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Felix CB, Chen WH, Chang JS, Park YK, Saeidi S, Kumar G. Oxidative torrefaction of microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana: Process optimization by central composite design. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 382:129200. [PMID: 37211235 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are currently not viable as solid biofuels owing to their poor raw fuel properties. Torrefaction under oxidative media offers a cost-effective and energy-efficient process to address these drawbacks. A design of experiment was conducted using central composite design with three factors: temperature (200, 250, and 300 °C), time (10, 35, and 60 min), and O2 concentration (3, 12, and 21 vol%). The responses were solid yield, energy yield, higher heating value, and onset temperatures at 50% and 90% carbon conversion determined from thermogravimetric analysis. Temperature and time significantly affected all responses, while O2 concentration only affected higher heating value, energy yield and thermodegradation temperature at 90% conversion. Oxidative torrefaction of microalgae is recommended to be conducted at 200 °C, 10.6 min, 12% O2 where the energy yield and enhancement factor are 98.73% and 1.08, respectively. It is also more reactive under an air environment compared to inert torrefaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Felix
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Mechanical Engineering Department, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Ave, 0922 Manila, Philippines
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan.
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Samrand Saeidi
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, H-6720, Rerrich Belater 1, Szeged, Hungary; Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 8 Krzywousty St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
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2
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Downstream Torrefaction of Wood Pellets in a Rotary Kiln Reactor—Impact on Solid Biofuel Properties and Torr-Gas Quality. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10101912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid biofuels produced from torrefaction have improved coal-like properties in comparison to raw biofuels, yet ensuring uniform product quality is still a challenge. In this study, downstream torrefaction of wood pellets was performed at temperatures between 200 and 270 °C in a rotary kiln reactor to understand the effect of torrefaction temperature on product quality. The torrefied solid biofuel was compared with dedicated fuel properties defined in ISO/TS 17225-8:2016-12. Based on the results, the optimal temperature for downstream torrefaction was found at temperatures of 230 and 250 °C. Above this temperature, the effect of bulk density superimposes not only the increased net calorific value but also values for mechanical durability, amount of fines, and bulk density of the solid biofuel, which were below the thresholds of the fuel standard. Moreover, increasing process temperatures caused higher heavy metal concentrations in torrefied pellets. The composition of condensable and non-condensable fractions of the torr-gas substantially increased between temperatures of 230 and 250 °C and remained on a similar level at higher temperatures. Thus, the utilization of torr-gas for energy recovery purposes and as a precursor for the recovery of valuable chemicals should be balanced with the quality of the solid biofuel in the aforementioned range of torrefaction temperatures to enable the utilization of torrefaction products at further steps.
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3
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Zhu X, Zhou S, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li J, Ahmed S, Yan B, Chen G, Li N. Flue gas torrefaction of distilled spirit lees and the effects on the combustion and nitrogen oxide emission. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125975. [PMID: 34563818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flue gas torrefaction (FGT) integrated with combustion was introduced for the clean treatment of distilled spirit lees (DSL). The effects of temperature, residence time, and volumetric flow rate of FGTs were investigated. The improvement in the physicochemical and combustion characteristics of the torrefied DSL and the reaction mechanisms were clarified by a tube furnace and the TG-MS device. The results showed that FGT could effectively improve the properties of DSL. With increasing temperature, residence time, and volumetric flow rate, the mass and energy yields decreased. FGT showed positive effects on the removal of free and bonding water, as well as the enrichment of lignin. FGT effectively inhibited the release of NOx. The overall emission of NOx was reduced by 57.3%. Additionally, the cost of DSL drying and denitrification could be greatly reduced by FGT. This study provided a practical treatment for DSL and new insight into FGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Shengquan Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Ziqiang Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; CECEP Green Carbon Environment Protection, Beijing 100082, PR China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- CECEP Green Carbon Environment Protection, Beijing 100082, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Sarwaich Ahmed
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Guanyi Chen
- Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, PR China; School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850012, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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Synergetic Co-Production of Beer Colouring Agent and Solid Fuel from Brewers’ Spent Grain in the Circular Economy Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131810480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Brewers’ Spent Grain is a by-product of the brewing process, with potential applications for energy purposes. This paper presents the results of an investigation aiming at valorization of this residue by torrefaction, making product for two purposes: a solid fuel that could be used for generation of heat for the brewery and a colouring agent that could replace colouring malt for the production of dark beers. Decreased consumption of malt for such purposes would have a positive influence on the sustainability of brewing. Torrefaction was performed at temperatures ranging between 180 °C and 300 °C, with a residence time between 20 and 60 min. For the most severe torrefaction conditions (300 °C, 60 min), the higher heating value of torrefied BSG reached 25 MJ/kg. However, the best beer colouring properties were achieved for mild torrefaction conditions, i.e., 180 °C for 60 min and 210 °C for 40 min, reaching European Brewery Convention colours of 145 and 159, respectively. From the solid fuel properties perspective, the improvements offered by torrefaction in such mild conditions were modest. Overall, the obtained results suggest some trade-off between the optimum colouring properties and optimum solid fuel properties that need to be considered when such dual-purpose torrefaction of BSG for brewery purposes is implemented.
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Barontini F, Biagini E, Tognotti L. Influence of Torrefaction on Biomass Devolatilization. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20264-20278. [PMID: 34395975 PMCID: PMC8358969 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of torrefaction on the devolatilization characteristics of three lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks with different degrees of torrefaction together with their parent fuel, palm kernel shell, a residue of palm oil production. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was employed for the study of the devolatilization process. A kinetic model based on three parallel reactions corresponding to biomass chemical components was applied to TG data and used for the evaluation of reaction kinetics. The results obtained indicated that the torrefaction process led to a significant reduction of the hemicellulose content of the investigated biofuels. The characterization of volatile products evolved during biofuel devolatilization was performed by TG analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The emission characteristics and the yields of the main volatile products were assessed. Specific linear correlations between volatile yields and the torrefaction degree could be observed.
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Siyal AA, Mao X, Liu Y, Ran C, Fu J, Kang Q, Ao W, Zhang R, Dai J, Liu G. Torrefaction subsequent to pelletization: Characterization and analysis of furfural residue and sawdust pellets. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 113:210-224. [PMID: 32535373 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Torrefaction integrated with pelletization has gained increasingly interest as it enhances the characteristics of fuel pellets (e.g. hydrophobicity and energy density). In current study, torrefaction of furfural residue pellets (FRPs) and sawdust pellets (SPs) was performed by employing tubular reactor furnace, and quality of pellets was compared. The characteristics of both types of pellets were significantly improved with increasing torrefaction temperature from 200 °C to 300 °C and residence time from 15 min to 30 min. The highest lower heating value of 23.78 MJ/kg and energy density ratio (1.27) for torrefied furfural residue pellets (TFRPs) and 26.76 MJ/kg and 1.46 for torrefied sawdust pellets (TSPs) were achieved at 300 °C and 120 min. Increasing torrefaction temperature and residence time, the volumetric energy densities of TFRPs increased from 25.69 (at 200 °C and 15 min) to 27.59 kJ/m3 (at 300 °C and 120 min), while those of TSPs correspondingly decreased from 20.81 to 16.69 kJ/m3. The highest true densities (i.e. 2.40 and 1.85 g/cm3) and porosities (i.e. 52 and 65 v %) of TFRPs and TSPs were achieved at 300 °C and 120 min, much higher than those of un-torrefied pellets. Moisture uptake of TFRPs and TSPs at 300 °C were only 1.4 wt% and 2.0-2.8 wt%, respectively, showing strong water-resistant ability. The crystallinity of cellulose in FRPs was found higher than that of SPs, while the crystallinity of cellulose in TFRPs was found lower than that of TSPs at same process conditions. FTIR showed that O-H bond was destroyed after torrefaction for both FRP and SP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Ali Siyal
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiao Mao
- Shanghai Boiler Works Ltd., 250 Huaning Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chunmei Ran
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qinhao Kang
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenya Ao
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianjun Dai
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Biomass Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
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7
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Influence of Torrefaction and Pelletizing of Sawdust on the Design Parameters of a Fixed Bed Gasifier. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gasification of biomass in fixed bed gasifiers is a well-known technology, with its origins dating back to the beginning of 20th century. It is a technology with good prospects, in terms of small scale, decentralized power co-generation. However, the understanding of the process is still not fully developed. Therefore, assessment of the changes in the design of a gasifier is typically performed with extensive prototyping stage, thus introducing significant cost. This study presents experimental results of gasification of a single pellet and bed of particles of raw and torrefied wood. The procedure can be used for obtaining design parameters of a fixed bed gasifier. Results of two suits of experiments, namely pyrolysis and CO2 gasification are presented. Moreover, results of pyrolysis of pellets are compared against a numerical model, developed for thermally thick particles. Pyrolysis time, predicted by model, was in good agreement with experimental results, despite some differences in the time when half of the initial mass was converted. Conversion times for CO2 gasification were much longer, despite higher temperature of the process, indicating importance of the reduction reactions. Overall, the obtained results could be helpful in developing a complete model of gasification of thermally thick particles in a fixed bed.
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8
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Quality Properties and Pyrolysis Characteristics of Cassava Rhizome Pellets Produced by Alternating between Pelletizing and Torrefaction. Processes (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/pr7120930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigated quality properties of pellets of raw cassava rhizome (P-RC), pellets of pelletized cassava rhizome followed by torrefaction (T-CP), and pellets of torrefied cassava rhizome followed by pelletizing (P-TC). Torrefaction was conducted at temperatures of 230, 250, and 280 °C for 30 min. Pyrolysis characteristics of T-CP and P-TC at torrefied temperatures of 230 and 250 °C were studied using thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that at the similar torrefied temperature, P-TC had a higher bulk density, energy density, and pellet durability than that of T-CP and P-RC while T-CP had a higher HHV and moisture absorption than P-TC and P-RC. The bulk density of P-TC was 1.13–1.19 and 1.33–1.52 times higher than that of P-RC and T-CP, respectively. The HHV of T-CP was 1.07 and 1.29 times higher than P-TC and P-RC, respectively. The energy density of P-TC was 1.24–1.56 and 1.20–1.41 times higher than that of P-RC and T-CP. In terms of Pellet Fuel Institute (PFI) standard, the durability index of P-RC, P-TC, and T-CP at torrefied temperatures of 230 and 250 °C was acceptable. However, dramatically low and unacceptable durability index was found in case of T-CP at torrefied temperature of 280 °C. The moisture absorption of P-TC was lower than that of P-RC and T-CP. Finally, T-CP had a lower pyrolysis temperature and had a much lower solid yield than that of P-TC. Variation of pyrolysis characteristics indicated the difference in chemical composition between T-CP and P-TC.
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9
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Brachi P, Chirone R, Miccio M, Ruoppolo G. Fluidized bed torrefaction of biomass pellets: A comparison between oxidative and inert atmosphere. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Fernanda Y, Kawahara N, Higashi H, Seto T, Otani Y, Kumita M. Torrefaction Characteristics of Japanese Cedar Sawdust with a Mechanical Compression in Air Atmosphere. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.18we231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolli Fernanda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Naoto Kawahara
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| | | | - Takafumi Seto
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University
| | - Yoshio Otani
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University
| | - Mikio Kumita
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University
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11
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Product Characteristics of Torrefied Wood Sawdust in Normal and Vacuum Environments. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12203844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the efficacy of torrefaction in a vacuum environment, wood sawdust was torrefied at various temperatures (200–300 °C) in different atmospheres (nitrogen and vacuum) with different residence times (30 and 60 min). It was found that the amount of biochar reduced at the same rate—regardless of atmosphere type—throughout the torrefaction process. In terms of energy density, the vacuum system produced biochar with better higher heating value (HHV, MJ/kg) than the nitrogen system below 250 °C. This was the case because the moisture and the high volatility compounds such as aldehydes diffused more easily in a vacuum. Over 250 °C, however, a greater amount of low volatility compounds evaded from the vacuum system, resulting in lower higher heating value in the biochar. Despite the mixed results with the solid products, the vacuum system increased the higher heating value of its liquid products more significantly than did the nitrogen system regardless of torrefaction temperature. It was found that 23% of the total energy output came from the liquid products in the vacuum system; the corresponding ratio was 19% in the nitrogen system. With liquid products contributing to a larger share of the total energy output, the vacuum system outperformed the nitrogen system in terms of energy density.
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Xin S, Huang F, Liu X, Mi T, Xu Q. Torrefaction of herbal medicine wastes: Characterization of the physicochemical properties and combustion behaviors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 287:121408. [PMID: 31085428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To explore the feasibility of using herbal medicine waste (HMW) as solid fuel, HMW was torrefied under different temperatures and atmospheres. The physicochemical properties and combustion behaviors of the torrefied HMW were investigated. Temperature was found to be the most influential factor affecting the torrefaction. Torrefaction improved the hydrophobicity of HMW and decreased the equilibrated moisture uptake from 24.48(0.083) % to 15.22(0.054) %. The HMW samples torrefied under different conditions are easy to ignite. The comprehensive combustibility index (S) of the torrefied HMW increased by 3-5 folds compared to that of the raw sample. In general, the HMW torrefied under lower temperatures and under CO2 and O2 have better flammability. The present results revealed that the torrefied HMW exhibited good combustion characteristics and can thus be used for solid fuel production, such as fuels for co-combustion or raw materials for pelletization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzhi Xin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaoye Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Tie Mi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Qingli Xu
- Laboratory of Coal Gasification and Energy and Chemical Engineering Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Onsree T, Tippayawong N, Williams T, McCullough K, Barrow E, Pogaku R, Lauterbach J. Torrefaction of pelletized corn residues with wet flue gas. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 285:121330. [PMID: 31004944 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Corn residue pellets were torrefied with wet flue gas, simulated by steam (0-21% v/v), CO2 (12% v/v), and O2 (4% v/v), balanced with N2 as reactive gas, in a fixed bed reactor at 260 °C of temperature and at 10-40 min of residence time. The distribution and yields of torrefied pellets, liquid, and gas products were examined. The microstructural changes of torrefied pellets were evaluated by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, while the components of gas products were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Residence time and steam concentration in the reactive gas were found to have significant effects on the products yield distribution, the porosity of the torrefied pellets, and the concentrations of CO, CH4, H2, and CO2 in the gas products. At high steam concentrations, the decomposition reaction of hemicellulose and lignin in the raw pellets, and the formation of the graphene structures in torrefied pellets occurred faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thossaporn Onsree
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nakorn Tippayawong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Travis Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Katie McCullough
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Elizabeth Barrow
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Ravindra Pogaku
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Jochen Lauterbach
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA; South Carolina Center of Economic Excellence for Strategic Approaches to the Generation of Electricity, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201, USA.
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14
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Cheng X, Huang Z, Wang Z, Ma C, Chen S. A novel on-site wheat straw pretreatment method: Enclosed torrefaction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 281:48-55. [PMID: 30797174 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel on-site torrefaction method was proposed for the pretreatment of wheat straw, in which the wheat straw was placed in an enclosed environment for torrefaction. The effects of different torrefaction conditions on the properties of both solid and gaseous products were investigated. When the temperature of enclosed torrefaction increased from 200 °C to 250 °C, the higher heating value, fixed carbon and C content of wheat straw increased by 12.7%, 80.3% and 18.1%, respectively, and the moisture decreased by 25.0%. Enclosed torrefaction causes more mass loss due to the smoldering of wheat straw, and a strong decomposition of the hemicellulose of wheat straw during the torrefaction process. The gaseous products obtained by enclosed torrefaction have fewer acids and more esters than conventional torrefaction. Compared with conventional torrefaction, enclosed torrefaction performs similarly, or even better, in improving the properties of wheat straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Cheng
- National Engineering Lab for Coal-fired Pollutant Emission Reduction, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.
| | - Zhi Huang
- National Engineering Lab for Coal-fired Pollutant Emission Reduction, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- National Engineering Lab for Coal-fired Pollutant Emission Reduction, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Chunyuan Ma
- National Engineering Lab for Coal-fired Pollutant Emission Reduction, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Shouyan Chen
- National Engineering Lab for Coal-fired Pollutant Emission Reduction, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.
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15
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Torrefaction as a Valorization Method Used Prior to the Gasification of Sewage Sludge. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gasification and torrefaction of sewage sludge have the potential to make the thermal utilization of sewage sludge fully sustainable, thus limiting the use of expensive fossil fuels in the process. This includes sustainability in terms of electricity consumption. Although a great deal of work has been performed so far regarding the gasification of sewage sludge and some investigations have been performed in the area of its torrefaction, there is still a gap in terms of the influence of the torrefaction of the sewage sludge on its subsequent gasification. This study presents the results from the torrefaction tests, performed on a pilot scale reactor, as well as two consecutive steam gasification tests, performed in an allothermal fixed bed gasifier, in order to determine if torrefaction can be deemed as a primary method of the reduction of tar content for the producer gas, from the aforementioned gasification process. A comparative analysis is performed based on the results obtained during both tests, with special emphasis on the concentrations of condensable compounds (tars). The obtained results show that the torrefaction of sewage sludge, performed prior to gasification, can indeed have a positive influence on the gas quality. This is beneficial especially in terms of the content of heavy tars with melting points above 40 °C.
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16
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Li H, Wang S, Huang Z, Yuan X, Wang Z, He R, Xi Y, Zhang X, Tan M, Huang J, Mo D, Li C. Effect of hydrothermal carbonization on storage process of woody pellets: Pellets' properties and aldehydes/ketones emission. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 260:115-123. [PMID: 29625282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effect of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on the hydrochar pelletization and the aldehydes/ketones emission from pellets during storage was investigated. Pellets made from the hydrochar were stored in sealed apparatuses for sampling. The energy consumption during pelletization and the pellets' properties before/after storage, including dimension, density, moisture content, hardness, aldehyde/ketones emission amount/rate and unsaturated fatty acid amount, were analyzed. Compared with untreated-sawdust-pellets, the hydrochar-pellets required more energy consumption for pelletization, and achieved the improved qualities, resulting in the higher stability degree during storage. The species and amount of unsaturated fatty acids in the hydrochar-pellets were higher than those in the untreated-sawdust-pellets. The unsaturated fatty acids content in the hydrochar-pellets was decreased with increasing HTC temperature. Higher aldehydes/ketones emission amount and rates with a longer emission period were found for the hydrochar-pellets, associated with variations of structure and unsaturated fatty acid composition in pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, PR China.
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhongliang Huang
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, PR China
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rao He
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yanni Xi
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, PR China
| | - Mengjiao Tan
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, PR China; College of Resource and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Jing Huang
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, PR China
| | - Dan Mo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Changzhu Li
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410004, PR China
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17
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Chen D, Gao A, Ma Z, Fei D, Chang Y, Shen C. In-depth study of rice husk torrefaction: Characterization of solid, liquid and gaseous products, oxygen migration and energy yield. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 253:148-153. [PMID: 29339236 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Torrefaction is a promising method for biomass upgrading, and analysis of all products is the essential way to reveal torrefaction mechanism. In this study, torrefaction of rice husk was performed at 210-300 °C. Results showed that the fuel properties of solid products were greatly enhanced upon removal of oxygen. The gaseous products were mainly CO2 (52.9-73.8 vol%), followed by CO (26.3-39.2 vol%). The liquid product was mainly water and some tar, and the latter contained acids, furans, ketones, aldehydes, and phenols, among which the relative content of acids was the highest. Torrefaction temperature has obvious effects on the oxygen migration. Within the temperature range of 210-300 °C, 9.5-63.2% of oxygen in rice husk was migrated to the gaseous and liquid products. The H2O was the major contributor to deoxygenation, followed by CO2 and CO. Thus, formation of H2O, CO2, and CO during torrefaction is important as it achieves the purpose of intense deoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Anjiang Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhongqing Ma
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Dayi Fei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yu Chang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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18
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Chang FC, Tsai MJ, Ko CH. Agricultural waste derived fuel from oil meal and waste cooking oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5223-5230. [PMID: 28551739 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oil meal is a by-product of the oil industry (peanut meal, sesame meal, and camellia meal). Oil is extracted from seeds, and the leftover meal is then pelletized, and this process generates a large amount of waste oil meal in Taiwan. In this study, peanut meal, sesame meal, and camellia meal derived fuels were prepared from the waste oil meal with waste cooking oil. The combustion behaviors of the oil meal derived fuels were also investigated. The characteristics of the derived fuel made from oil meal with waste cooking oil showed that the ash content is less than 10% and its calorific value reached 5000 kcal/kg. Additionally, the activation energy of the oil meal and waste cooking oil was analyzed by the Kissinger method. The results show that the fuel prepared in this work from the oil meal mixed with waste cooking oil is suitable for use as an alternative fuel and also avoids food safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Chih Chang
- The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No.12, Section 1, Chien-Shan Road, Chu-Shan, Nan-Tou, 55750, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Ko
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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19
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Li SX, Chen CZ, Li MF, Xiao X. Torrefaction of corncob to produce charcoal under nitrogen and carbon dioxide atmospheres. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 249:348-353. [PMID: 29054066 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Corncob was torrefied under nitrogen and carbon dioxide atmospheres at 220-300 °C, obtaining solid products with mass yields of 69.38-95.03% and 67.20-94.99% and higher heating values of 16.58-24.77 MJ/kg and 16.68-24.10 MJ/kg, respectively. The changes of physicochemical properties of the charcoal was evaluated by many spectroscopies, contact angle determination, and combustion test. Hemicelluloses were not detected for the torrefaction under the hard conditions. As the severity increased, C concentration raised while H and O concentrations reduced. Combustion test showed that the burnout temperature of charcoal declined with the elevation of reaction temperature, and torrefaction at a high temperature shortened the time for the whole combustion process. Base on the data, torrefaction at 260 °C under carbon dioxide was recommended for the torrefaction of corncob.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xian Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chang-Zhou Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ming-Fei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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20
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Effects of torrefaction on physical properties, chemical composition and reactivity of microalgae. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Uemura Y, Sellappah V, Trinh TH, Hassan S, Tanoue KI. Torrefaction of empty fruit bunches under biomass combustion gas atmosphere. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 243:107-117. [PMID: 28810504 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Torrefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) under combustion gas atmosphere was conducted in a batch reactor at 473, 523 and 573K in order to investigate the effect of real combustion gas on torrefaction behavior. The solid mass yield of torrefaction in combustion gas was smaller than that of torrefaction in nitrogen. This may be attributed to the decomposition enhancement effect by oxygen and carbon dioxide in combustion gas. Under combustion gas atmosphere, the solid yield for torrefaction of EFB became smaller as the temperature increased. The representative products of combustion gas torrefaction were carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (gas phase) and water, phenol and acetic acid (liquid phase). By comparing torrefaction in combustion gas with torrefaction in nitrogen gas, it was found that combustion gas can be utilized as torrefaction gas to save energy and inert gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimitsu Uemura
- Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Varsheta Sellappah
- Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Thanh Hoai Trinh
- Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Suhaimi Hassan
- Center for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tanoue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwa-dai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
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22
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Cha JS, Park SH, Jung SC, Ryu C, Jeon JK, Shin MC, Park YK. Production and utilization of biochar: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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