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de Souza F, Gupta RK. Bacteria for Bioplastics: Progress, Applications, and Challenges. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8666-8686. [PMID: 38434856 PMCID: PMC10905720 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Bioplastics are one of the answers that can point society toward a sustainable future. Under this premise, the synthesis of polymers with competitive properties using low-cost starting materials is a highly desired factor in the industry. Also, tackling environmental issues such as nonbiodegradable waste generation, high carbon footprint, and consumption of nonrenewable resources are some of the current concerns worldwide. The scientific community has been placing efforts into the biosynthesis of polymers using bacteria and other microbes. These microorganisms can be convenient reactors to consume food and agricultural wastes and convert them into biopolymers with inherently attractive properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and appreciable mechanical and chemical properties. Such biopolymers can be applied to several fields such as packing, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, medical, biomedical, and agricultural. Thus, intending to elucidate the science of microbes to produce polymers, this review starts with a brief introduction to bioplastics by describing their importance and the methods for their production. The second section dives into the importance of bacteria regarding the biochemical routes for the synthesis of polymers along with their advantages and disadvantages. The third section covers some of the main parameters that influence biopolymers' production. Some of the main applications of biopolymers along with a comparison between the polymers obtained from microorganisms and the petrochemical-based ones are presented. Finally, some discussion about the future aspects and main challenges in this field is provided to elucidate the main issues that should be tackled for the wide application of microorganisms for the preparation of bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe
Martins de Souza
- National
Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburgh
State University, 1204 Research Road, Pittsburgh, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National
Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburgh
State University, 1204 Research Road, Pittsburgh, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Pittsburgh State University, 1701 South Broadway Street, Pittsburgh, Kansas 66762, United States
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2
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Kim SM, Kang SH, Jeon BW, Kim YH. Tunnel engineering of gas-converting enzymes for inhibitor retardation and substrate acceleration. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130248. [PMID: 38158090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH), formate dehydrogenase (FDH), hydrogenase (H2ase), and nitrogenase (N2ase) are crucial enzymatic catalysts that facilitate the conversion of industrially significant gases such as CO, CO2, H2, and N2. The tunnels in the gas-converting enzymes serve as conduits for these low molecular weight gases to access deeply buried catalytic sites. The identification of the substrate tunnels is imperative for comprehending the substrate selectivity mechanism underlying these gas-converting enzymes. This knowledge also holds substantial value for industrial applications, particularly in addressing the challenges associated with separation and utilization of byproduct gases. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the emerging field of tunnel engineering, presenting a range of approaches and analyses. Additionally, we propose methodologies for the systematic design of enzymes, with the ultimate goal of advancing protein engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Min Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Heuck Kang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Wook Jeon
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Akkoyunlu B, Gabarre C, Daly S, Casey E, Syron E. Process modelling for industrial scale polyhydroxybutyrate production using fructose, formic acid and CO 2: Assessing carbon sources and economic viability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130139. [PMID: 38040312 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biodegradable polymer that has potential to replace petroleum-derived plastics. However, the commercialisation of PHB is hindered by high production costs. In this study, the material flow and economics of an industrial scale PHB production process using fructose, formic acid and carbon dioxide (CO2) as carbon sources were simulated and analysed. The lowest breakeven price of 3.64 $/kg PHB was obtained when fructose was utilized as carbon source. When formic acid and CO2 were used, the breakeven price was 10.30 and 10.24 $/kg PHB due to raw material cost, respectively. Although using formic acid and CO2 is more expensive, they meet the emerging sustainable needs for plastic production and contribute to the circular economy via CO2 fixation. This study suggests that the use of formic acid and CO2 as feedstock for PHB production has potential to become competitive in the bioplastic market with further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Akkoyunlu
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; BiOrbic Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Charlotte Gabarre
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; INP, ENSIACET, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Sorcha Daly
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; BiOrbic Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham, Kent, UK
| | - Eoin Casey
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; BiOrbic Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Eoin Syron
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; BiOrbic Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Ma R, Li J, Tyagi RD, Zhang X. Carbon dioxide and methane as carbon source for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates and concomitant carbon fixation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 391:129977. [PMID: 37925086 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The currently used plastics are non-biodegradable, and cause greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission as they are petroleum-based. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biopolymers with excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility, which can be used to replace petroleum-based plastics. A variety of microorganisms have been found to synthesize PHAs by using typical GHGs: carbon dioxide and methane as carbon sources. Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) to PHAs is an attractive option for carbon capture and biodegradable plastic production. In this review, the microorganisms capable of using CO2 and CH4 to produce PHAs were summarized. The metabolic mechanism, PHAs production process, and the factors influencing the production process are illustrated. The currently used optimization techniques to improve the yield of PHAs are discussed. The challenges and future prospects for developing economically viable PHAs production using GHGs as carbon source are identified. This work provides an insight for achieving carbon sequestration and bioplastics based circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Ji Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - R D Tyagi
- Chief Scientific Officer, BOSK-Bioproducts, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen Guangdong 518055, PR China.
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5
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Leong WH, Rawindran H, Ameen F, Alam MM, Chai YH, Ho YC, Lam MK, Lim JW, Tong WY, Bashir MJK, Ravindran B, Alsufi NA. Advancements of microalgal upstream technologies: Bioengineering and application aspects in the paradigm of circular bioeconomy. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139699. [PMID: 37532206 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable energy transition has brought the attention towards microalgae utilization as potential feedstock due to its tremendous capabilities over its predecessors for generating more energy with reduced carbon footprint. However, the commercialization of microalgae feedstock remains debatable due to the various factors and considerations taken into scaling-up the conventional microalgal upstream processes. This review provides a state-of-the-art assessment over the recent developments of available and existing microalgal upstream cultivation systems catered for maximum biomass production. The key growth parameters and main cultivation modes necessary for optimized microalgal growth conditions along with the fundamental aspects were also reviewed and evaluated comprehensively. In addition, the advancements and strategies towards potential scale-up of the microalgal cultivation technologies were highlighted to provide insights for further development into the upstream processes aimed at sustainable circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hong Leong
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Algal Bio Co. Ltd, Todai-Kashiwa Venture Plaza, 5-4-19 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0082, Japan.
| | - Hemamalini Rawindran
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mahtab Alam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yee Ho Chai
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Yeek Chia Ho
- Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India.
| | - Woei-Yenn Tong
- Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Institute of Medical Science Technology, A1-1, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed J K Bashir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Nizar Abdallah Alsufi
- Department of Management Information System and Production Management, College of Business & Economics, Qassim University, P.O. BOX 6666, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Tarafdar A, Sowmya G, Yogeshwari K, Rattu G, Negi T, Awasthi MK, Hoang A, Sindhu R, Sirohi R. Environmental pollution mitigation through utilization of carbon dioxide by microalgae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121623. [PMID: 37072107 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions of CO2 have reached a critical level and the global surface temperature is expected to rise by 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2050. To ameliorate the current global warming scenario, the research community has been struggling to find more economical and innovative solutions for carbon sequestration. Among such techniques, the use of microalgal species such as Chlorella sp., Dunaliella tertiolecta, Spirulina platensis, Desmodesmus sp., and Nannochloropsis sp., among others have shown high carbon tolerance capacity (10-100%) for establishing carbon capture, utilization and storage systems. To make microalgal-based carbon capture more economical, the microalgal biomass (∼2 g/L) can be converted biofuels, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals through biorefinery approach with product yield in the range of 60-99.5%. Further, CRISPR-Cas9 has enabled the knockout of specific genes in microalgal species that can be used to generate low pH tolerant strains with high lipid production. Inspite of the emerging developments in pollution control by microalgae, only limited investigations are available on its economic aspects which indicate a production cost of ∼$ 0.5-15/kg microalgal biomass. This review intends to summarize the advancements in different carbon sequestration techniques while highlighting their mechanisms and major research areas that need attention for economical microalgae-based carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G Sowmya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, Reva University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - K Yogeshwari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, Reva University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Gurdeep Rattu
- National Horticultural Research and Development Foundation (NHRDF), Nashik-Aurangabad Road, Nashik, Maharashtra, 422003, India
| | - Taru Negi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 11 263 145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - AnhTuan Hoang
- Institute of Engineering, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology, Kollam 691505, Kerala, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
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Pooja N, Chakraborty I, Rahman MH, Mazumder N. An insight on sources and biodegradation of bioplastics: a review. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:220. [PMID: 37265543 PMCID: PMC10230146 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Durability and affordability are two main reasons for the widespread consumption of plastic in the world. However, the inability of these materials to undergo degradation has become a significant threat to the environment and human health To address this issue, bioplastics have emerged as a promising alternative. Bioplastics are obtained from renewable and sustainable biomass and have a lower carbon footprint and emit fewer greenhouse gases than petroleum-based plastics. The use of these bioplastics sourced from renewable biomass can also reduce the dependency on fossil fuels, which are limited in availability. This review provides an elaborate comparison of biodegradation rates of potential bioplastics in soil from various sources such as biomass, microorganisms, and monomers. These bioplastics show great potential as a replacement for conventional plastics due to their biodegradable and diverse properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nag Pooja
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Ishita Chakraborty
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Md. Hafizur Rahman
- Department of Quality Control and Safety Management, Faculty of Food Sciences and Safety, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
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Conners EM, Rengasamy K, Bose A. The phototrophic bacteria Rhodomicrobium spp. are novel chassis for bioplastic production. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.17.541187. [PMID: 37292726 PMCID: PMC10245738 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a bio-based, biodegradable alternative to petroleum-based plastics. PHB production at industrial scales remains infeasible, in part due to insufficient yields and high costs. Addressing these challenges requires identifying novel biological chassis for PHB production and modifying known biological chassis to enhance production using sustainable, renewable inputs. Here, we take the former approach and present the first description of PHB production by two prosthecate photosynthetic purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB), Rhodomicrobium vannielii and Rhodomicrobium udaipurense. We show that both species produce PHB across photoheterotrophic, photoautotrophic, photoferrotrophic, and photoelectrotrophic growth conditions. Both species show the greatest PHB titers during photoheterotrophic growth on butyrate with dinitrogen gas as a nitrogen source (up to 44.08 mg/L), while photoelectrotrophic growth demonstrated the lowest titers (up to 0.13 mg/L). These titers are both greater (photoheterotrophy) and less (photoelectrotrophy) than those observed previously in a related PNSB, Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1. On the other hand, we observe the highest electron yields during photoautotrophic growth with hydrogen gas or ferrous iron electron donors, and these electron yields were generally greater than those observed previously in TIE-1. These data suggest that non model organisms like Rhodomicrobium should be explored for sustainable PHB production and highlights utility in exploring novel biological chassis.
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Vaishnav S, Saini T, Chauhan A, Gaur GK, Tiwari R, Dutt T, Tarafdar A. Livestock and poultry farm wastewater treatment and its valorization for generating value-added products: Recent updates and way forward. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 382:129170. [PMID: 37196748 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Livestock and poultry wastewater poses a potent risk factor for environmental pollution accelerating disease load and premature deaths. It is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, heavy metals, pathogens, and antibiotics, among other contaminants. These contaminants have a negative impact on the quality of soil, groundwater, and air, and is a potential hazard to human health. Depending on the specific characteristics of wastewater, such as the type and concentration of pollutants present; several physical, chemical and biological strategies have been developed for wastewater treatment. This review aims at providing comprehensive overview of the profiling of livestock wastewater from the dairy, swine and poultry sub-sectors along with the biological (annamox and genetically modified bacteria) and physico-chemical treatment methodologies, and valorisation for the generation of value-added products such as bioplastics, biofertilizers, biohydrogen and microalgal-microbial fuel cells. Additionally, future perspectives for efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment are contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Vaishnav
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tapendra Saini
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gyanendra Kumar Gaur
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rupasi Tiwari
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Kudo H, Ono S, Abe K, Matsuda M, Hasunuma T, Nishizawa T, Asayama M, Nishihara H, Chohnan S. Enhanced supply of acetyl-CoA by exogenous pantothenate kinase promotes synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:75. [PMID: 37081440 PMCID: PMC10116679 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coenzyme A (CoA) is a carrier of acyl groups. This cofactor is synthesized from pantothenic acid in five steps. The phosphorylation of pantothenate is catalyzed by pantothenate kinase (CoaA), which is a key step in the CoA biosynthetic pathway. To determine whether the enhancement of the CoA biosynthetic pathway is effective for producing useful substances, the effect of elevated acetyl-CoA levels resulting from the introduction of the exogenous coaA gene on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] synthesis was determined in Escherichia coli, which express the genes necessary for cyanobacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis (phaABEC). RESULTS E. coli containing the coaA gene in addition to the pha genes accumulated more P(3HB) compared with the transformant containing the pha genes alone. P(3HB) production was enhanced by precursor addition, with P(3HB) content increasing from 18.4% (w/w) to 29.0% in the presence of 0.5 mM pantothenate and 16.3%-28.2% by adding 0.5 mM β-alanine. Strains expressing the exogenous coaA in the presence of precursors contained acetyl-CoA in excess of 1 nmol/mg of dry cell wt, which promoted the reaction toward P(3HB) formation. The amount of acetate exported into the medium was three times lower in the cells carrying exogenous coaA and pha genes than in the cells carrying pha genes alone. This was attributed to significantly enlarging the intracellular pool size of CoA, which is the recipient of acetic acid and is advantageous for microbial production of value-added materials. CONCLUSIONS Enhancing the CoA biosynthetic pathway with exogenous CoaA was effective at increasing P(3HB) production. Supplementing the medium with pantothenate facilitated the accumulation of P(3HB). β-Alanine was able to replace the efficacy of adding pantothenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kudo
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Sho Ono
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Kenta Abe
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Nishizawa
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Munehiko Asayama
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nishihara
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Shigeru Chohnan
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Ibaraki University College of Agriculture, 3-21-1 Chuo, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan.
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An efficient and reusable N,N-dimethylacetamide/LiCl solvent system for the extraction of high-purity polyhydroxybutyrate from bacterial biomass. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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Oh YK, Kim S, Ilhamsyah DPA, Lee SG, Kim JR. Cell disruption and lipid extraction from Chlorella species for biorefinery applications: Recent advances. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 366:128183. [PMID: 36307027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella is a promising microalga for CO2-neutral biorefinery that co-produces drop-in biofuels and multiple biochemicals. Cell disruption and selective lipid extraction steps are major technical bottlenecks in biorefinement because of the inherent robustness and complexity of algal cell walls. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art achievements in cell disruption and lipid extraction methods for Chlorella species within the last five years. Various chemical, physical, and biological approaches have been detailed theoretically, compared, and discussed in terms of the degree of cell wall disruption, lipid extractability, chemical toxicity, cost-effectiveness, energy use, scalability, customer preferences, environment friendliness, and synergistic combinations of different methods. Future challenges and prospects of environmental-friendly and efficient extraction technologies are also outlined for practical applications in sustainable Chlorella biorefineries. Given the diverse industrial applications of Chlorella, this review may provide useful information for downstream processing of the advanced biorefineries of other algae genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Kwan Oh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangui Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sun-Gu Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Rae Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU), Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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13
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Yu BS, Yang HE, Sirohi R, Sim SJ. Novel effective bioprocess for optimal CO 2 fixation via microalgae-based biomineralization under semi-continuous culture. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128063. [PMID: 36195219 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of microalgae-based biomineralization in a semi-continuous process (M-BSP) on biomass productivity and CO2 fixation rate were investigated. M-BSP significantly improved biomass production and CO2 fixation rate at the second stage of induction by sustaining relatively high photosynthetic rate without exposure to toxic substances (e.g., chlorellin) from aging cells using the microalgae Chlorella HS2. In conventional systems, cells do not receive irradiated light evenly, and many cells age and burst because of the long culture period. In contrast, in the M-BSP, the photosynthesis efficiency increases and biomass production is not inhibited because most of the cells can be harvested during shorter culture period. The accumulated biomass production and CO2 fixation rate of the HS2 cells cultured under M-BSP increased by 4.67- (25 ± 1.09 g/L) and 10.9-fold (30.29 ± 1.79 g/L day-1), respectively, compared to those cultured without the CaCl2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Sun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Ha Eun Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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14
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Sung YJ, Yu BS, Yang HE, Kim DH, Lee JY, Sim SJ. Microalgae-derived hydrogen production towards low carbon emissions via large-scale outdoor systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128134. [PMID: 36252755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen as a clean fuel is receiving attention because it generates only water and a small amount of nitrogen oxide upon combustion. Biohydrogen production using microalgae is considered to be a highly promising carbon-neutral technology because it can secure renewable energy while efficiently reducing CO2 emissions. However, previous studies have mainly focused on improving the biological performance of microalgae; these approaches have struggled to achieve breakthroughs in commercialization because they do not heavily consider the complexity of the entire production process with microalgae, including large-scale cultivation, biomass harvest, and biomass storage. This work presents an in-depth analysis of the state-of-the-art technologies focused on large-scale cultivation systems with efficient downstream processes. Considering the individual processes of biohydrogen production, strategies are discussed to minimize carbon emissions and improve productivity simultaneously. A comprehensive understanding of microalgae-derived biohydrogen production suggests future directions for realizing environmental and economic sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Sung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sookmyung Women's University, 100 Cheongpa-ro 47-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Sun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Eun Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Leadbeater DR, Bruce NC, Tonon T. In silico identification of bacterial seaweed-degrading bioplastic producers. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000866. [PMID: 36125959 PMCID: PMC9676036 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to replace petroleum-based plastic with bio-based and biodegradable alternatives. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are attractive prospective replacements that exhibit desirable mechanical properties and are recyclable and biodegradable in terrestrial and marine environments. However, the production costs today still limit the economic sustainability of the PHA industry. Seaweed cultivation represents an opportunity for carbon capture, while also supplying a sustainable photosynthetic feedstock for PHA production. We mined existing gene and protein databases to identify bacteria able to grow and produce PHAs using seaweed-derived carbohydrates as substrates. There were no significant relationships between the genes involved in the deconstruction of algae polysaccharides and PHA production, with poor to negative correlations and diffused clustering suggesting evolutionary compartmentalism. We identified 2 987 bacterial candidates spanning 40 taxonomic families predominantly within Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Burkholderiales with enriched seaweed-degrading capacity that also harbour PHA synthesis potential. These included highly promising candidates with specialist and generalist specificities, including Alteromonas, Aquisphaera, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Caulobacter, Cellvibrionaceae, Duganella, Janthinobacterium, Massilia, Oxalobacteraceae, Parvularcula, Pirellulaceae, Pseudomonas, Rhizobacter, Rhodanobacter, Simiduia, Sphingobium, Sphingomonadaceae, Sphingomonas, Stieleria, Vibrio and Xanthomonas. In this enriched subset, the family-level densities of genes targeting green macroalgae polysaccharides were considerably higher (n=231.6±68.5) than enzymes targeting brown (n=65.34±13.12) and red (n=30.5±10.72) polysaccharides. Within these organisms, an abundance of FabG genes was observed, suggesting that the fatty acid de novo synthesis pathway supplies (R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA or 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA from core metabolic processes and is the predominant mechanism of PHA production in these organisms. Our results facilitate extending seaweed biomass valorization in the context of consolidated biorefining for the production of bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Leadbeater
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Neil C. Bruce
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Thierry Tonon
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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16
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Trends on CO2 Capture with Microalgae: A Bibliometric Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154669. [PMID: 35897845 PMCID: PMC9331766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The alarming levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) are an environmental problem that affects the economic growth of the world. CO2 emissions represent penalties and restrictions due to the high carbon footprint. Therefore, sustainable strategies are required to reduce the negative impact that occurs. Among the potential systems for CO2 capture are microalgae. These are defined as photosynthetic microorganisms that use CO2 and sunlight to obtain oxygen (O2) and generate value-added products such as biofuels, among others. Despite the advantages that microalgae may present, there are still technical–economic challenges that limit industrial-scale commercialization and the use of biomass in the production of added-value compounds. Therefore, this study reviews the current state of research on CO2 capture with microalgae, for which bibliometric analysis was used to establish the trends of the subject in terms of scientometric parameters. Technological advances in the use of microalgal biomass were also identified. Additionally, it was possible to establish the different cooperation networks between countries, which showed interactions in the search to reduce CO2 concentrations through microalgae.
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17
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Rueda E, Altamira-Algarra B, García J. Process optimization of the polyhydroxybutyrate production in the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. and Synechococcus sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 356:127330. [PMID: 35589041 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of four parameters (acetate, NaCl, inorganic carbon and days in darkness) affecting the polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production were tested and optimized for Synechococcus sp. and Synechocystis sp. using a Box-Behnken design. The optimal conditions for Synechocystis sp. were found to be 1.2 g L-1 of acetate, 4 gC L-1 of NaHCO3, 18 g L-1 of NaCl and 0 days in darkness. For Synechococcus sp., equal acetate concentration and days in darkness, and lower inorganic carbon and NaCl concentrations than those for Synechocystis sp. were needed (0.05 g L-1 inorganic carbon and 9 g L-1 NaCl). Optimal conditions were scaled up to 3 L photobioreactors. Using Synechocystis sp., 5.6 %dcw of PHB was obtained whether adding or not acetate. In opposition, a maximum of 26.1 %dcw by using acetate was reached with Synechococcus sp. These results provide an easy method to optimize the cultivation conditions to enhance PHB production with cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estel Rueda
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Av. Eduard Maristany 16, Building C5.1, E-08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Altamira-Algarra
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Av. Eduard Maristany 16, Building C5.1, E-08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona. Spain.
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18
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Dong C, Shao Q, Ren Y, Ge W, Yao T, Hu H, Huang J, Liang Z, Han Y. Assembly, Core Microbiota, and Function of the Rhizosphere Soil and Bark Microbiota in Eucommia ulmoides. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:855317. [PMID: 35591983 PMCID: PMC9110929 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.855317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are inhabited by diverse microbes in every compartment, and which play an essential role in host growth and development, nutrient absorption, synthesis of secondary metabolites, and resistance to biological and abiotic stress. However, the ecological processes that manage microbiota assembly and the phenotypic and metabolic characteristics of the core microbiota of Eucommia ulmoides remain poorly explored. Here, we systematically evaluated the effects of genotypes, compartment niches, and environmental conditions (climate, soil nutrition, and secondary metabolites) on the assembly of rhizosphere soil and bark associated bacterial communities. In addition, phenotypic and metabolic characteristics of E. ulmoides core microbiota, and their relationship with dominant taxa, rare taxa, and pharmacologically active compounds were deciphered. Results suggested that microbiota assembly along the two compartments were predominantly shaped by the environment (especially pH, relative humidity, and geniposide acid) and not by host genotype or compartment niche. There were 690 shared genera in the rhizosphere soil and bark, and the bark microbiota was mainly derived from rhizosphere soil. Core microbiota of E. ulmoides was a highly interactive “hub” microbes connecting dominant and rare taxa, and its phenotypic characteristics had a selective effect on compartment niches. Metabolic functions of the core microbiota included ammonia oxidation, nitrogen fixation, and polyhydroxybutyrate storage, which are closely related to plant growth or metabolism. Moreover, some core taxa were also significantly correlated with three active compounds. These findings provide an important scientific basis for sustainable agricultural management based on the precise regulation of the rhizosphere soil and bark microbiota of E. ulmoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Dong
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiuyu Shao
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yulian Ren
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Analysis and Test Center, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- Engineering Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zongqi Liang
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yanfeng Han
- Institute of Fungus Resources, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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19
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Chen J, Huang Y, Shu Y, Hu X, Wu D, Jiang H, Wang K, Liu W, Fu W. Recent Progress on Systems and Synthetic Biology of Diatoms for Improving Algal Productivity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:908804. [PMID: 35646842 PMCID: PMC9136054 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.908804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have drawn much attention for their potential applications as a sustainable source for developing bioactive compounds, functional foods, feeds, and biofuels. Diatoms, as one major group of microalgae with high yields and strong adaptability to the environment, have shown advantages in developing photosynthetic cell factories to produce value-added compounds, including heterologous bioactive products. However, the commercialization of diatoms has encountered several obstacles that limit the potential mass production, such as the limitation of algal productivity and low photosynthetic efficiency. In recent years, systems and synthetic biology have dramatically improved the efficiency of diatom cell factories. In this review, we discussed first the genome sequencing and genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) of diatoms. Then, approaches to optimizing photosynthetic efficiency are introduced with a focus on the enhancement of biomass productivity in diatoms. We also reviewed genome engineering technologies, including CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) gene-editing to produce bioactive compounds in diatoms. Finally, we summarized the recent progress on the diatom cell factory for producing heterologous compounds through genome engineering to introduce foreign genes into host diatoms. This review also pinpointed the bottlenecks in algal engineering development and provided critical insights into the future direction of algal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Chen
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuexuan Shu
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Hu
- Center for Data Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangjin Jiang
- Center for Data Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Fu
- Department of Marine Science, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Systems Biology and Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- *Correspondence: Weiqi Fu,
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20
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Ummalyma SB, Sirohi R, Udayan A, Yadav P, Raj A, Sim SJ, Pandey A. Sustainable microalgal biomass production in food industry wastewater for low-cost biorefinery products: a review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2022; 22:1-23. [PMID: 35431709 PMCID: PMC9006494 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-022-09814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are recognized as cell factories enriched with biochemicals suitable as feedstock for bio-energy, food, feed, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals applications. The industrial application of microalgae is challenging due to hurdles associated with mass cultivation and biomass recovery. The scale-up production of microalgal biomass in freshwater is not a sustainable solution due to the projected increase of freshwater demands in the coming years. Microalgae cultivation in wastewater is encouraged in recent years for sustainable bioeconomy from biorefinery processes. Wastewater from the food industry is a less-toxic growth medium for microalgal biomass production. Traditional wastewater treatment and management processes are expensive; hence it is highly relevant to use low-cost wastewater treatment processes with revenue generation through different products. Microalgae are accepted as potential biocatalysts for the bioremediation of wastewater. Microalgae based purification of wastewater technology could be a universal alternative solution for the recovery of resources from wastewater for low-cost biomass feedstock for industry. This review highlights the importance of microalgal biomass production in food processing wastewater, their characteristics, and different microalgal cultivation methods, followed by nutrient absorption mechanisms. Towards the end of the review, different microalgae biomass harvesting processes with biorefinery products, and void gaps that tend to hinder the biomass production with future perspectives will be intended. Thus, the review could claim to be valuable for sustainable microalgae biomass production for eco-friendly bioproduct conversions. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeela Beevi Ummalyma
- DBT- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, An Autonomus Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt.of India, Takyelpat, Imphal, 795 001 India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136 713 Republic of Korea
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 029 India
| | - Aswathy Udayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooja Yadav
- Environmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001 India
| | - Abhay Raj
- Environmental Toxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001 India
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136 713 Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 029 India
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001 India
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248 007 India
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21
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Moon M, Park GW, Lee JP, Lee JS, Min K. Recombinant expression and characterization of formate dehydrogenase from Clostridium ljungdahlii (ClFDH) as CO2 reductase for converting CO2 to formate. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Singhania RR, Guo W, de Souza Vendenberghe LP, Mannina G, Kim SH. Bioresource technology for bioenergy, bioproducts & environmental sustainability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126736. [PMID: 35051572 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The 3rd International Conference for Bioresource Technology for Bioenergy, Bioproducts & Environmental Sustainability (BIORESTEC) was held online from 17 to 19 May 2021. More than 120 participants from all over the world participated in this conference. The conference was studded with nine plenary lectures, ten invited lectures as well as more than 50 oral presentations along with several poster presentations. The purpose of the conference was to foster the exchange of knowledge and ideas among researchers in academia and industry as well as policymakers working on various aspects of biorefinery to discuss the progress made during the intervening three years and the latest trends in biotechnology, bioenergy, and biobased products. Biorefinery is winning over petrol refinery due to its sustainable nature and is the major driving force to a positive push to World's bioeconomy. Biorefinery enables us to obtain cascades of products by using biomass; including bioenergy, platform chemicals and various other bioproducts. Most of the talks during the conference dealt with sustainable practices for producing or synthesizing biomolecules via microorganisms. Bacteria, fungi as well algae were presented as bio machinery to convert the waste residues into value-added products including bioenergy and other biomolecules. This virtual special issue includes a selection of papers presented at the BIORESTEC conference, which contribute to environmental sustainability and give a strong message on sustainable technologies through developing bioproducts in order to overcome environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | | | | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Min K, Moon M, Park GW, Lee JP, Kim SJ, Lee JS. Newly explored formate dehydrogenases from Clostridium species catalyze carbon dioxide to formate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126832. [PMID: 35149183 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With concerns over global warming and climate change, many efforts have been devoted to mitigate atmospheric CO2 level. As a CO2 utilization strategy, formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from Clostridium species were explored to discover O2-tolerant and efficient FDHs that can catalyze CO2 to formate (i.e. CO2 reductase). With FDH from Clostridium ljungdahlii (ClFDH) that plays as a CO2 reductase previously reported as the reference, FDH from C.autoethanogenum (CaFDH), C. coskatii (CcFDH), and C. ragsdalei (CrFDH) were newly discovered via genome-mining. The FDHs were expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant FDHs successfully catalyzed CO2 reduction with a specific activity of 15 U g-1-CaFDH, 17 U g-1-CcFDH, and 8.7 U g-1-CrFDH. Interestingly, all FDHs newly discovered retain their catalytic activity under aerobic condition, although Clostridium species are strict anaerobe. The results discussed herein can contribute to biocatalytic CO2 utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungseon Min
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myounghoon Moon
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwon Woo Park
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Pyo Lee
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Jeong Kim
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Lee
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Gwangju 61003, Republic of Korea
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24
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Cui Z, Qi Q, Hou J. Progress and perspectives for microbial production of farnesene. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126682. [PMID: 35007732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Farnesene is increasingly used in industry, agriculture, and other fields due to its unique and excellent properties, necessitating its efficient synthesis. Microbial synthesis is an ideal farnesene production method. Recently, researchers have used several strategies to optimize the production performance of microorganisms. This review summarized these strategies, including regulation of farnesene synthesis pathways, and proposed some emerging tools and methods in stain engineering. Meanwhile, new farnesene biosynthetic pathways and effective farnesene production from cheap or waste substrates were emphatically introduced. Finally, future farnesene biosynthesis challenges were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zhaoxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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25
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Udayan A, Pandey AK, Sirohi R, Sreekumar N, Sang BI, Sim SJ, Kim SH, Pandey A. Production of microalgae with high lipid content and their potential as sources of nutraceuticals. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2022; 22:1-28. [PMID: 35095355 PMCID: PMC8783767 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-021-09784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the current global scenario, the world is under a serious dilemma due to the increasing human population, industrialization, and urbanization. The ever-increasing need for fuels and increasing nutritional problems have made a serious concern on the demand for nutrients and renewable and eco-friendly fuel sources. Currently, the use of fossil fuels is creating ecological and economic problems. Microalgae have been considered as a promising candidate for high-value metabolites and alternative renewable energy sources. Microalgae offer several advantages such as rapid growth rate, efficient land utilization, carbon dioxide sequestration, ability to cultivate in wastewater, and most importantly, they do not participate in the food crop versus energy crop dilemma or debate. An efficient microalgal biorefinery system for the production of lipids and subsequent byproduct for nutraceutical applications could well satisfy the need. But, the current microalgal cultivation systems for the production of lipids and nutraceuticals do not offer techno-economic feasibility together with energy and environmental sustainability. This review article has its main focus on the production of lipids and nutraceuticals from microalgae, covering the current strategies used for lipid production and the major high-value metabolites from microalgae and their nutraceutical importance. This review also provides insights on the future strategies for enhanced microalgal lipid production and subsequent utilization of microalgal biomass. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Udayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Pandey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 029 India
| | - Nidhin Sreekumar
- Accubits Invent, Accubits Technologies Inc., Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 004 India
| | - Byoung-In Sang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 029 India
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 001 India
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Udayan A, Sirohi R, Sreekumar N, Sang BI, Sim SJ. Mass cultivation and harvesting of microalgal biomass: Current trends and future perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126406. [PMID: 34826565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic organisms capable of producing high-value metabolites like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, pigments, and other high-value metabolites. Microalgal biomass gained more interest for the production of nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, therapeutics, food supplements, feed, biofuel, bio-fertilizers, etc. due to its high lipid and other high-value metabolite content. Microalgal biomass has the potential to convert trapped solar energy to organic materials and potential metabolites of nutraceutical and industrial interest. They have higher efficiency to fix carbon dioxide (CO2) and subsequently convert it into biomass and compounds of potential interest. However, to make microalgae a potential industrial candidate, cost-effective cultivation systems and harvesting methods for increasing biomass yield and reducing the cost of downstream processing have become extremely urgent and important. In this review, the current development in different microalgal cultivation systems and harvesting methods has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Udayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul South Korea; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhin Sreekumar
- Accubits Invent, Accubits Technologies Inc., Thiruvananthapuram 695 004, Kerala, India
| | - Byoung-In Sang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul South Korea.
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Yu BS, Lee SY, Sim SJ. Effective contamination control strategies facilitating axenic cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis: Risks and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126289. [PMID: 34748979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
With industrialization, anthropogenic mishandlings have resulted in the discharge of abundant amount of CO2 into the atmosphere. This has triggered an unnatural warming that has dramatically increased the Earth's temperature in a short duration. This problem can be addressed by the biological conversion of CO2; several studies have been conducted using H. pluvialis culture that produces high value-added materials, such as astaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids. However, although H. pluvialis has a high market value, the market size is quite small. Because H. pluvialis cells are susceptible to contamination due to its slow growth rate, hence large-scale culture of H. pluvialis without reliable contamination control strategies poses significant risks. This review comprehensively discusses the contamination that occurs during the culturing of H. pluvialis in various culture systems under different culture conditions. The review also discusses the strategies in controlling the biotic contaminants, such as bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Sun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - So Young Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
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Pawłowska A, Stepczyńska M. Natural Biocidal Compounds of Plant Origin as Biodegradable Materials Modifiers. JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2022; 30:1683-1708. [PMID: 34720776 PMCID: PMC8541817 DOI: 10.1007/s10924-021-02315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The article presents a literature review of the plant origin natural compounds with biocidal properties. These compounds could be used as modifiers of biodegradable materials. Modification of polymer material is one of the basic steps in its manufacturing process. Biodegradable materials play a key role in the current development of materials engineering. Natural modifiers are non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and renewable. The substances contained in natural modifiers exhibit biocidal properties against bacteria and/or fungi. The article discusses polyphenols, selected phenols, naphthoquinones, triterpenoids, and phytoncides that are natural antibiotics. Due to the increasing demand for biodegradable materials and the protection of the natural environment against the negative effects of toxic substances, it is crucial to replace synthetic modifiers with plant ones. This work mentions industries where materials containing natural modifying additives could find potential applications. Moreover, the probable examples of the final products are presented. Additionally, the article points out the current world's pandemic state and the use of materials with biocidal properties considering the epidemiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona Pawłowska
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J.K. Chodkiewicza 30 street, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stepczyńska
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, J.K. Chodkiewicza 30 street, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Jo SY, Son J, Sohn YJ, Lim SH, Lee JY, Yoo JI, Park SY, Na JG, Park SJ. A shortcut to carbon-neutral bioplastic production: Recent advances in microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from C1 resources. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:978-998. [PMID: 34656544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the 20th century, plastics that are widely being used in general life and industries are causing enormous plastic waste problems since improperly discarded plastics barely degrade and decompose. Thus, the demand for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), biodegradable polymers with material properties similar to conventional petroleum-based plastics, has been increased so far. The microbial production of PHAs is an environment-friendly solution for the current plastic crisis, however, the carbon sources for the microbial PHA production is a crucial factor to be considered in terms of carbon-neutrality. One‑carbon (C1) resources, such as methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, are greenhouse gases and are abundantly found in nature and industry. C1 resources as the carbon sources for PHA production have a completely closed carbon loop with much advances; i) fast carbon circulation with direct bioconversion process and ii) simple fermentation procedure without sterilization as non-preferable nutrients. This review discusses the biosynthesis of PHAs based on C1 resource utilization by wild-type and metabolically engineered microbial host strains via biorefinery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jung Sohn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Geol Na
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si Jae Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Sirohi R, Ummalyma SB, Sagar NA, Sharma P, Awasthi MK, Badgujar PC, Madhavan A, Rajasekharan R, Sindhu R, Sim SJ, Pandey A. Strategies and advances in the pretreatment of microalgal biomass. J Biotechnol 2021; 341:63-75. [PMID: 34537253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Modification of structural components, especially the cell wall, through adequate pretreatment strategies is critical to the bioconversion efficiency of algal biomass to biorefinery products. Over the years, several physical, physicochemical, chemical and green pretreatment methods have been developed to achieve maximum productivity of desirable by-products to sustain a circular bioeconomy. The effectiveness of the pretreatment methods is however, species specific due to diversity in the innate nature of the microalgal cell wall. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most notable and promising pretreatment strategies for several microalgae species. Methods including the application of stress, ultrasound, electromagnetic fields, pressure, heat as well as chemical solvents (ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, deep eutectic solvents etc.) have been detailed and analyzed. Enzyme and hydrolytic microorganism based green pretreatment methods have also been reviewed. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for product specificity and lower inhibitors can be a future breakthrough in microalgal pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | | | - Narashans Alok Sagar
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonepat 131028, Haryana, India.
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China.
| | - Prarabdh C Badgujar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India.
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum 695014, India.
| | | | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India.
| | - Sang Jun Sim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136713, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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