sulfur-suppression, the algal growth (1.17 g/L) was reduced even though a carbon source (glucose) has been supplemented. Also, the specific growth rate (0.022 h) and the doubling time (31 h) was verified. The production of ethanol was slight and the acetic acid-suppression affected the C. reinhardtii performance providing slow cell growth (0.004 h) and high doubling time (154 h).
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Divya Kuravi S, Venkata Mohan S. Mixotrophic cultivation of Monoraphidium sp. In dairy wastewater using Flat-Panel photobioreactor and photosynthetic performance. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126671. [PMID: 34995780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monoraphidium sp. SVMIICT6 was isolated and mixotrophically cultivated in a flat-panel photobioreactor (8 days) to treat synthetic dairy wastewater. COD, nitrates, and phosphates removal efficiencies were 75%, 85%, and 60% respectively. The nutrient removal supported the growth of microalgae in terms of biomass productivity (50 mg L-1d-1), and accumulation of carbohydrate (228.8 mg g-1), protein (88.8 mg g-1), and lipid content (25%). Elemental analysis of microalgal biomass revealed carbon (50.6%) as a major fraction. Quantum yield and electron transport rate (ETR) from PSII to PSI increased with time correlating well with chlorophyll pigments (89.53 mg g-1). The lipid profile resulted in a major fraction of Heptadecanoic acid (C17:0; 51.5%), followed by Myristoleic acid (C14:1; 24.3%) with potent nutraceutical properties. The isolated strain showed efficient treatment of dairy wastewater yielding biomass for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Divya Kuravi
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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7
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Godrijan J, Drapeau DT, Balch WM. Osmotrophy of dissolved organic carbon by coccolithophores in darkness. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:781-794. [PMID: 34784058 PMCID: PMC9298845 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary and ecological story of coccolithophores poses questions about their heterotrophy, surviving darkness after the end-Cretaceous asteroid impact as well as survival in the deep ocean twilight zone. Uptake of dissolved organic carbon might be an alternative nutritional strategy for supply of energy and carbon molecules. Using long-term batch culture experiments, we examined coccolithophore growth and maintenance on organic compounds in darkness. Radiolabelled experiments were performed to study the uptake kinetics. Pulse-chase experiments were used to examine the uptake into unassimilated, exchangeable pools vs assimilated, nonexchangeable pools. We found that coccolithophores were able to survive and maintain their metabolism for up to 30 d in darkness, accomplishing about one cell division. The concentration dependence for uptake was similar to the concentration dependence for growth in Cruciplacolithus neohelis, suggesting that it was taking up carbon compounds and immediately incorporating them into biomass. We recorded net incorporation of radioactivity into the particulate inorganic fraction. We conclude that osmotrophy provides nutritional flexibility and supports long-term survival in light intensities well below threshold for photosynthesis. The incorporation of dissolved organic matter into particulate inorganic carbon, raises fundamental questions about the role of the alkalinity pump and the alkalinity balance in the sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Godrijan
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean SciencesEast BoothbayME04544USA
- Division for Marine and Environmental ResearchRuđer Bošković InstituteZagreb10000Croatia
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8
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Sipaúba-Tavares LH, Tedesque MG, Colla LC, Millan RN, Scardoeli-Truzzi B. Effect of untreated and pretreated sugarcane molasses on growth performance of Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae in inorganic fertilizer and macrophyte extract culture media. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e263282. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.263282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The growth of Haematococcus pluvialis in two alternative culture media NPK (10:10:10) and ME (macrophyte extract), under mixotrophic conditions using sugarcane molasses as a carbon source were evaluated for 28 days. The molasses was used in two different ways, in a native form (untreated) and a hydrolyzed (pretreated). Cell density of Haematococcus pluvialis in mixotrophic cultivation was higher in pretreated molasses. Growth rate was higher when pretreated molasses were employed in mixotrophic cultivation with NPK culture medium (k=0.5 7th growth day). Biomass, chlorophyll-a, conductivity and total inorganic nitrogen were not significantly different (p>0.05) during the experimental period for two mixotrophic cultivation and culture media. Protein contents of H. pluvialis biomass were higher in NPK culture medium with pretreated molasses (50% dry biomass). Annual biomass production was 520 kg-1 dry biomass with untreated molasses for two culture media, and 650 and 520 kg-1 dry biomass with pretreated molasses for NPK and ME culture media, respectively. The use of NPK and ME culture media in mixotrophic cultivation may be a new protocol for H. pluvialis cultivation due to the low cost and similar annual production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. G. Tedesque
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brasil
| | - L. C. Colla
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brasil
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9
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Lin Y, Song G, Ling H, Ge J, Ping W. Isolation of a high-ammonium-tolerant Monoraphidium sp. and evaluation of its potential for biodiesel production. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Calderini ML, Stevčić Č, Taipale S, Pulkkinen K. Filtration of Nordic recirculating aquaculture system wastewater: Effects on microalgal growth, nutrient removal, and nutritional value. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Kim M, Jeon S, Kang NK, Lee HG, Shin WS, Koh HG, Yun JH, Ahn CY, Oh HM, Chang YK. Molecular analysis of sugar transporters and glycolysis pathways in Ettlia sp. under heterotrophy using fructose and glucose. Biotechnol J 2021; 17:e2100214. [PMID: 34669258 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fructophilic behavior in microalgae is a rare trait that could benefit biorefineries by enabling substitution of carbon source with fructose, and our previous study identified that Ettlia sp. prefers fructose relative to glucose. In this study, by analyzing the transcription levels of genes related to sugar transport and the glycolysis pathway, the fructose utilization of Ettlia sp. was investigated. In a fructose-containing medium, the expression levels of fructokinase (EttFRK3) and glucokinase (EttGCK1 and EttGCK2) genes were significantly upregulated in heterotrophic cultivation of Ettlia sp. under fructose supplementation conditions. Further, a sugar transporter (EttSTF11) was significantly upregulated by 3.2-fold in 1 day, and this increase was analogous to the specific growth rate exhibited by the species. Subsequent cultivation tests with multi-sugar sources also showed a significant upregulation of EttSTF11 relative to other treatments without fructose. A phylogenetic tree derived from the analysis of different transporters of interest identified that EttSTF11 was adjacent to reference fructose transporters with a high bootstrap value of 71. Given that the transmembrane domains of EttSTF11 were analogous to those of reference fructose transporter genes, EttSTF11 appeared to play a critical role in fructose consumption and metabolism in Ettlia sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjib Jeon
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology Convergence, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 143 Hanggaul-ro, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hyung-Gwan Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sub Shin
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gi Koh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jin-Ho Yun
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Yong Ahn
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Mock Oh
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Mohsenpour SF, Hennige S, Willoughby N, Adeloye A, Gutierrez T. Integrating micro-algae into wastewater treatment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142168. [PMID: 33207512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Improving the ecological status of water sources is a growing focus for many developed and developing nations, in particular with reducing nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater effluent. In recent years, mixotrophic micro-algae have received increased interest in implementing them as part of wastewater treatment. This is based on their ability to utilise organic and inorganic carbon, as well as inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in wastewater for their growth, with the desired results of a reduction in the concentration of these substances in the water. The aim of this review is to provide a critical account of micro-algae as an important step in wastewater treatment for enhancing the reduction of N, P and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater, whilst utilising a fraction of the energy demand of conventional biological treatment systems. Here, we begin with an overview of the various steps in the treatment process, followed by a review of the cellular and metabolic mechanisms that micro-algae use to reduce N, P and COD of wastewater with identification of when the process may potentially be most effective. We also describe the various abiotic and biotic factors influencing micro-algae wastewater treatment, together with a review of bioreactor configuration and design. Furthermore, a detailed overview is provided of the current state-of-the-art in the use of micro-algae in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Fatemeh Mohsenpour
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Sebastian Hennige
- School of Geosciences, The King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Nicholas Willoughby
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Adebayo Adeloye
- Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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Effect of Protocatechuic Acid on Euglena gracilis Growth and Accumulation of Metabolites. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12219158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient, environmentally friendly, low-cost approaches used to boost the growth of microalgae is urgently required to meet the increasing demands for food supplements, cosmetics, and biofuels. In this study, the growth promotion effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) in the freshwater microalga Euglena gracilis were confirmed for the first time. PCA is a simple phenolic compound derived from natural plants and has a range of biological functions. The highest biomass yield, 3.1-fold higher than that of the control, used at 1.3 g·L−1, was obtained at 800 mg·L−1 of PCA. The yields of the metabolites chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and paramylon in the presence of PCA at 800 mg·L−1 were 3.1, 3.3, and 1.7 times higher than those of the control group, respectively. The highest paramylon yield was achieved at a lower dosage of PCA (100 mg·L−1), which is considered to be feasible for economic paramylon production. The growth and biosynthesis of metabolites stimulated by phytochemicals such as PCA could be an efficient and cost-effective strategy to enhance the productivity of microalgae in large-scale cultivations.
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14
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El-Naggar NEA, Hussein MH, Shaaban-Dessuuki SA, Dalal SR. Production, extraction and characterization of Chlorella vulgaris soluble polysaccharides and their applications in AgNPs biosynthesis and biostimulation of plant growth. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3011. [PMID: 32080302 PMCID: PMC7033187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59945-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorella vulgaris, like a wide range of other microalgae, are able to grow mixotrophically. This maximizes its growth and production of polysaccharides (PS). The extracted polysaccharides have a complex monosaccharide composition (fructose, maltose, lactose and glucose), sulphate (210.65 ± 10.5 mg g-1 PS), uronic acids (171.97 ± 5.7 mg g-1 PS), total protein content (32.99 ± 2.1 mg g-1 PS), and total carbohydrate (495.44 ± 8.4 mg g-1 PS). Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the extracted polysaccharides showed the presence of N-H, O-H, C-H, -CH3, >CH2, COO-1, S=O and the C=O functional groups. UV-Visible spectral analysis shows the presence of proteins, nucleic acids and chemical groups (ester, carbonyl, carboxyl and amine). Purified polysaccharides were light green in color and in a form of odorless powder. It was soluble in water but insoluble in other organic solvents. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrates that Chlorella vulgaris soluble polysaccharide is thermostable until 240°C and degradation occurs in three distinct phases. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed the characteristic exothermic transition of Chlorella vulgaris soluble polysaccharides with crystallization temperature peaks at 144.1°C, 162.3°C and 227.7°C. The X-ray diffractogram illustrated the semicrystalline nature of these polysaccharides. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) had been biosynthesized using a solution of Chlorella vulgaris soluble polysaccharides. The pale green color solution of soluble polysaccharides was turned brown when it was incubated for 24 hours with 100 mM silver nitrate in the dark, it showed peak maximum located at 430 nm. FT-IR analysis for the biosynthesized AgNPs reported the presence of carbonyl, -CH3, >CH2, C-H,-OH and -NH functional groups. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy show that AgNPs have spherical shape with an average particle size of 5.76. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed the dominance of silver. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were tested for its antimicrobial activity and have positive effects against Bacillus sp., Erwinia sp., Candida sp. Priming seeds of Triticum vulgare and Phaseolus vulgaris with polysaccharides solutions (3 and 5 mg mL-1) resulted in significant enhancement of seedling growth. Increased root length, leaf area, shoot length, photosynthetic pigments, protein content, carbohydrate content, fresh and dry biomass were observed, in addition these growth increments may be attributed to the increase of antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura El-Ahmady El-Naggar
- Department of Bioprocess Development, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mervat H Hussein
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Shimaa R Dalal
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Jiao K, Xiao W, Xu Y, Zeng X, Ho SH, Laws EA, Lu Y, Ling X, Shi T, Sun Y, Tang X, Lin L. Using a trait-based approach to optimize mixotrophic growth of the red microalga Porphyridium purpureum towards fatty acid production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:273. [PMID: 30305846 PMCID: PMC6171241 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic carbon sources have been reported to simultaneously increase the growth and lipid accumulation in microalgae. However, there have been no studies of the mixotrophic growth of Porphyridium purpureum in organic carbon media. In this study, three organic carbon sources, glucose, sodium acetate, and glycerol were used as substrates for the mixotrophic growth of P. purpureum. Moreover, a novel trait-based approach combined with Generalized Additive Modeling was conducted to determine the dosage of each organic carbon source that optimized the concentration of cell biomass or fatty acid. RESULTS A 0.50% (w/v) dosage of glucose was optimum for the enhancement of the cell growth of P. purpureum, whereas sodium acetate performed well in enhancing cell growth, arachidonic acid (ARA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content, and glycerol was characterized by its best performance in promoting both cell growth and ARA/EPA ratio. The optimum dosages of sodium acetate and glycerol for the ARA concentration were 0.25% (w/v) and 0.38% (v/v), respectively. An ARA concentration of 211.47 mg L-1 was obtained at the optimum dosage of glycerol, which is the highest ever reported. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that a comprehensive consider of several traits offers an effective strategy to select an optimum dosage for economic and safe microalgae cultivation. This study represents the first attempt of mixotrophic growth of P. purpureum and proved that both biomass and ARA accumulation could be enhanced under supplements of organic carbon sources, which brightens the commercial cultivation of microalgae for ARA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Jiao
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wupeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Yuanchao Xu
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
- Shangdong Provincial Key Lab. of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353 Shangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High-Valued Conversion Technology for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Conversion Technology of Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150006 China
| | - Edward A. Laws
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of the Coast & Environment, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Xueping Ling
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Tuo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Yong Sun
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High-Valued Conversion Technology for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Conversion Technology of Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Xing Tang
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High-Valued Conversion Technology for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Conversion Technology of Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Lu Lin
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Clean and High-Valued Conversion Technology for Biomass, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Conversion Technology of Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
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Vlaskin MS, Grigorenko AV, Kostyukevich YI, Nikolaev EN, Vladimirov GN, Chernova NI, Kiseleva SV, Popel OS, Zhuk AZ. Influence of solvent on the yield and chemical composition of liquid products of hydrothermal liquefaction of Arthrospira platensis as revealed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2018; 24:363-374. [PMID: 29665728 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718771209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Yields of liquid products (bio-oil and residual organics in aqueous solution) of hydrothermal liquefaction (at 300℃ and 60 min) of own cultivated Arthrospira platensis using different solvents have been determined. Nonpolar hexane, moderately polar dichloromethane, and relatively more polar acetonitrile have been used. High-resolution mass spectrometry based on linear quadrupole ion trap and Fourier transform mass spectrometer (LTQ FT) has been used for liquid sample characterization. Concentration of bio-oil in a unit of solvent volume after solvent extraction took the following arrangement: acetonitrile > dichloromethane > hexane. Concentration of residual organics in a unit of aqueous solution after solvent extraction took the following arrangement: hexane >dichloromethane > acetonitrile. Yield of total organics was arranged as follows: hexane > dichloromethane > acetonitrile. Content of carbon in bio-oil was increased and the content of oxygen was decreased with the increasing of solvent polarity. From mass spectrometric analysis it was established that in the positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode the compounds containing two nitrogen atoms dominate and the considerable portion of the compounds containing single nitrogen atom are also presented for both bio-oil and residual organics samples. In the negative ESI mode the compounds containing four oxygen atoms dominated except bio-oil obtained using hexane where the compounds containing two oxygen atoms dominated. Bio-oil fraction had highly saturated compounds with low double bond equivalent values while the compounds of the residual organics fraction had large double bond equivalent values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Vlaskin
- 1 The Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Grigorenko
- 1 The Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury I Kostyukevich
- 1 The Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- 2 Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia
- 3 Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- 4 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Nikolaev
- 2 Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia
- 3 Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- 4 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gleb N Vladimirov
- 1 The Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- 2 Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia
- 3 Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda I Chernova
- 1 The Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- 5 Renewable Energy Sources Laboratory, Geographical Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sophia V Kiseleva
- 1 The Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- 5 Renewable Energy Sources Laboratory, Geographical Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg S Popel
- 1 The Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Z Zhuk
- 1 The Joint Institute for High Temperatures of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Enhanced biomass and lipid production for cultivating Chlorella pyrenoidosa in anaerobically digested starch wastewater using various carbon sources and up-scaling culture outdoors. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Inclusion of 2-Mercaptoethanol in Lysis Buffer Could Interfere with Isolation of High Molecular Weight DNA from Freshwater Microalgae. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 58:109-113. [PMID: 29434405 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), alongside polyvinylpyrrolidone is commonly used in plant DNA extractions to deal with polyphenols, which could interfere with extraction and downstream applications. 2-ME is also commonly used to denature proteins and nucleases, especially RNAses. On the contrary, we found that the presence of 2-ME in lysis buffer interfered with DNA extraction from 12 strains of freshwater microalgae, resulting in DNA with poor integrity. We also found that the TNES-urea buffer, commonly used for preservation and DNA extraction from fish, appears as effective as the SDS and CTAB buffer for some microalgae strains. Results from our study suggests that the inclusion of 2-ME in DNA extraction protocols may be detrimental for isolation of good quality DNA from freshwater microalgae, and therefore recommend eliminating it or testing varying concentrations of 2-ME when developing species-specific extraction protocols for microalgae.
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Yee W. Microalgae from the Selenastraceae as emerging candidates for biodiesel production: a mini review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:64. [PMID: 26931604 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, microalgae have been identified to be a potential source of commercially important products such as pigments, polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids and in particular, biofuels. Current demands for sustainable fuel sources and bioproducts has led to an extensive search for promising strains of microalgae for large scale cultivation. Prospective strains identified for these purposes were among others, mainly from the genera Hematococcus, Dunaliella, Botryococcus, Chlorella, Scenedesmus and Nannochloropsis. Recently, microalgae from the Selenastraceae emerged as potential candidates for biodiesel production. Strains from the Selenastraceae such as Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10, M. contortum SAG 47.80, Ankistrodesmus sp. SP2-15 and M. minutum were high biomass and lipid producers when cultivated under optimal conditions. A number of Selenastraceae strains were also reported to be suitable for cultivation in wastewater. This review highlights recent reports on potential strains from the Selenastraceae for biodiesel production and contrasts their biomass productivity, lipid productivity as well as fatty acid profile. Cultivation strategies employed to enhance their biomass and lipid productivity as well as to reduce feedstock cost are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Yee
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nilai University, No. 1, Persiaran Universiti, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
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Cai W, Dunford NT, Wang N, Zhu S, He H. Audible sound treatment of the microalgae Picochlorum oklahomensis for enhancing biomass productivity. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 202:226-30. [PMID: 26716888 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported in the literature that exposure of microalgae cells to audible sound could promote growth. This study examined the effect of sound waves with the frequency of 1100 Hz, 2200 Hz, and 3300 Hz to stimulate the biomass productivity of an Oklahoma native strain, Picochlorum oklahomensis (PO). The effect of the frequency of sound on biomass mass was measured. This study demonstrated that audible sound treatment of the algae cultures at 2200 Hz was the most effective in terms of biomass production and volumetric oil yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Cai
- Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Nurhan Turgut Dunford
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 111 Ag Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 111 Ag Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Songming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture & College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huinong He
- Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture & College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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