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Wichaphian A, Kaewman N, Pathom-Aree W, Phinyo K, Pekkoh J, Chromkaew Y, Cheirsilp B, Srinuanpan S. Zero-waste biorefining co-products from ultrasonically assisted deep eutectic solvent-pretreated Chlorella biomass: Sustainable production of biodiesel and bio-fertilizer. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 408:131163. [PMID: 39079573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Microalgal biomass is gaining increasing attention to produce high-value co-products. This study proposes integrating Chlorella microalgal biomass into a zero-waste biorefining system, aiming to produce biodiesel and biofertilizer. It investigates optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment and lipid recovery to enhance the extraction of lipids. Optimal DES pretreatment was identified as a 1.6:1 acetic acid-to-choline chloride molar ratio, 0.36 g biomass loading, and 2.50 min of pretreatment. Lipid recovery succeeded with a 10-minute extraction time and a 1:3 methanol-to-butanol volume ratio. These conditions yielded biodiesel-quality lipids at 139.52 mg/g microalgal biomass with superior fuel characteristics. The de-oiled microalgal biomass residue exhibited promise as a lettuce biofertilizer, enhancing photosynthetic pigments but potentially reducing yields by 40 %. The study also notes changes in rhizosphere microbial communities, indicating both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on beneficial microbes. This study has the potential to enhance sustainability in energy, agriculture, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antira Wichaphian
- Master of Science Program in Applied Microbiology (International Program), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Microbial Biorefinery and Biochemical Process Engineering Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nitiphong Kaewman
- Master of Science Program in Applied Microbiology (International Program), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wasu Pathom-Aree
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kittiya Phinyo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Office of Research Administration, Office of the University, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jeeraporn Pekkoh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Yupa Chromkaew
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sirasit Srinuanpan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Microbial Biorefinery and Biochemical Process Engineering Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Office of Research Administration, Office of the University, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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2
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Muhammad G, Xu J, Li Z, Zhao L, Zhang X. Current progress and future perspective of microalgae biomass pretreatment using deep eutectic solvents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171547. [PMID: 38458467 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Pretreatment process is considered as the most important step for effective microalgae biomass refining and has gained more interest since last decades. However, the main obstacles to commercialize microalgae products are recalcitrant cell wall and lack of cost-effective, green, and sustainable pretreatment approaches. Till now, various microalgae pretreatment approaches have been applied prior to extraction steps to enhance the accessibility of solvent inside the cells. However, high energy consumption and the hazardousness of solvents are considerable problem for these pretreatment methods. In this regard, deep eutectic solvents are recognized as sustainable and green solvents possessing great potential for microalgae biomass processing due to their low toxicity, low cost, biodegradability, easy recycling, and reuse. This article provides the fundamentals of DES composition, synthesis, properties, and the current advances in the application of microalgae biomass process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul Muhammad
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering Zhengzhou, University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhenglong Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China; National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Engineering, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China.
| | - Ximing Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China; National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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3
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Maharjan A, Choi W, Kim HT, Park JH. Catalytic hydrolysis of agar using magnetic nanoparticles: optimization and characterization. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:193. [PMID: 38093358 PMCID: PMC10720145 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agar is used as a gelling agent that possesses a variety of biological properties; it consists of the polysaccharides agarose and porphyrin. In addition, the monomeric sugars generated after agar hydrolysis can be functionalized for use in biorefineries and biofuel production. The main objective of this study was to develop a sustainable agar hydrolysis process for bioethanol production using nanotechnology. Peroxidase-mimicking Fe3O4-MNPs were applied for agar degradation to generate agar hydrolysate-soluble fractions amenable to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli during fermentation. RESULTS Fe3O4-MNP-treated (Fe3O4-MNPs, 1 g/L) agar exhibited 0.903 g/L of reducing sugar, which was 21-fold higher than that of the control (without Fe3O4-MNP-treated). Approximately 0.0181% and 0.0042% of ethanol from 1% of agar was achieved using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, respectively, after process optimization. Furthermore, different analytical techniques (FTIR, SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, and TGA) were applied to validate the efficiency of Fe3O4-MNPs in agar degradation. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, Fe3O4-MNP-treated agar degradation for bioethanol production through process optimization is a simpler, easier, and novel method for commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoth Maharjan
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonho Choi
- 4D Convergence Technology Institute (National Key Technology Institute in University), Korea National University of Transportation, Jungpyeong, 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Taek Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Park
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, Korea.
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Chaos-Hernández D, Reynel-Ávila HE, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Villalobos-Delgado FJ. Extraction methods of algae oils for the production of third generation biofuels - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139856. [PMID: 37598949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are the main source of third-generation biofuels because they have a lipid content of 20-70%, can be abundantly produced and do not compete in the food market besides other benefits. Biofuel production from microalgae is a promising option to contribute for the resolution of the eminent crisis of fossil energy and environmental pollution specially in the transporting sector. The choice of lipid extraction method is of relevance and associated to the algae morphology (i.e., rigid cells). Therefore, it is essential to develop suitable extraction technologies for economically viable and environment-friendly lipid recovery processes with the aim of achieving a commercial production of biofuels from this biomass. This review presents an exhaustive analysis and discussion of different methods and processes of lipid extraction from microalgae for the subsequent conversion to biodiesel. Physical methods based on the use of supercritical fluids, ultrasound and microwaves were reviewed. Chemical methods using solvents with different polarities, aside from mechanical techniques such as mechanical pressure and enzymatic methods, were also analyzed. The advantages, drawbacks, challenges and future prospects of lipid extraction methods from microalgae have been summarized to provide a wide panorama of this relevant topic for the production of economic and sustainable energy worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chaos-Hernández
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
| | - H E Reynel-Ávila
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico; CONACYT, Av. Insurgentes 1582 Sur, Ciudad de México, 03940, Aguascalientes, Ags, Mexico.
| | - A Bonilla-Petriciolet
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
| | - F J Villalobos-Delgado
- Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes, Av. Adolfo López Mateos #1801, Aguascalientes, Ags., C.P. 20256, Mexico
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5
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Wichaphian A, Sriket N, Sensupa S, Pekkoh J, Pathom-Aree W, Chromkaew Y, Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Cheirsilp B, Srinuanpan S. Value-added green biorefinery co-products from ultrasonically assisted DES-pretreated Chlorella biomass. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 100:106628. [PMID: 37793201 PMCID: PMC10550610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
This study pursued the goal of creating value-added co-products through an environmentally friendly biorefinery approach, employing ultrasonically assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES)-pretreated Chlorella biomass. The primary focus was on generating enriched biodiesel feedstock with exceptional fuel properties and developing hydroponic biofertilizer. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of a two-step process involving a 5-minute ultrasound-assisted DES pretreatment followed by ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction, which efficiently extracted lipids from Chlorella biomass, yielding biodiesel-quality lipids with good cetane number (59.42) and high heating value (40.11 MJ/kg). Notably, this two-step approach (78.04 mg-lipid/g-microalgal biomass) led to a significant 2.10-fold increase in lipid extraction compared to a one-step process (37.15 mg-lipid/g-microalgal biomass) that combined ultrasound-assisted DES pretreatment and solvent extraction. Importantly, the aqueous extract derived from lipid-extracted microalgal biomass residues (LMBRs) showed promise as a component in hydroponic biofertilizer production, supporting lettuce growth in hydroponic deep water culture system. Consequently, microalgae biorefinery co-products hold tremendous potential in enhancing the profitability and sustainability of interconnected sectors, encompassing renewable energy, agriculture, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antira Wichaphian
- Master of Science Program in Applied Microbiology (International Program), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Research Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nanthakrit Sriket
- Master of Science Program in Applied Microbiology (International Program), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Research Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sritip Sensupa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Research Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jeeraporn Pekkoh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wasu Pathom-Aree
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Yupa Chromkaew
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Program of Biotechnology, Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sirasit Srinuanpan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Research Cluster, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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6
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Sazali AL, AlMasoud N, Amran SK, Alomar TS, Pa'ee KF, El-Bahy ZM, Yong TLK, Dailin DJ, Chuah LF. Physicochemical and thermal characteristics of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139485. [PMID: 37442394 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to investigate the physicochemical and thermal properties of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) with various hydrogen bond donor (HBD) functional groups, such as α-hydroxy acid (lactic acid) or polyol (glycerol). It is important to consider how molar ratios impact these properties, as they may be altered for particular applications. This study aimed to examine the physicochemical and thermal properties of ChCl-based DESs with lactic acid (LA) or glycerol (Gly) at different molar ratios (1:2-1:10). The pH of ChCl:LA (0-1.0) is lower than that of ChCl:Gly (4.0-5.0) because of the hydrogen bonds between ChCl and LA. A higher amount of LA/Gly resulted in higher densities of ChCl:Gly (1.20-1.22 g cm-3) and ChCl:LA (1.16-1.19 g cm-3) due to the stronger hydrogen bonds and tighter packing of the molecules. The refractive index of ChCl:Gly (1.47-1.48) was higher than ChCl:LA (1.44-1.46), with a trend similar to density. The viscosities of ChCl:Gly (0.235-0.453 Pa s) and ChCl:LA (0.04-0.06 Pa s) increased with increasing LA/Gly molar ratio but decreased with temperature due to the high kinetic energy from heating, lowering the attractive forces between molecules. The activation energy for ChCl:LA (15.29-15.55 kJ mol-1) is greater than for ChCl:Gly (7.77-8.78 kJ mol-1), indicating that ChCl:LA has a greater viscosity-temperature dependence than ChCl:Gly. The DESs decomposition temperatures are 179.73-192.14 °C for ChCl:LA and 189.69-197.41 °C for ChCl:Gly. Freezing temperatures are correlated with the molecular weight of HBDs, with lower values causing a larger decrease in freezing temperatures. The interactions of polyols with anions were stronger than those of α-hydroxy acids with anions. The variations in HBA to HBD molar ratios affected DESs properties, providing a fundamental understanding of the properties critical for their diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afiqah Liana Sazali
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian, Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET), 78000, Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Najla AlMasoud
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Siti Khadijah Amran
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian, Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET), 78000, Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Taghrid S Alomar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khairul Faizal Pa'ee
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian, Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET), 78000, Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Zeinhom M El-Bahy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Tau-Len Kelly Yong
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian, Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET), 78000, Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia.
| | - Daniel Joe Dailin
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Lai Fatt Chuah
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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7
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Ferro V, Leiva H, Cadena E, Valverde JL. Multiscale Conceptual Design of a Scalable and Sustainable Process to Dissolve and Regenerate Keratin from Chicken Feathers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:13324-13339. [PMID: 38356643 PMCID: PMC10863073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c01843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A multiscale strategy was used to conceptually design and economically analyze a scalable and sustainable process for dissolving and regenerating keratin from chicken feathers by using a sodium acetate-urea deep eutectic solvent as the reacting media. In this study, the recovery and recycling of the solvent were also considered. Moreover, molecular modeling of the solvent, keratin and its derivatives, property estimation of the corresponding mixtures, and simulation of the different process alternatives proposed, including the equipment sizing, estimation of energy needs, and economic analysis were presented. A quasi-planar cluster governed by H-bond interactions resulted in the most stable configuration of the deep eutectic solvent. Molecular models having molecular weights higher than 1.400 g/mol were created to represent the keratin species, where the most abundant amino acids in the feathers were included and conveniently ordered in the chain. Property estimations performed with the conductor-like screening model-real solvent succeeded in describing the main features of the interactions between the keratin derivatives and the solvents used. The process analysis performed on several alternatives showed that the process is technically and economically viable at the industrial scale, the costs being strongly dependent on the excess of both the solvent used to dissolve keratin and the water added for its regeneration. Several options to improve the process and reduce the costs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor
R. Ferro
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor Leiva
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Erasmo Cadena
- Department
of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent
University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - José Luis Valverde
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de
Castilla la Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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8
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Nazloo EK, Moheimani NR, Ennaceri H. Graphene-based catalysts for biodiesel production: Characteristics and performance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160000. [PMID: 36368383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a promising alternative to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. However, biodiesel's cost is still higher than its petroleum counterpart, hence its production process must be modified to make it economically viable. Microalgae are an alternative feedstock to replace agricultural crops for biodiesel production, and offer several advantages such as fast growth, use of non-arable land, growth in saline and wastewater, and high lipid yield. Unfortunately, biodiesel production from microalgae is very energy-intensive and costly, mainly due to the high energy consumption required for dewatering and drying. Therefore, utilizing wet microalgal biomass instead of dry biomass can be a promising solution to reduce the biodiesel production cost Furthermore, the use of heterogeneous catalysts offers high efficiency, recoverability, and reusability, and is therefore very promising from the economic and environmental perspectives. The unique characteristics of graphene-based nano-catalysts, such as their high surface area, two-dimensional structure, and functional groups, make them suitable candidates for biodiesel production. In this review, the use of graphene-based catalysts for biodiesel production is analyzed in depth, and their efficiency compared to other heterogeneous catalysts is scrutinized. Moreover, their recoverability, reusability, and economic feasibility are critically discussed, and their potential to produce biodiesel from wet microalgae is explored as a sustainable and cost-effective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Khorshidi Nazloo
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Reza Moheimani
- Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Houda Ennaceri
- Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
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9
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Sneha M, Sowmya S, Premalatha M, Mathivanan K, Muthukumar K, Mathimani T. Multifarious extraction methodologies for ameliorating lipid recovery from algae. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:114978. [PMID: 36495964 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Amongst the current alternatives, algae were proven to be a promising source of biofuel, which is renewable and capable of meeting world demand for transportation fuels. However, a suitable lipid extraction method that efficiently releases the lipids from different algal strains remains a bottleneck. The multifarious pretreatment methods are prevalent in this field of lipid extraction, and therefore, this article has critically reviewed the various lipid extraction methods for ameliorating the lipid yield from algae, irrespective of the strains/species. Physical, mechanical, and chemical are the different types of pretreatment methods. In this review, methodologies such as homogenization, sonication, Soxhlet extraction, microwave treatment, and bead-beating, have been studied in detail and are the most commonly used methods for lipid extraction. Specific advanced/emerging processes such as supercritical CO2 extraction, ionic liquid, and CO2 switchable solvent-based algal lipid extraction are yet to be demonstrated at pilot-scale, though promising. The extraction of lipids has to be financially conducive, environmentally sustainable, and industrially applicable for further conversion into biodiesel. Hence, this paper discusses variable pretreatment for lipid extraction and imparts a comparative analysis to elect an efficient, economically sound lipid extraction method for pilot-scale biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohapatra Sneha
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Sowmya
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Premalatha
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Mathivanan
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Krishnan Muthukumar
- Department of Petrochemical Technology, University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangavel Mathimani
- Department of Energy and Environment, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
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10
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Del Mar Contreras-Gámez M, Galán-Martín Á, Seixas N, da Costa Lopes AM, Silvestre A, Castro E. Deep eutectic solvents for improved biomass pretreatment: Current status and future prospective towards sustainable processes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128396. [PMID: 36503832 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pretreatment processes - recognized as critical steps for efficient biomass refining - have received much attention over the last two decades. In this context, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have emerged as a novel alternative to conventional solvents representing a step forward in achieving more sustainable processes with both environmental and economic benefits. This paper presents an updated review of the state-of-the-art of DES-based applications in biorefinery schemes. Besides describing the fundamentals of DES composition, synthesis, and recycling, this study presents a comprehensive review of existing techno-economic and life cycle assessment studies. Challenges, barriers, and perspectives for the scale-up of DES-based processes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Contreras-Gámez
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Ángel Galán-Martín
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - Nalin Seixas
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - André M da Costa Lopes
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal; CECOLAB - Collaborative Laboratory Towards Circular Economy, R. Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Oliveira do Hospital, 3405-155, Portugal
| | - Armando Silvestre
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, Jaén 23071, Spain.
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11
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Raj T, Morya R, Chandrasekhar K, Kumar D, Soam S, Kumar R, Patel AK, Kim SH. Microalgae biomass deconstruction using green solvents: Challenges and future opportunities. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128429. [PMID: 36473586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae enablefixation of CO2into carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins through inter and intracellularly biochemical pathways. These cellular components can be extracted and transformed into renewable energy, chemicals, and materials through biochemical and thermochemical transformation processes.However, recalcitrant cell wall andlack of environmentally benign efficient pretreatment processes are key obstacles in the commercialization of microalgal biorefineries.Thus,current article describes the microalgal chemical structure, type, and structural rigidity and summarizes the traditional pretreatment methods to extract cell wall constituents. Green solvents such as ionic liquid (ILs), deep eutectic solvents (DES), and natural deep eutectic solvents (NDESs) have shown interesting solvent characteristics to pretreat biomass with selective biocomponent extraction from microalgae. Further research is needed in task-specific IL/DES design, cation-anion organization, structural activity understanding of ILs-biocomponents, environmental toxicity, biodegradability, and recyclability for deployment of carbon-neutral technologies. Additionally, coupling the microalgal industry with biorefineries may facilitate waste management, sustainability, and gross revenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirath Raj
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Raj Morya
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - K Chandrasekhar
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, 522213 Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Shveta Soam
- Department of Building Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Gävle, Sweden
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, Nord University, 7713 Steinkjer, Norway
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 81157 Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Recovery of lipids and carotenoids from Dunaliella salina microalgae using deep eutectic solvents. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Oh YK, Kim S, Ilhamsyah DPA, Lee SG, Kim JR. Cell disruption and lipid extraction from Chlorella species for biorefinery applications: Recent advances. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 366:128183. [PMID: 36307027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella is a promising microalga for CO2-neutral biorefinery that co-produces drop-in biofuels and multiple biochemicals. Cell disruption and selective lipid extraction steps are major technical bottlenecks in biorefinement because of the inherent robustness and complexity of algal cell walls. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art achievements in cell disruption and lipid extraction methods for Chlorella species within the last five years. Various chemical, physical, and biological approaches have been detailed theoretically, compared, and discussed in terms of the degree of cell wall disruption, lipid extractability, chemical toxicity, cost-effectiveness, energy use, scalability, customer preferences, environment friendliness, and synergistic combinations of different methods. Future challenges and prospects of environmental-friendly and efficient extraction technologies are also outlined for practical applications in sustainable Chlorella biorefineries. Given the diverse industrial applications of Chlorella, this review may provide useful information for downstream processing of the advanced biorefineries of other algae genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Kwan Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangui Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sun-Gu Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Rae Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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14
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Muhammad G, Wang J, Xiong W, Lv Y, Zhang S, Zhao A, Jahanbakhsh-Bonab P, Solovchenko A, Xu J, Asraful Alam M. Polyol based deep eutectic solvent-assisted pretreatment for enhanced lutein extraction from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Biodiesel production from wet microalgae: Progress and challenges. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Ideris F, Zamri MFMA, Shamsuddin AH, Nomanbhay S, Kusumo F, Fattah IMR, Mahlia TMI. Progress on Conventional and Advanced Techniques of In Situ Transesterification of Microalgae Lipids for Biodiesel Production. ENERGIES 2022; 15:7190. [DOI: 10.3390/en15197190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels have spurred many efforts in the quest for finding renewable, alternative sources of fuels, such as biodiesel. Due to its auxiliary functions in areas such as carbon dioxide sequestration and wastewater treatment, the potential of microalgae as a feedstock for biodiesel production has attracted a lot of attention from researchers all over the world. Major improvements have been made from the upstream to the downstream aspects related to microalgae processing. One of the main concerns is the high cost associated with the production of biodiesel from microalgae, which includes drying of the biomass and the subsequent lipid extraction. These two processes can be circumvented by applying direct or in situ transesterification of the wet microalgae biomass, hence substantially reducing the cost. In situ transesterification is considered as a significant improvement to commercially produce biodiesel from microalgae. This review covers the methods used to extract lipids from microalgae and various in situ transesterification methods, focusing on recent developments related to the process. Nevertheless, more studies need to be conducted to further enhance the discussed in situ transesterification methods before implementing them on a commercial scale.
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Sharma V, Tsai ML, Chen CW, Sun PP, Patel AK, Singhania RR, Nargotra P, Dong CD. Deep eutectic solvents as promising pretreatment agents for sustainable lignocellulosic biorefineries: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 360:127631. [PMID: 35850394 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing reliance on non-renewable fuels has shifted research attention to environmentally friendly and sustainable energy sources.The inherently recalcitrant nature of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) makes downstream processing of the bioprocess challenging. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are popular and inexpensive green liquids found effective for LCB valorisation. DESs have negligible vapor-pressure and are non-flammable, recyclable, cost-economic, and thermochemically stable. This review provides a detailed overview on the DESs types, properties and their role in effective delignification and enzymatic digestibility of polysaccharides for cost-effective conversion of LCB into biofuels and bioproducts. The conglomeration of DESs with assistive pretreatment techniques can augment the process of biomass deconstruction. The current challenges in upscaling the DESs-based pretreatment technology up to commercial scale is summarized, with possible solutions and future directions. These insights would fill the knowledge-gaps to towards development of lignocellulosic biorefineries and to address the global energy crisis and environment issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Sharma
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Sun
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India
| | | | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan; Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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18
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Liu X, Yu D, Luo H, Li C. Green Solvents for Lipid Extraction From Microalgae to Produce Biodiesel. Front Chem 2022; 10:884274. [PMID: 35665069 PMCID: PMC9157537 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.884274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are considered as the third-generation feedstock for biodiesel production, and lipid extraction plays a significant role in efficient production of biofuels. Numerous technologies including chemical, mechanical, and biological have been achieved but high efficiency and potential application on an industrial scale are still needed. This review discusses the factors that influence biodiesel quality and the relative green and sustainable solvents for lipid extraction.
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Wang S, Mukhambet Y, Esakkimuthu S, Abomohra AELF. Integrated microalgal biorefinery – Routes, energy, economic and environmental perspectives. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2022; 348:131245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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20
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21
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Sirohi R, Ummalyma SB, Sagar NA, Sharma P, Awasthi MK, Badgujar PC, Madhavan A, Rajasekharan R, Sindhu R, Sim SJ, Pandey A. Strategies and advances in the pretreatment of microalgal biomass. J Biotechnol 2021; 341:63-75. [PMID: 34537253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Modification of structural components, especially the cell wall, through adequate pretreatment strategies is critical to the bioconversion efficiency of algal biomass to biorefinery products. Over the years, several physical, physicochemical, chemical and green pretreatment methods have been developed to achieve maximum productivity of desirable by-products to sustain a circular bioeconomy. The effectiveness of the pretreatment methods is however, species specific due to diversity in the innate nature of the microalgal cell wall. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most notable and promising pretreatment strategies for several microalgae species. Methods including the application of stress, ultrasound, electromagnetic fields, pressure, heat as well as chemical solvents (ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, deep eutectic solvents etc.) have been detailed and analyzed. Enzyme and hydrolytic microorganism based green pretreatment methods have also been reviewed. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for product specificity and lower inhibitors can be a future breakthrough in microalgal pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | | | - Narashans Alok Sagar
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonepat 131028, Haryana, India.
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
| | - Prarabdh C Badgujar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India.
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695014, India.
| | | | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India.
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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22
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Pôjo V, Tavares T, Malcata FX. Processing Methodologies of Wet Microalga Biomass Toward Oil Separation: An Overview. Molecules 2021; 26:641. [PMID: 33530628 PMCID: PMC7866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main goals of Mankind is to ensure food system sustainability-including management of land, soil, water, and biodiversity. Microalgae accordingly appear as an innovative and scalable alternative source in view of the richness of their chemical profiles. In what concerns lipids in particular, microalgae can synthesize and accumulate significant amounts of fatty acids, a great fraction of which are polyunsaturated; this makes them excellent candidates within the framework of production and exploitation of lipids by various industrial and health sectors, either as bulk products or fine chemicals. Conventional lipid extraction methodologies require previous dehydration of microalgal biomass, which hampers economic feasibility due to the high energy demands thereof. Therefore, extraction of lipids directly from wet biomass would be a plus in this endeavor. Supporting processes and methodologies are still limited, and most approaches are empirical in nature-so a deeper mechanistic elucidation is a must, in order to facilitate rational optimization of the extraction processes. Besides circumventing the current high energy demands by dehydration, an ideal extraction method should be selective, sustainable, efficient, harmless, and feasible for upscale to industrial level. This review presents and discusses several pretreatments incurred in lipid extraction from wet microalga biomass, namely recent developments and integrated processes. Unfortunately, most such developments have been proven at bench-scale only-so demonstration in large facilities is still needed to confirm whether they can turn into competitive alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Pôjo
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (F.X.M.)
| | - Tânia Tavares
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (F.X.M.)
| | - Francisco Xavier Malcata
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (V.P.); (F.X.M.)
- FEUP—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr Roberto Frias, 4200-264 Porto, Portugal
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23
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Abstract
Several microalgae species have been exploited due to their great biotechnological potential for the production of a range of biomolecules that can be applied in a large variety of industrial sectors. However, the major challenge of biotechnological processes is to make them economically viable, through the production of commercially valuable compounds. Most of these compounds are accumulated inside the cells, requiring efficient technologies for their extraction, recovery and purification. Recent improvements approaching physicochemical treatments (e.g., supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pulsed electric fields, among others) and processes without solvents are seeking to establish sustainable and scalable technologies to obtain target products from microalgae with high efficiency and purity. This article reviews the currently available approaches reported in literature, highlighting some examples covering recent granted patents for the microalgae’s components extraction, recovery and purification, at small and large scales, in accordance with the worldwide trend of transition to bio-based products.
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24
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A Review of the Use of Eutectic Solvents, Terpenes and Terpenoids in Liquid–liquid Extraction Processes. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse and abundant applications of the eutectic solvents have appeared in the last years. Their promising tunable properties, eco-friendly character and the possibility of being prepared from numerous compounds have led to the publication of numerous papers addressing their use in different areas. Terpenes and terpenoids have been employed in the formulation of eutectic solvents, though they also have been applied as solvents in extraction processes. For their hydrophobic nature, renewable character, low environmental impact, cost and being non-hazardous, they have also been proposed as possible substitutes of conventional solvents in the separation of organic compounds from aqueous streams, similarly to hydrophobic eutectic solvents. The present work reviews the application of eutectic solvents in liquid–liquid extraction and terpenes and terpenoids in extraction processes. It has been made a research in the current state-of-the-art in these fields, describing the proposed applications of the solvents. It has been highlighted the scale-up feasibility, solvent regeneration and reuse procedures and the comparison of the performance of eutectic solvents, terpenes and terpenoids in extraction with conventional organic solvents or ionic liquids. Ultimately, it has been also discussed the employ of predictive methods in extraction, the reliability of thermodynamic models in correlation of liquid–liquid equilibria and simulation of liquid–liquid extraction processes.
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25
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Fernández A, Deive FJ, Rodríguez A, Álvarez MS. Towards the use of eco-friendly solvents as adjuvants in remediation processes. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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26
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Gomes TA, Zanette CM, Spier MR. An overview of cell disruption methods for intracellular biomolecules recovery. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 50:635-654. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1728696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Aparecida Gomes
- Food Engineering Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Zanette
- Food Engineering Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
- Food Engineering Department, Midwestern State University (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Michele Rigon Spier
- Food Engineering Postgraduate Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
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27
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Tang W, Ho Row K. Evaluation of CO 2-induced azole-based switchable ionic liquid with hydrophobic/hydrophilic reversible transition as single solvent system for coupling lipid extraction and separation from wet microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 296:122309. [PMID: 31677409 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of microalgae as bioenergy source was limited by the excessive cost and energy consumption during the process of lipid extraction and separation. CO2-induced switchable ionic liquids (S-ILs) with reversible hydrophobic-hydrophilic conversion were synthesized and applied for lipid extraction and separation. The reversible transition mechanism of switchable IL is due to the formation of carbamate. The novel approach based on S-ILs was developed for lipid extraction from wet microalgae, which coupled microalgae cell disruption, lipid extraction, separation, and solvent recovery process without additional solvents. The highest lipid extraction efficiencies from wet microalgae were obtained by C6DIPA-Im, and the lipids were recovered from the extraction phase by simply bubbling CO2. Furthermore, C6DIPA-Im maintained more than 83.6 ± 3.6% of its initial lipid extraction efficiency after recycling five times. The S-IL based extraction and separation method provides a new strategy for sustainable bioenergy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Row
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Alam MA, Wu J, Xu J, Wang Z. Enhanced isolation of lipids from microalgal biomass with high water content for biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121834. [PMID: 31371157 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In present study, lipids were extracted from unbroken microalga Chlorella vulgaris with high water content (50% microalgal solution) through three-phase partitioning (TPP). The method was found to extract around 15.9% of total lipid transformable to methyl esters (LTMEs) from unbroken microalgal cells which is two times of Bligh and Dyer method. We investigated the effects of various parameters on TPP performance and were optimised through response surface methodology. The results indicated that incubation duration, temperature and extraction time were positively correlated with LTME extraction efficiency. The optimum temperature was 60 °C, incubation duration was 120 min, extraction time was 60 min, ratio of solvent to DKP was 1:1. The FAME yield was calculated as 12.05% and major fatty acids together accounted for 71.33% which indicated the great potential of the proposed lipid extraction procedure for microalga-based biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingcheng Wu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhongming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
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29
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Simplifying biodiesel production from microalgae via wet in situ transesterification: A review in current research and future prospects. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Hossain N, Mahlia TMI. Progress in physicochemical parameters of microalgae cultivation for biofuel production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 39:835-859. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1624945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Hossain
- Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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31
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Hossain N, Mahlia TMI, Saidur R. Latest development in microalgae-biofuel production with nano-additives. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:125. [PMID: 31139255 PMCID: PMC6528301 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae have been experimented as a potential feedstock for biofuel generation in current era owing to its' rich energy content, inflated growth rate, inexpensive culture approaches, the notable capacity of CO2 fixation, and O2 addition to the environment. Currently, research is ongoing towards the advancement of microalgal-biofuel technologies. The nano-additive application has been appeared as a prominent innovation to meet this phenomenon. MAIN TEXT The main objective of this study was to delineate the synergistic impact of microalgal biofuel integrated with nano-additive applications. Numerous nano-additives such as nano-fibres, nano-particles, nano-tubes, nano-sheets, nano-droplets, and other nano-structures' applications have been reviewed in this study to facilitate microalgae growth to biofuel utilization. The present paper was intended to comprehensively review the nano-particles preparing techniques for microalgae cultivation and harvesting, biofuel extraction, and application of microalgae-biofuel nano-particles blends. Prospects of solid nano-additives and nano-fluid applications in the future on microalgae production, microalgae biomass conversion to biofuels as well as enhancement of biofuel combustion for revolutionary advancement in biofuel technology have been demonstrated elaborately by this review. This study also highlighted the potential biofuels from microalgae, numerous technologies, and conversion processes. Along with that, the study recounted suitability of potential microalgae candidates with an integrated design generating value-added co-products besides biofuel production. CONCLUSIONS Nano-additive applications at different stages from microalgae culture to end-product utilization presented strong possibility in mercantile approach as well as positive impact on the environment along with valuable co-products generation into the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Hossain
- Department of Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001 Australia
| | - T. M. I. Mahlia
- School of Information, Systems and Modeling, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - R. Saidur
- Research Centre for Nano Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya Malaysia
- Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW UK
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Huang J, Guo X, Xu T, Fan L, Zhou X, Wu S. Ionic deep eutectic solvents for the extraction and separation of natural products. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1598:1-19. [PMID: 31005289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Room ionic liquids (ILs) used as green solvents have received considerable attention and wide application in different research and industrial fields, such as chemistry, biology, catalysis, energy, and even environmental sciences. Recently, a new class of sustainable solvents named deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been developed, which share the promising solvent characteristics of ILs, such as thermal and chemical stability, low vapor pressure and design ability. In addition, the major advantages of DESs over ILs are their lower prices and easier preparation. Therefore, DESs have been considered to be a potential alternative to replace conventional organic solvents and ILs. Currently, the developed DESs may be classified into ionic and nonionic liquids. Typically, choline chloride (ChCl)/urea (1:2) is an ionic DES, while glucose/sucrose (1:1) is a nonionic DES. Although several reviews have covered advancements in DESs, in this review, we aim to provide a general insight into DESs, particularly ionic DESs, like choline-based DES, in terms of their preparation and application in the extraction of natural products (NPs) mainly from traditional Chinese medicines and the recovery of extracted compounds from their extracts. Additionally, various factors affecting the extraction efficiency of DESs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Xiuyun Guo
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Tianyi Xu
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Lanyan Fan
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Xinpeng Zhou
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Shihua Wu
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China.
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Ashour M, Elshobary ME, El-Shenody R, Kamil AW, Abomohra AEF. Evaluation of a native oleaginous marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica for dual use in biodiesel production and aquaculture feed. BIOMASS & BIOENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Jablonský M, Škulcová A, Malvis A, Šima J. Extraction of value-added components from food industry based and agro-forest biowastes by deep eutectic solvents. J Biotechnol 2018; 282:46-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cultivation of microalgae for biodiesel production: A review on upstream and downstream processing. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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