1
|
Kumar A, Khwairakpam M. Comparative assessment of domestic wastewater treatment via Vermifiltration through various filter bed material. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34756-y. [PMID: 39172340 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Vermifilter (VF) is considered sustainable for rural areas; however, filter media is the most important but has been explored less. This study evaluated the performance of vermifilters in treating domestic wastewater (DWW) using various filter media, including areca nutshell (AS), rice straw (RS), dry leaves (DL), and chicken eggshells (ES). We compared the results with four different reactors: R1 (AS), R2 (RS), R3 (DL), and R4 (ES). DWW was applied with a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 1 m3/m2/d with Eisenia fetida earthworm species. The results showed the removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) by 82%, 76%, 73%, and 87%; chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 75%, 73%, 72%, and 88%; phosphate by 36%, 25%, 27%, and 50%; sulfate by 56%, 54%, 53%, and 71% in R1, R2, R3, and R4, respectively. Simultaneously, R4 experienced a fivefold reduction in total bacteria and a sixfold reduction in total coliform. Moreover, the most exceptional filter media for vermifiltration is eggshells for the earthworm's growth and treatment efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar
- School of Agro and Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Meena Khwairakpam
- School of Agro and Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shang Q, Chi J, Ma Y. Effects of biodegradable microplastics coexistence with biochars produced at low and high temperatures on bacterial community structure and phenanthrene degradation in soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 368:122212. [PMID: 39146651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The increasing use of biodegradable plastics may result in more serious pollution of microplastics which often coexist with biochar in soil, this will affect how organic pollutants move and transform in the soil. This work investigated the effect of biodegradable polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) coexistence with biochars produced at temperatures of 400 and 700 °C (W4 and W7) on soil bacterial communities and phenanthrene degradation. The results showed that coexistence of PBAT and biochar paticles greatly boosted the relative abundance of Nocardioides while decreased the relative abundance of Sphingomonas as compared to soils with a single addition of PBAT or biochar. Changes in soil Eh values were the most influential factor in bacterial communities (more than 40% contribution). The degradation ratio of phenanthrene when PBAT coexisted with W7 (39.6 ± 3.6%) was not significantly different from the treatment with a single W7 addition (35.0 ± 2.3%, P>0.05), and was related to phenanthrene degradation in the adsorbed state of W7 in soil. In contrast, the degradation ratio of phenanthrene in PBAT coexisting with W4 (35.1 ± 3.5%) was intermediate between that of single PBAT (49.8 ± 0.9%) and W4 (13.7 ± 5.8%) treatments. This was primarily due to changes in the experiment's initial bioavailable phenanthrene content. Furthermore, after the introduction of earthworms, phenanthrene degradation ratio in coexistence treatments were very similar to that described above in the absence of earthworms. Except for two treatments that contain W7, phenanthrene degradation ratio in the other treatments was increased by the presence of earthworms (up to 23%), which is related to the enhanced relative abundance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degraders. Our findings indicated that PBAT coexistence with high-temperature or low-temperature biochar had a completely different impact on bacterial communities and phenanthrene degradation in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Shang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China.
| | - Jie Chi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Data Science and Big Data Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fu Z, Chen P, Li Y, Luo K, Lin P, Li Y, Yang H, Yuan X, Peng X, Yang L, Pu T, Wu Y, Wang X, Yang W, Yong T. Effects of N levels on land productivity and N 2O emissions in maize-soybean relay intercropping. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38980001 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relay intercropping of maize and soybean can improve land productivity. However, the mechanism behind N2O emissions in this practice remains unclear. A two-factor randomized block field trial was conducted to reveal the mechanism of N2O emissions in a full additive maize-soybean relay intercropping. Factor A was three cropping systems - that is, monoculture maize (Zea mays L.), monoculture soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and maize-soybean relay intercropping. Factor B was different N supply, containing no N, reduced N and conventional N. Differences in N2O emissions, soil properties, rhizosphere bacterial communities and yield advantage were evaluated. RESULTS The land equivalent ratio was 1.55-2.44, and the cumulative N2O emission (C E N 2 O $$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ ) was notably lower by 60.2% in intercropping than in monoculture, respectively. Reduced N declinedC E N 2 O $$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ without penalty on the yield advantages. The relay intercropping shifted soil properties - for example, soil organic matter, total N,NH 4 + $$ {\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+} $$ and protease activity - and improved the soil microorganism community - for example, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Intercropping reducedC E N 2 O $$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ by directly suppressing nirS- and amoA-regulated N2O generation during soil N cycling, or nirS- and amoA-mediated soil properties shifted to reduceC E N 2 O $$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ indirectly. Reduced N directly reducedC E N 2 O $$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ by decreasing soil N content and reducing soil microorganism activities to alleviate N2O produced in soil N cycling. CONCLUSION Conducting a full additive maize-soybean relay intercropping with reduced nitrogen supply provides a way to alleviate N2O emissions without the penalty on the yield advantage by changing rhizosphere bacterial communities and soil N cycling. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Fu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Yuze Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Luo
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Lin
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiling Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Huan Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoting Yuan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Peng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Lida Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Yushan Wu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ruan M, Li Y, Ma C, Xie Y, Chen W, Luo L, Li X, Hu W, Hu B. Treatment of landfill leachate by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae and the changes of intestinal microbial community. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 360:121193. [PMID: 38772238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illucens) are commonly used to treat organic waste. This work aims to evaluate the transformation effect, heavy metal migration, and alterations in the gut microbiota of BSFL in addition to treating landfill leachate (LL) with BSFL. We found that BSFL may grow in various landfill leachate concentrations without obvious toxicity and growth inhibition. In addition, the results indicated a significant increase in the content of ammonia nitrogen and the activity of urease and β-glucosidase (β-GC) in LL, increased from 2570.17 mg/L to 5853.67 mg/L, 1859.17 mg/(g·d) to 517,177.98 mg/(g·d), 313.73 μg/(g·h) to 441.91 μg/(g·h) respectively. Conversely, the content of total nitrogen (TN) and total organic carbon (TOC) decreased in LL, decreasing by 31.24% and 29.45% respectively. Heavy metals are accumulated in the leachate by the BSFL to differing degrees, the descending sequence of accumulation is Cd > As > Cu > Cr. As dropped by 26.0%, Cd increased by 22.6%, Cu reduced by 5.23%, and Cr increased by 317.1% in the remaining matrix. The concentration of heavy metals satisfies the organic fertilizers' limit index (NY/T1978). The diversity of intestinal microorganisms in BSFL decreased, from 2819 OTUs to 2338 OTUs, with Providencia and Morganella emerging as the core flora. The gene abundance of nitrogen metabolism in the microbiota increased significantly. The TOC, β-GC, and Copper (Cu) content in BSFL correlated significantly with the gut microbiota. In Summary, this study revealed the treatment effect of BSFL on LL, the migration of heavy metals, and changes in the intestinal microorganisms of BSFL. The content of heavy metals in BSFL was found to be much lower than the upper limit of feed protein raw materials, demonstrating that BSFL is a sustainable method to treat LL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Ruan
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - You Li
- Everbright Environmental Technology (China) Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 211102, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chong Ma
- Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenying Chen
- Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Limei Luo
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xueling Li
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Bin Hu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kan ZR, Zhou J, Li FM, Sheteiwy MS, Qi J, Chen C, Yang H. Straw incorporation interacting with earthworms mitigates N 2O emissions from upland soil in a rice-wheat rotation system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160338. [PMID: 36414051 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Intensive attentions have been paid to the positive effects on nitrous oxide (N2O) production under straw return or the presence of earthworms. Straw return as a sustainable practice can promote earthworm growth, how the interactions between straw and earthworms affect N2O production is still not well known. A split-plot field experiment (straw return as main plot and earthworm addition as subplot) was performed to quantify the interactive effects of straw and earthworm on N2O emissions from a wheat field and to determine the underlying mechanisms from nitrification and denitrification processes. The results showed that straw return significantly increased N2O emissions by 41.0 % under no earthworm addition but decreased it by 19.0 % under earthworm addition compared with straw removal (P < 0.05). The significant interaction between straw and earthworm benefits the mitigation of N2O emissions. Random forest model showed that denitrification and nitrification were dominant processes to affect N2O emissions at the jointing and booting growth stages of wheat, respectively. The interaction between straw and earthworm significantly decreased the abundances of N2O-producing bacterial genes such as nirS and nirK at the jointing stages, and AOB at the booting stages. The contrasting mechanisms in regulating N2O emissions at different growth stages should be considered in nitrogen recycling models to accurately predict available N and N2O dynamics. Our findings suggest that N2O emissions under straw return can be weakened with the increasing earthworm populations under the scenario of widely used conservation practices (e.g., straw return and no-till) due to significant interaction between straw and earthworms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Rong Kan
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng-Min Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Mohamed S Sheteiwy
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jianying Qi
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Changqing Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Haishui Yang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gong X, Zou L, Wang L, Zhang B, Jiang J. Biochar improves compost humification, maturity and mitigates nitrogen loss during the vermicomposting of cattle manure-maize straw. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116432. [PMID: 36274337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining humidification and inhibiting nitrogen losses during vermicomposting process have emerged to be key factors for high-quality productions. Previous data have showed outstanding functions of biochar addition in improving vermicomposting quality. In this study, the influence of bamboo biochar (BB) and rice husk biochar (RHB) addition on compost maturity, humification and nitrogen loss was evaluated in the vermicomposting of cattle manure and maize straw. Results revealed that BB or RHB amendment improved organic matter decomposition, enhanced humification and maturity of compost, particularly in the 10% BB treatment, which exerted the highest humic acids content and GI value. Furthermore, BB or RHB addition significantly reduced nitrogen losses, in which the volatilization of NH3 and N2O were reduced by 24.93%-66.23% and 14.91%-55.12%. The fewest nitrogen loss was detected in the treatment of 10% BB. Biochar inhibited nirK, nirS but promoted AOB-amoA, nosZ expression; fewer N2O producing bacteria (Pseudomonas, Devosia, Luteimonas genus) were observed in the biochar treatment, and thereby decreased the N2O emission. Therefore, 10% BB addition for co-vermicomposting cattle manure and maize straw is an efficient way to increase humification, maturity, and reduce nitrogen loss, and future applications following this strategy is believed to generate better productions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Gong
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Lan Zou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Li Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Junxian Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Y, Song K, Zhang J, Xu X, Ye G, Cao H, Chen M, Cai S, Cao X, Zheng X, Lv W. Removal of sulfamethoxazole and antibiotic resistance genes in paddy soil by earthworms (Pheretima guillelmi): Intestinal detoxification and stimulation of indigenous soil bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158075. [PMID: 35985593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vermiremediation, which use earthworms to remove contaminants from soil, has been proven to be an alternative, low-cost technology. However, the effects of earthworm activity, especially the degraders in earthworm intestines, on the fate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and the effects of intestinal bacteria on degrading bacteria in soil are unclear. In this study, the effects of earthworms on the fate of SMX and related antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated. Special attention was paid to the impact of earthworms on SMX degradation efficiency, degradation products, related ARGs, and degraders in both soil and earthworm intestines; the effect of intestinal bacteria on soil bacteria associated with SMX was also studied. Earthworms significantly accelerated SMX degradation by both intestinal detoxification and the stimulation of indigenous soil bacteria. Compared with the treatment without earthworms, the treatment with earthworms reduced SMX residues by 25.1 %, 49.2 %, 35.7 %, 34.2 %, and 35.7 % on the 10th, 20th, 30th, 60th, and 90th days, respectively. Compared with those in soil (treated with earthworms), the SMX residues in wormcasts were further reduced by 12.2-29.0 % from the 2nd to the 20th day, producing some unique anaerobic degradation products that were distinct from those in the soil. In earthworm intestines, SMX degradation was enhanced by bacteria of the genera Microvirga, Sphingomonas, Methylobacterium, Bacillus, and Tumebacillus. All of these bacteria (except Bacillus spp.) entered and colonised the soil with wormcasts, further promoting SMX degradation. Additionally, earthworms removed a significant number of ARGs by increasing the fraction of potential SMX degraders and inhibiting the potential hosts of ARGs and int1. This study demonstrated that earthworms could remediate SMX-contaminated soil by enhancing the removal of SMX and ARGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Ke Song
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Juanqin Zhang
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Geng Ye
- Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology Service Center, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Huan Cao
- Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology Service Center, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Shumei Cai
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xianqing Zheng
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Weiguang Lv
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tang S, Qian J, Wang P, Lu B, He Y, Yi Z, Zhang Y. Exposure to nanoplastic induces cell damage and nitrogen inhibition of activated sludge: Evidence from bacterial individuals and groups. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119471. [PMID: 35577260 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are almost the only place where plastic fragments are artificially removed, resulting in mass accumulation of nanoplastics (NPs). In this research, four different concentrations (0 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 10 mg/L) of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) were used to investigate the cell damage and nitrogen inhibition of activated sludge, exposed in a self-assembled SBR reactor for 30 days. Intracellular reactive oxides (ROS) and extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased with the rise of exposure concentration, and morphological analysis disclosed the creases, collapse, and even rupture of cell membranes. However, exposure damage (PS-NPs ≤ 1 mg/L) appeared to be reversible, attributed to that extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion can thicken the three protective layers outside the membrane. PS-NPs did not disrupt the EPS chemical structure, but increased humic acid content. Prolonged exposure time (from 15 to 30 days) was directly related to the nitrogen inhibition. Due to the habitat changes under PS-NPs exposure, abundance and diversity of microorganisms in the original activated sludge decreased significantly, and the dominant phylum was occupied by Patescibacteria (PS-NPs = 10 mg/L). Changes in enzyme activities of AMO, NR, NIR, and NOR with exposure concentration may explain the conversion of nitrogen in SBR. This research broadens our horizons to understand the response mechanism of activated sludge bacteria to PS-NPs exposure individually and collectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Bianhe Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan He
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim JY, Cho KS. Inoculation effect of Pseudomonas sp. TF716 on N 2O emissions during rhizoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13018. [PMID: 35906374 PMCID: PMC9338077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for rhizoremediation technology that can minimize greenhouse gas emissions while effectively removing pollutants in order to mitigate climate change has increased. The inoculation effect of N2O-reducing Pseudomonas sp. TF716 on N2O emissions and on remediation performance during the rhizoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil planted with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) or maize (Zea mays) was investigated. Pseudomonas sp. TF716 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of tall fescue. The maximum N2O reduction rate of TF716 was 18.9 mmol N2O g dry cells−1 h−1, which is superior to the rates for previously reported Pseudomonas spp. When Pseudomonas sp. TF716 was added to diesel-contaminated soil planted with tall fescue, the soil N2O-reduction potential was 2.88 times higher than that of soil with no inoculation during the initial period (0–19 d), and 1.08–1.13 times higher thereafter. However, there was no enhancement in the N2O-reduction potential for the soil planted with maize following inoculation with strain TF716. In addition, TF716 inoculation did not significantly affect diesel degradation during rhizoremediation, suggesting that the activity of those microorganisms involved in diesel degradation was unaffected by TF716 treatment. Analysis of the dynamics of the bacterial genera associated with N2O reduction showed that Pseudomonas had the highest relative abundance during the rhizoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil planted with tall fescue and treated with strain TF716. Overall, these results suggest that N2O emissions during the rhizoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil using tall fescue can be reduced with the addition of Pseudomonas sp. TF716.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yoon Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Cho
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Deciphering waste bound nitrogen by employing psychrophillic Aporrectodea caliginosa and priming of coprolites by associated heterotrophic nitrifiers under high altitude Himalayas. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9556. [PMID: 35688921 PMCID: PMC9187671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12972-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Himalayan ecosystem is characterized by its fragile climate with rich repositories of biodiversity. Waste collection and disposal are becoming increasingly difficult due to topographical variations. Aporrectodea caligenosa, a versatile psychrophillic soil dweller, is a useful biocatalyst with potent bio-augmented capability for waste treatment at low temperatures. Microcosm experiments were conducted to elucidate the comprehensive nature of biogenic nitrogen transformation to NH4+ and NO3− produced by coupling of earthworm-microbes. Higher biogenic recovery of NH4+-N from coprolites of garden soil (47.73 ± 1.16%) and Himalayan goat manure (86.32 ± 0.92%) with an increment of 14.12 and 47.21% respectively over their respective control (without earthworms) with a linear decline beyond 4th week of incubation was reported. NO3–-N recovery progressively sustained in garden soil and goat manure coprolites during entire incubation with highest 81.81 ± 0.45 and 87.20 ± 1.08 µg-N g−1dry weight recorded in 6th and 5th week of incubation respectively and peak increments as 38.58 and 53.71% relative to respective control (without earthworms). Declined NH4+–N in coprolites at low temperature (15.0 ± 2.0 °C) evidenced increased nitrification rates by taking over the process by abundant nitrifying microbes. Steady de-nitrification with progressive incubation on an average was 16.95 ± 0.46 ng-N g−1 per week and 21.08 ± 0.87 ng-N g−1 per week compared to 14.03 ± 0.58 ng-N g−1 per week and 4.50 ± 0.31 ng-N g−1 per week in respective control treatments. Simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (SHNAD) was found to be a prominent bioprocess at low temperature that resulted in high and stable total nitrogen and nitrate accumulation from garden soil and goat manure with relative recovery efficiency of 11.12%, 14.97% and 14.20%; 19.34%. A. caligenosa shows promising prospects for mass applicability in biogenic N removal from manure of Himalayan goat.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ferraz Ramos R, Almeida Santana N, de Andrade N, Scheffer Romagna I, Tirloni B, de Oliveira Silveira A, Domínguez J, Josemar Seminoti Jacques R. Vermicomposting of cow manure: Effect of time on earthworm biomass and chemical, physical, and biological properties of vermicompost. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126572. [PMID: 34921917 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vermicomposting is a biological process for efficient cattle manure treatment, but the vermicomposting time determines the quality of the vermicompost. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cattle manure vermicomposting time on earthworm biomass and the changes in physical, chemical, and biological in properties of the vermicompost. The cattle manure was inoculated with Eisenia andrei earthworms and conducted vermicomposting for 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 days. The analysis of 44 chemical, physical, and biological properties allowed the vermicomposting process to be divided into initial (<45 days) and final (45-120 days) phases. The initial phase was characterized by high microbial activity and the final by high physical-chemical transformation of the vermicompost and an increase in earthworm density. The organic matter aromaticity increased until the 45th day, subsequently decreasing. Although 30 d of vermicompost are sufficient to obtain a high-quality organic fertilizer, 120 d are necessary for producing matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ferraz Ramos
- Department of Soil, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Ave., 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Natielo Almeida Santana
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Ave., 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Nariane de Andrade
- Department of Soil, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Ave., 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Izabelle Scheffer Romagna
- Department of Soil, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Ave., 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Tirloni
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Ave., 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa de Oliveira Silveira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Ave., 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jorge Domínguez
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu Z, Li R, Wu S, He Q, Ling Z, Liu T, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Quan F. Cattle manure compost humification process by inoculation ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126314. [PMID: 34822983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of newly isolated ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOBs; T-AOB-2, M-AOB-4 and MT-AOB-2-4) in promoting organic matter degradation and humification of cattle manure compost was explored. The results show that, compared with the control, the inoculation of AOBs (5%, v/w) promoted the humification process, particularly in the MT-AOB-2-4, which showed the lowest total organic carbon (19.13%) and dissolved organic carbon (2.61%), whereby humic substances (CEX) and humic acid (CHA) increased to 89.84 g/kg and 85.20 g/kg, and fulvic acid (CFA) decreased to 4.63 g/kg. The high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR showed that the abundance of Bacillaceae, amoA and nirS had a significant correlation with humification factors. Among the treatments, the inoculation of MT-AOB-2-4 provided the driving force for the composting process by enhancing the bacterial activity and had the most significant effect on the formation of humic substances and the efficiency of organic matter decomposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Ronghua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Shenghui Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Qifu He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Zimeng Ling
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Quan Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Fusheng Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fate of Functional Bacterial and Eukaryotic Community Regulated by Earthworms during Vermicomposting of Dewatered Sludge, Studies Based on the 16S rDNA and 18S rDNA Sequencing of Active Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189713. [PMID: 34574635 PMCID: PMC8469537 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
DNA sequencing of active cells involved in vermicomposting can clarify the roles of earthworms in regulating functional microorganisms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of earthworms on functional microbial communities in sludge by comparing biodegradation treatments with and without earthworms. PCR and high throughput sequencing based on pretreatment of propidium monoazide (PMA) were used to detect the changes in active bacterial 16S rDNA and eukaryotic 18S rDNA during vermicomposting. The results showed that the nitrate in sludge vermicomposting and control were significantly different from day 10, with a more stable product at day 30 of vermicomposting. Compared with the control, the Shannon indexes of active bacteria and eukaryotes decreased by 1.9% and 31.1%, respectively, in sludge vermicompost. Moreover, Proteobacteria (36.2%), Actinobacteria (25.6%), and eukaryotic Cryptomycota (80.3%) were activated in the sludge vermicompost. In contrast, the control had Proteobacteria (44.8%), Bacteroidetes (14.2%), Cryptomycota (50.00%), and Arthropoda (36.59%). Network analysis showed that environmental factors had different correlations between active bacterial and eukaryotic community structures. This study suggests that earthworms can decrease the diversity of bacterial and eukaryotic communities, forming a specific-functional microbial community and thus accelerating organic matter decomposition during vermicomposting of dewatered sludge.
Collapse
|
14
|
Unveiling the Efficiency of Psychrophillic Aporrectodea caliginosa in Deciphering the Nutrients from Dalweed and Cow Manure with Bio-Optimization of Coprolites. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There is an immense demand for vermicomposting employing psychrophilic vermiculture (Aporrectodea caliginosa) for management of wastes under the Himalayan ecosystem. Dalweed (weeds from the world-famous urban Dal Lake) and cow manure (CM) are cheaply and abundantly available bio resources in Kashmir valley. Dalweed (DW), disposed of in the heart of the city, ascribes unpleasant effects on tourism and the natural ecosystem. Initial substrate mixtures of DW and CM with different ratios (CM100, DW100, CM80:DW20, CM60:DW40, CM40:DW60 and CM20:DW80) and castings harvested were analyzed for the following parameters: pH, TOC, TN, NO3- P, K, Fe, Zn, C:N, C:P, and C:S ratio. The results of a 56day study revealed in consistency and disparity towards the bio-optimization of coprolites depending upon the type of waste residue and mixture ratio used. Treatments with medium to low dalweed residues (CM60:DW40 followed by CM80:DW20) were found to be optimum and significantly primed chemical properties of castings using A. caligenosa. C:N, C:P, and C:S ratios showed a non-linear response with maximum decrease in C:N ratio by 35%, C:P ratio by 38% in CM100, and C:S ratio by 67% in DW100. Humification ratio, humification index, and percent humic acids were changed across all the treatments with the highest respective values of 21.33 ± 1.05, 11.33 ± 0.76, and 47.83 ± 0.76 for CM60:DW40. Results also showed that the earthworm population and biomass significantly increased with the highest respective increments of 57.53% and 74.88% in CM60:DW40 over initial values. Moreover, the highest number of cocoons (95.67 ± 1.17) were recorded within CM60:DW40 and the lowest in the control (43.33 ± 1.53). Dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate activities were inconsistent with the highest in CM40:DW60 (64.64%) and CM20:DW80 (63.54%) respectively over the initial substrates, while highest urease activity (74.40%) was observed from CM100. The results highlight the role of A. caliginosa in sustainable transformation of CM and DW with insightful, beneficial, and priming impacts on castings for its agronomic value.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiang J, Wang Y, Yu D, Yao X, Han J, Cheng R, Cui H, Yan G, Zhang X, Zhu G. Garbage enzymes effectively regulated the succession of enzymatic activities and the bacterial community during sewage sludge composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 327:124792. [PMID: 33561791 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated nitrogen transformation, enzymatic activities and bacterial succession during sewage sludge composting with and without garbage enzymes (GE and CK, respectively). The results showed that GE addition significantly increased fluorescein diacetate hydrolase (FDA), cellulase, and nitrogenase activities during the composting process. GE addition reduced the cumulative NH3 emissions by 66.5%, increased the peak NH4-N content by 26.3% and increased the total nitrogen (TN) content of the end compost by 39.2% compared to CK. Microbiological analysis revealed that GE addition significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes during the thermophilic and cooling phases relative to CK. The selected factors affected the bacterial community composition in the following order: NH4-N > TOC > FDA > TN > C/N. Network analysis also showed that the enzymes were secreted mainly by Bacillus and norank_f_Caldilineaceae in GE, while they were secreted primarily by norank_f_Methylococcaceae in CK during the composting process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jishao Jiang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Dou Yu
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Xing Yao
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jin Han
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Ronghui Cheng
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Huilin Cui
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Guifen Zhu
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang L, Zhao T, Shi E, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y. The non-negligibility of greenhouse gas emission from a combined pre-composting and vermicomposting system with maize stover and cow dung. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:19412-19423. [PMID: 33394443 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The acceptance of combined pre-composting and vermicomposting systems is increasing because of the advantage in rapidly stabilizing organic wastes and reducing emission of greenhouse gasses (GHG). However, GHG emission during the pre-composting phase is often neglected when evaluating the system. This study aimed to quantify GHG emission from a combined pre-composting and vermicomposting system and to investigate the effects of earthworms on GHG emission. A combined system using Eisenia fetida was employed to stabilize maize stover and cow dung (mixing ratio 60:40). The inoculating densities were 60 (T1), 120 (T2), and 180 (T3) earthworms per kilogram of substrate. A traditional composting system without earthworms was set as a control (T0). The results indicated that earthworms increased CO2 while decreased CH4 and N2O emissions compared to the control. Higher emission of CO2 suggested that the earthworms promoted the degradation of the substrates. Lower emission of CH4 and N2O showed the advantage of the combined system because CH4 and N2O possess extremely higher global warming potential than that of CO2. T2 is recommended for stabilizing maize stover and cow dung when making a tradeoff between stabilization rate and reduction of GHG. The percentages of GHG emission during pre-composting relative to total GHG emission in T1, T2, and T3 were 34%, 35%, and 30%, respectively. GHG emission is non-negligible when using a combined system, especially the emission of GHG during the pre-composting phase cannot be ignored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Enhui Shi
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zunhao Zhang
- The Electron Microscopy Center, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Costal Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39567, USA
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cheng Q, Lu C, Shen H, Yang Y, Chen H. The dual beneficial effects of vermiremediation: Reducing soil bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) and improving soil fertility by earthworm (Eisenia fetida) modified by seasonality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142631. [PMID: 33065505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess earthworm's capability of reducing the bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) in soil and increasing soil fertility with the modification of seasonal variations of ambient temperatures on the efficacy of vermiremediation. Earthworms were exposed in soil fortified with 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg Cd kg-1, for 7, 14 and 21 days in winter and spring. The bioavailability of Cd in soil, which is represented in the form of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-extractable fraction (DTPA-Cd), were significantly reduced, ranging from 7.9 to 18.3% in winter and 8.8 to 20.8% in spring. Meanwhile, we found earthworm activities could significantly improve the soil fertility as the results of increasing the availability of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in soil, a prominent advantage of vermiremediation in heavy metal-contaminated soil. Although seasonality could increase Cd toxicity in earthworms, higher ambient temperature in spring season also promoted the reduction of Cd bioavailability and the increase of soil fertility, due to significant increase of microbial populations. In conclusion, we reported the dual beneficial effects of vermiremediation in reducing bioavailability of Cd in soil and simultaneously improving soil fertility in which both outcomes were modified by seasonality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Chensheng Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China; State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shen
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Yang
- People's Liberation Army Logistical Engineering University, Chongqing, 404000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Ravindran B, Chang SW, Karmegam N. Centrality of cattle solid wastes in vermicomposting technology - A cleaner resource recovery and biowaste recycling option for agricultural and environmental sustainability. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115688. [PMID: 33039975 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The current review reports the importance and significance of cattle solid waste in vermicomposting technology concerning biowaste pollution in the environment. Needy increasing population evokes livestock production resulting in the massive generation of livestock wastes, especially cattle dung. Improper disposal and handling of biowastes originating from agriculture, industries, forests, rural and urban areas lead to nutrient loss, environmental pollution and health risks. Among the organic waste disposal methods available, vermicomposting is regarded as an environmentally friendly technology for bioconversion of agricultural, industrial, rural and urban generated organic solid wastes which are serving as reservoirs of environmental pollution. In vermicomposting of organic wastes, cattle dung plays a central role in mineralization, nutrient recovery, earthworm and microbial activity leading to vermifertilizer production. Even though the vermicomposting studies use cattle dung invariably as an amendment material, its importance has not been reviewed to highlight its central role. Hence, the present review mainly emphasizes the key role played by cattle dung in vermicomposting. Vermiconversion of cattle dung alone and in combination with other biowaste materials of environmental concern, mechanisms involved and benefits of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture are the major objectives addressed in the present review. The analysis reveals that cattle dung is indispensable amendment material for vermicomposting technology to ensure agricultural and environmental sustainability by reducing pollution risks associated with biowastes on one hand, and nutrient-rich benign vermifertilizer production on the other hand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Gyeonggi - Do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Gyeonggi - Do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jiang J, Wang Y, Yu D, Li J, Han J, Cui H, Cheng R, Yao X, Yan G, Li Y, Zhu G. Effects of urease inhibitors on enzymatic activities and fungal communities during the biosolids composting. RSC Adv 2021; 11:37667-37676. [PMID: 35498097 PMCID: PMC9043792 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07628k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the influences of urease inhibitors (UIs) on nitrogen conversion, enzyme activities, and fungal communities during aerobic composting. Results showed that UI addition reduced NH3 emissions by 22.2% and 21.5% and increased the total nitrogen (TN) content by 9.7% and 14.3% for the U1 (0.5% UI of the dry weight of the mixture) and U2 (1% UI of the dry weight of the mixture) treatments, respectively. The addition of UI inhibited the enzyme activity during thermophilic stage while increased enzyme activity during the cool and maturity stages. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and unclassified fungi were the main phyla, and Ascomycota increased significantly during the maturity period. Network analysis showed that Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Talaromyces, Peseudeurotium, and Exophiala were the main “connecting” genera. The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the fungal community was mainly influenced by temperature, DOC, pH, and urease. The results suggested that UI was an effective additive for nitrogen conservation and the increase of enzyme activity reduce nitrogen loss and promote enzyme activity during biosolids composting. Adding UI was effective for nitrogen conservation and the increase of enzyme activity during biosolid composting.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jishao Jiang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Dou Yu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jingyu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jin Han
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Huilin Cui
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Ronghui Cheng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Xing Yao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Yunbei Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Guifen Zhu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jiang J, Yu D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Dong W, Zhang X, Guo F, Li Y, Zhang C, Yan G. Use of additives in composting informed by experience from agriculture: Effects of nitrogen fertilizer synergists on gaseous nitrogen emissions and corresponding genes (amoA and nirS). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124127. [PMID: 32971331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of two nitrogen fertilizer synergists (urease inhibitor, UI; nitrification inhibitor, NI) on NH3 and N2O emissions and the successions of the amoA and nirS genes during composting were assessed. Results showed that the UI and UI + NI treatments reduced NH3 emissions by 26.3% and 24.3%, respectively, and N2O emissions were reduced by 63.9% for UI + NI treatment but were not reduced by UI. The addition of UI and NI significantly reduced the abundance of the nirS gene during thermophilic stage, while significantly increased that of the amoA gene during maturation stage. Crenarchaeota was the principal nitrifying archaeal phylum and was significantly affected by pH. Proteobacteria was the main denitrifying bacterial phylum, whose relative abundance was higher for UI + NI treatment than the other treatments. PICRUSt analysis showed that the addition of UI and NI inhibited enzymatic activity related to N transformation during thermophilic stage while enriching enzymatic activity during maturation phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jishao Jiang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Dou Yu
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Xindan Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Wei Dong
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Fengqi Guo
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Yunbei Li
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Guangxuan Yan
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu X, Xiao R, Li R, Amjad A, Zhang Z. Bioremediation of Cd-contaminated soil by earthworms (Eisenia fetida): Enhancement with EDTA and bean dregs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115191. [PMID: 32663730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil has become a global problem due to its toxicity to living organisms. In this study, earthworm (Eisenia fetida) alone or combined with EDTA or bean dregs were used for Cd removal from soils. The total and available Cd in soils, soil physicochemical and biological (soil enzyme) properties, Cd accumulation in the earthworm and its antioxidant responses towards Cd, were determined during the 35 days of soil incubation experiment. Our results showed that earthworms were capable of removing Cd from soils, and the remediation process was accelerated by both EDTA and bean dregs. By translocation of Cd from soils, the content of Cd in earthworm steadily increased with the exposure time to 8.11, 12.80, and 9.26 mg kg-1 on day 35 for T2 (earthworm alone), T3 (EDTA enhancement), and T4 (bean dregs enhancement), respectively. Consequently, a great reduction in the Cd contents in soils was achieved in T3 (36.53%) and T4 (30.8%) compared with T2 (28.95%). The concentrations of water/DTPA extractable Cd were also reduced, indicating the low Cd mobility after amendment. Finally, the soil became more fertile and active after wermi-remediation. The soil pH, EC, NO3--N, available P, and K contents increased, while soil SOM, DOC, and NH4+-N contents were decreased. There were higher soil enzyme activities (including acid phosphatase activity, β-glucosidase activity, and urease activity) among treatments with earthworms. Additionally, the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) increased by 100-150 units, and the higher chao1 and Shannon indexes indicated the enhanced microbial community after wermi-remediation, especially among treatment with EDTA and bean dregs. Therefore, we concluded that earthworms, alone or combined with EDTA and bean dregs, are feasible for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ronghua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Ali Amjad
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jiang J, Wang Y, Guo F, Zhang X, Dong W, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang C, Cheng K, Li Y, Zhu G. Composting pig manure and sawdust with urease inhibitor: succession of nitrogen functional genes and bacterial community. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36160-36171. [PMID: 32556988 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between nitrogen (N) cycle and N transformation-related functional genes is crucial to reduce N loss during composting process. Urease inhibitor (UI) is widely used to reduce N loss in agriculture. However, the effects of UI on N transformation and related N functional genes during composting have not been well investigated. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of a urease inhibitor (UI) on N functional genes and bacterial community succession during pig manure composting. Results showed that the addition of UI decreased the ammonium N content during the thermophilic stage and notably increased the total N and nitrite N contents of the final compost. The UI significantly decreased the abundances of amoA, nirS, nirK, and nosZ during the initial composting stage, while the opposite trend was observed at the maturation stage. Bacterial community richness and diversity were increased after the UI amendment, but the relative abundance of the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria significantly decreased compared with control during the thermophilic stage. Redundancy analysis indicated that the evaluated environmental factors and bacterial community showed a cumulative 94.7% contribution to the total variation in N functional genes. In summary, UI addition is a recommended method for N conservation during composting, but the added forms of UI, such as delayed addition, combined with adsorbing materials, or microorganism inoculant, should be further evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jishao Jiang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqi Guo
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Dong
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xindan Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Cheng
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunbei Li
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guifen Zhu
- School of Environment, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|