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Nurdin M, Mulkiyan LOMZ, Sugiwati S, Abimayu H, Arifin ZS, Muryanto M, Maulidiyah M, Arham Z, Salim LOA, Irwan I, Umar AA. Productivity of Aspergillus niger InaCC F57 Isolate as Cellulase Agent in OPEFB Hydrolysis for Glucose High Yield. BIONANOSCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-023-01066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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2
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Kumar R, Basak B, Pal P, Chakrabortty S, Park YK, Ali Khan M, Chung W, Chang S, Ahn Y, Jeon BH. Feasibility assessment of bioethanol production from humic acid-assisted alkaline pretreated Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) followed by downstream enrichment using direct contact membrane distillation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127521. [PMID: 35760251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effective fractionation of structural components of abundantly available lignocellulosic biomass is essential to unlock its full biorefinery potential. In this study, the feasibility of humic acid on the pretreatment of Kentucky bluegrass biomass in alkaline condition was assessed to separate 70.1% lignin and hydrolyzable biocomponents. The humic acid-assisted delignification followed by enzymatic saccharification yielded 0.55 g/g of reducing sugars from 7.5% (w/v) pretreated biomass loading and 16 FPU/g of cellulase. Yeast fermentation of the biomass hydrolysate produced 76.6% (w/w) ethanol, which was subsequently separated and concentrated using direct contact membrane distillation. The hydrophobic microporous flat-sheet membrane housed in a rectangular-shaped crossflow module and counter-current mode of flow of the feed (hot) and distillate (cold) streams yielded a flux of 11.6 kg EtOH/m2/24 h. A modular, compact, flexible, and eco-friendly membrane-integrated hybrid approach is used for the first time to effectively valorize Kentucky bluegrass biomass for sustainable production of biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Bikram Basak
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Petroleum and Mineral Research Institute, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Parimal Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur 713209, India
| | - Sankha Chakrabortty
- School of Chemical Technology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - WooJin Chung
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - SoonWoong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongtae Ahn
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222-Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao J, Xu Y, Wang W, Griffin J, Wang D. High Ethanol Concentration (77 g/L) of Industrial Hemp Biomass Achieved Through Optimizing the Relationship between Ethanol Yield/Concentration and Solid Loading. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:21913-21921. [PMID: 32905407 PMCID: PMC7469648 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the relationships between ethanol yield/concentration and solid loading (6-21%) were investigated to enhance ethanol titer and avoid a random choice of solid loading for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Alkali-pretreated hemp biomass was used for SSF in four scenarios including Case I: 30 filter paper unit (FPU)-cellulase and 140 fungal xylanase unit (FXU)-hemicellulase/g-solid; Case II: 40 FPU-cellulase and 140 FXU-hemicellulase/g-solid; Case III: 30 FPU-cellulase and 140 FXU-hemicellulase/g-solid with 1% Tween80; and Case IV: 30 FPU-cellulase and 140 FXU-hemicellulase/g-solid with particle size reduction (<0.2 mm). Results showed that bioethanol yield and concentration had a negative linear (R 2 = 0.76-0.93) and quadratic (R 2 = 0.96-0.99) correlation with solid loading (6-21%), respectively. As compared to Case I and previous studies, an enhancement in ethanol yield and concentration through increasing cellulase dose (Case II) and adding Tween 80 (Case III) was overestimated, whereas particle size reduction (Case IV) extended the "solid effect", evidenced by the highest ethanol concentration (77 g/L) achieved from SSF at the focus point of a quadratic model. An interpretation of the relationship between ethanol yield/concentration and solid loading not only avoids a blind selection of solid loading for SSF but also reduces extra enzymes and water consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikai Zhao
- Department of Biological
and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Youjie Xu
- Department of Biological
and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Department of Food Nutrition Dietetics
& Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jason Griffin
- John C. Pair Horticultural Center, Department of Horticulture &
Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Haysville, Kansas 67060, United States
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Biological
and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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Sarsaiya S, Jain A, Kumar Awasthi S, Duan Y, Kumar Awasthi M, Shi J. Microbial dynamics for lignocellulosic waste bioconversion and its importance with modern circular economy, challenges and future perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121905. [PMID: 31387838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An extensive use of microbial dynamics for utilizing the lignocellulosic wastes has been attributed to their efficiency in bioenergy and bioproducts development as a cost effective high nutritional value. The integration of lignocellulosic waste into the circular economy can scaleup the sustainable bioproducts and bioenergy development. In this review paper, the aim is to describe the existing research efforts on organic lignocellulosic waste, cellulase producing microbes, their potential enzyme, modern circular economy with associated challenges and future perspectives. Presently, it has been reviewed that microbial cellulases have provided treasure bioproducts visions into industrial bioproducts marvels unveiled through lignocellulosic waste cutting-edge microbial explorations. Furthermore, the review focused on new insights of the growing circular economy of lignocellulosic waste used for many bioproducts and bioenergy dealings and explored the emergent lignocellulosic biorefinery approaches which could then be applied to review industrial-scale sustainable economic models for upgraded bioproducts and other production associated problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Sarsaiya
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China; Bioresource Institute for Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Archana Jain
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yumin Duan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
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Puthiyamadam A, Adarsh VP, Mallapureddy KK, Mathew A, Kumar J, Yenumala SR, Bhaskar T, Ummalyama SB, Sahoo D, Sukumaran RK. Evaluation of a wet processing strategy for mixed phumdi biomass conversion to bioethanol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121633. [PMID: 31248726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biorefineries typically use dry feedstock due to technical and logistic issues, but in unique cases where climatic conditions are unfavorable and where the biomass has to be processed without a holding time, wet processing might be advantageous. The present study evaluated the possibility of using the fresh (non-dried) mixed biomass harvested from Phumdis; which are floating vegetation unique to Loktak lake in Manipur, India, for bioethanol production. Pretreatment with dilute alkali (1.5% at 120 °C for 60 min) resulted in 36% lignin removal and an enhancement of cellulose content to 48% from 37%, and enzymatic hydrolysis released 25 g/L glucose. Fermentation of the hydrolysates was highly efficient at 95%, attained in 36 h and 80% in just 12 h. The new wet processing strategy could help in value addition of mixed phumdi biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Puthiyamadam
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Velayudhanpillai Prasannakumari Adarsh
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Mallapureddy
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Anil Mathew
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Sudhakara Reddy Yenumala
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Dehradun 248005, India
| | | | - Dinabandhu Sahoo
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Takyelpat, Imphal 795001, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India.
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Awasthi A, Singh G, Dhyani V, Kumar J, Reddy YS, Adarsh VP, Puthiyamadam A, Mullepureddy KK, Sukumaran RK, Ummalyma SB, Sahoo D, Bhaskar T. Co-pyrolysis of phumdi and para grass biomass from Loktak Lake. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 285:121308. [PMID: 30959390 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the pyrolysis of para grass (PG) and phumdi (PH) biomass samples was conducted in the temperature range of 300-500 °C to obtain the optimum temperature for obtaining the maximum yield of bio-oil. Further, co-pyrolysis experiments of PH and PG were also conducted at the same optimized temperature and varied compositions to investigate the synergistic effect. It was observed during the co-pyrolysis, that the maximum bio-oil yield of 37.80 wt% was obtained at the mass ratio of 1:1. The GC-MS, FT-IR and 1H NMR analysis revealed that the bio-oils produced from all the processes were rich in functionalities. Phenolic compounds such as 2-methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, phenol, 2-methoxy, phenol 4-ethyl constituted a significant portion of bio-oils. The biochars obtained at the optimum pyrolytic conditions were analyzed by FT-IR and TOC analyzer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Awasthi
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Gaje Singh
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Vaibhav Dhyani
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Yenumula Sudhakara Reddy
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India
| | - V P Adarsh
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Anoop Puthiyamadam
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Mullepureddy
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division (MPTD), CSIR National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Sabeela Beevi Ummalyma
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Sikkim Centre, Gangtok 737102, India
| | - Dinabandhu Sahoo
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Takyelpat, Imphal 795001, India
| | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Biomass Conversion Area (BCA), Materials Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, India.
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Thuraisingam J, Mishra P, Gupta A, Soubam T, Piah BM. Novel natural rubber latex/lignin-based bio-adhesive: synthesis and its application on medium density fiber-board. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-019-00696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Muthuvelu KS, Rajarathinam R, Kanagaraj LP, Ranganathan RV, Dhanasekaran K, Manickam NK. Evaluation and characterization of novel sources of sustainable lignocellulosic residues for bioethanol production using ultrasound-assisted alkaline pre-treatment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 87:368-374. [PMID: 31109537 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, research is focused on finding a sustainable and eco-friendly lignocellulosic biomass for the effective production of bioethanol to meet the world's energy demand. The present study investigates the bioethanol production potential of four different lignocellulosic biomass residues viz., Saccharum arundinaceum (hardy sugar cane), Arundo donax (giant reed), Typha angustifolia (narrow-leaved cattail), and Ipomoea carnea (pink morning glory). The maximum reducing sugar release showed 185.00 ± 1.57, 213.73 ± 3.47, 187.57 ± 2.14, 294.08 ± 3.98 mg/g and fermentation efficiency of 72.60 ± 8.17%, 82.59 ± 7.42%, 77.45 ± 7.35%, and 85.04 ± 8.37% which was analyzed by estimating the percentage of bioethanol yield were achieved for Saccharum arundinaceum, Arundo donax, Typha angustifolia, and Ipomoea carnea, respectively. The chemical composition of biomass was characterized using National Renewable Energy Limited (NREL) protocol. The effect of ultrasound (US)-assisted alkaline pre-treatment on the four biomasses was characterized by different techniques. The cavitation phenomena of US-assisted alkaline pre-treatment was evident from the decreased value of lignin percentage, increased surface porosity and area, changes in crystallinity index (CrI) values and in the functional groups of biomass. The results revealed that all the four lignocellulosic biomass residues could be utilized as an effective and sustainable source for the production of bioethanol using US-assisted sodium hydroxide as a pre-treatment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirupa Sankar Muthuvelu
- Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravikumar Rajarathinam
- Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Logu Prasanth Kanagaraj
- Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rakhesh Vaasan Ranganathan
- Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Keerthiharan Dhanasekaran
- Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Manickam
- Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sahoo D, Ummalyma SB, Okram AK, Pandey A, Sankar M, Sukumaran RK. Effect of dilute acid pretreatment of wild rice grass (Zizania latifolia) from Loktak Lake for enzymatic hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 253:252-255. [PMID: 29353753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zizania latifolia commonly known as wild rice grass which is available in huge quantities in Loktak Lake is a major concern as it occupies a large area of the Lake and causing a several environmental problems. The investigation of present study was to evaluate possibilities of using Zizania latifolia as feed stock for bioethanol production. The method involved the pretreatment with dilute acid or alkali followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with commercial cellulase. Acid pretreatment was performed with 10% biomass loading with different concentration of acids (0.4-2% w/v) and alkali (0.25-1.5% w/v). Maximum sugar release of 457 mg/g was obtained from 10% biomass loading and 2% w/v of acids. Alkali pretreatment is not effective for this grass. Physicochemical characterization of untreated and treated biomass was carried out by XRD, FTIR, SEM and corresponding alterations in the chemical composition were also monitored. Results showed the feasibility of this grass as biofuel (bioethanol) feed stock and can be potential approach to address the sustainable utilization phumdis grasses of Loktak Lake for the production of value added product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinabandhu Sahoo
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology Govt. of India, Takyelpat, Imphal 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Sabeela Beevi Ummalyma
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology Govt. of India, Takyelpat, Imphal 795001, Manipur, India.
| | - Aswini Kumar Okram
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology Govt. of India, Takyelpat, Imphal 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Meena Sankar
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate PO, Trivandrum 695019, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate PO, Trivandrum 695019, India
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Sustainability assessment of biogas production from buffalo grass and dung: biogas purification and bio-fertilizer. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:151. [PMID: 29616183 PMCID: PMC5866818 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass from wetland aquatic grass and buffalo grass can be exploited for biogas production, because this substrate is plenteous and does not compete with food production. In this study, the grass substrate was physically pretreated by boiling with different retention time to increase its biodegradability and was examined in batch mode. Boiling pretreatment suggested that 100 °C with 2 h retention time was the best condition. The results showed that the optimum grass concentration in the 1:1 ratio of co-digestion mixture with manure produced the highest methane yield. The results suggested that co-digestion of buffalo grass and buffalo dung was a promising approach for improving biogas production. This study was achieved the upgraded biogas through biological purification contained 90.42% CH4 8.04% CO2 1.43% O2 and 0.11% other trace gases-a remarkable performance based on an efficiency criteria. Furthermore, the digestate has high nutrient concentrations that can potentially use as fertilizer.
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