Effect of Light Quality on Seed Potato (Solanum tuberose L.) Tuberization When Aeroponically Grown in a Controlled Greenhouse

A plant factory equipped with artificial lights is a comparatively new concept when growing seed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) for minituber production. The shortage of disease-free potato seed tubers is a key challenge to producing quality potatoes. Quality seed tuber production all year round in a controlled environment under an artificial light condition was the main purpose of this study. The present study was conducted in a plant factory to investigate the effects of distinct spectrum compositions of LEDs on potato tuberization when grown in an aeroponic system. The study was equipped with eight LED light combinations: L1 = red: blue: green (70 + 25 + 5), L2 = red: blue: green (70 + 20 + 10), L3 = red: blue: green (70 + 15 + 15), L4 = red: blue: green (70 + 10 + 20), L5 = red: blue: far-red (70 + 25 + 5), L6 = red: blue: far-red (70 + 20 + 10), L7 = red: blue: far-red (70 + 15 + 15), L8 = red: blue: far-red (70 + 10 + 20), and L9 = natural light with 300 µmol m-2 s-1 of irradiance, 16/8 h day/night, 65% relative humidity, while natural light was used as the control treatment. According to the findings, treatment L4 recorded a higher tuber number (31/plant), tuber size (>3 g); (9.26 ± 3.01), and GA3 content, along with better plant growth characteristics. Moreover, treatment L4 recorded a significantly increased trend in the stem diameter (11.08 ± 0.25), leaf number (25.32 ± 1.2), leaf width (19 ± 0.81), root length (49 ± 2.1), and stolon length (49.62 ± 2.05) compared to the control (L9). However, the L9 treatment showed the best performance in plant fresh weight (67.16 ± 4.06 g) and plant dry weight (4.46 ± 0.08 g). In addition, photosynthetic pigments (Chl a) (0.096 ± 0.00 mg g-1, 0.093 ± 0.00 mg g-1) were found to be the highest in the L1 and L2 treatments, respectively. However, Chl b and TCL recorded the best results in treatment L4. Finally, with consideration of the plant growth and tuber yield performance, treatment L4 was found to have the best spectral composition to grow quality seed potato tubers.

Dietary Acrylamide: A Detailed Review on Formation, Detection, Mitigation, and Its Health Impacts

In today's fast-paced world, people increasingly rely on a variety of processed foods due to their busy lifestyles. The enhanced flavors, vibrant colors, and ease of accessibility at reasonable prices have made ready-to-eat foods the easiest and simplest choice to satiate hunger, especially those that undergo thermal processing. However, these foods often contain an unsaturated amide called 'Acrylamide', known by its chemical name 2-propenamide, which is a contaminant formed when a carbohydrate- or protein-rich food product is thermally processed at more than 120 °C through methods like frying, baking, or roasting. Consuming foods with elevated levels of acrylamide can induce harmful toxicity such as neurotoxicity, hepatoxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, reproductive toxicity, and prenatal and postnatal toxicity. This review delves into the major pathways and factors influencing acrylamide formation in food, discusses its adverse effects on human health, and explores recent techniques for the detection and mitigation of acrylamide in food. This review could be of interest to a wide audience in the food industry that manufactures processed foods. A multi-faceted strategy is necessary to identify and resolve the factors responsible for the browning of food, ensure safety standards, and preserve essential food quality traits.

Intimate partner violence and excess fertility among women of reproductive age in Malawi

PURPOSE

Gender inequity and adverse health outcomes continue to be of concern among women in sub-Saharan Africa. We determined prevalence of intimate partner violence and excess fertility (having more children than desired) in reproductive age women in Malawi. We also explored factors associated with these outcomes and with spousal fertility intentions.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In a cross-sectional study, a total of 360 women and 410 men were recruited using multi-stage sampling from communities in a peri-urban setting in Blantyre District, Southern Malawi in 2021. Women and men were separately interviewed by trained study workers using a structured questionnaire. In addition to descriptive analyses, we used univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to assess associations of risk factors with the outcomes of intimate partner violence and excess fertility.

RESULTS

Among women, lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence was 23.1%, and excess fertility was experienced by 25.6%. Intimate partner violence was associated with male partners alcohol consumption (adjusted odds ratio 2.13; P = 0.019). Women were more likely to report excess fertility if they were older (adjusted odds ratio 2.0, P<0.001, for a 5-year increase). Alcohol consumption by the male partner (adjusted odds ratio 2.14; P = 0.025) and women being able to refuse sex with their male partner (adjusted odds ratio 0.50; P = 0.036) were associated with discordant fertility preferences.

CONCLUSIONS

Intimate partner violence, excess fertility, and social and health inequities continue to be prevalent in Malawi. These data suggest the underlying proximal and distal factors associated with these adverse outcomes such as alcohol consumption may be addressed through education, couple interactive communication, and community dialogue. To ensure sustainability and effectiveness, strong leadership involvement, both governmental and non-governmental, is needed.

In silico identification and functional prediction of differentially expressed genes in South Asian populations associated with type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the major metabolic disorders in humans caused by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance syndrome. Although significant genetic effects on T2D pathogenesis are experimentally proved, the molecular mechanism of T2D in South Asian Populations (SAPs) is still limited. Hence, the current research analyzed two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and 17 Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) datasets associated with T2D in SAP to identify DEGs (differentially expressed genes). The identified DEGs were further analyzed to explore the molecular mechanism of T2D pathogenesis following a series of bioinformatics approaches. Following PPI (Protein-Protein Interaction), 867 potential DEGs and nine hub genes were identified that might play significant roles in T2D pathogenesis. Interestingly, CTNNB1 and RUNX2 hub genes were found to be unique for T2D pathogenesis in SAPs. Then, the GO (Gene Ontology) showed the potential biological, molecular, and cellular functions of the DEGs. The target genes also interacted with different pathways of T2D pathogenesis. In fact, 118 genes (including HNF1A and TCF7L2 hub genes) were directly associated with T2D pathogenesis. Indeed, eight key miRNAs among 2582 significantly interacted with the target genes. Even 64 genes were downregulated by 367 FDA-approved drugs. Interestingly, 11 genes showed a wide range (9-43) of drug specificity. Hence, the identified DEGs may guide to elucidate the molecular mechanism of T2D pathogenesis in SAPs. Therefore, integrating the research findings of the potential roles of DEGs and candidate drug-mediated downregulation of marker genes, future drugs or treatments could be developed to treat T2D in SAPs.

Complex interactions between diverse mobile genetic elements drive the evolution of metal-resistant bacterial genomes

In this study, we compared the genomes of three metal-resistant bacteria isolated from mercury-contaminated soil. We identified diverse and novel MGEs with evidence of multiple LGT events shaping their genomic structure and heavy metal resistance. Among the three metal-resistant strains, Sphingobium sp SA2 and Sphingopyxis sp SE2 were resistant to multiple metals including mercury, cadmium, copper, zinc and lead. Pseudoxanthomonas sp SE1 showed resistance to mercury only. Whole genome sequencing by Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technologies was undertaken to obtain comprehensive genomic data. The Sphingobium and Sphingopyxis strains contained multiple chromosomes and plasmids, whereas the Pseudoxanthomonas strain contained one circular chromosome. Consistent with their metal resistance profiles, the strains of Sphingobium and Sphingopyxis contained a higher quantity of diverse metal resistance genes across their chromosomes and plasmids compared to the single-metal resistant Pseudoxanthomonas SE1. In all three strains, metal resistance genes were principally associated with various novel MGEs including genomic islands (GIs), integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), transposons, insertion sequences (IS), recombinase in trio (RIT) elements and group II introns, indicating their importance in facilitating metal resistance adaptation in a contaminated environment. In the Pseudoxanthomonas strain, metal resistance regions were largely situated on a GI. The chromosomes of the strains of Sphingobium and Sphingopyxis contained multiple metal resistance regions, which were likely acquired by several GIs, ICEs, numerous IS elements, several Tn3 family transposons and RIT elements. Two of the plasmids of Sphingobium were impacted by Tn3 family transposons and ISs likely integrating metal resistance genes. The two plasmids of Sphingopyxis harboured transposons, IS elements, an RIT element and a group II intron. This study provides a comprehensive annotation of complex genomic regions of metal resistance associated with novel MGEs. It highlights the critical importance of LGT in the evolution of metal resistance of bacteria in contaminated environments.

Disparities in the maternal healthcare continuum among Bangladeshi women: evidence from nationally representative surveys

INTRODUCTION

Utilisation of maternal healthcare is low, and it consistently decreases across antenatal to postnatal period in Bangladesh. However, there is paucity of knowledge in Bangladesh to understand gaps and associated factors in seeking continuum of maternal healthcare along the pathway. Therefore, we aimed to assess the trend in socioeconomic and demographic factors and wealth inequity in maternal CoC using the Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS).

METHODS

We performed a secondary analysis on nationally representative data from the last two MICS survey, carried out in 2012-13 and 2019. The study included women of reproductive age (15-49 years) with a live birth within two years preceding the survey. Total of 7,950 and 9,183 respondents were identified from these two surveys, respectively. We used multivariable logistic regression and concentration index to examine the covariates and inequity, respectively, in the utilisation of CoC.

RESULTS

Utilisation of ≥4 antenatal care, skilled delivery, and postnatal care for both mother and newborn increased from 13 percent in 2012-13 to 25 percent in 2019 survey. Moreover, wealth inequity persists favouring the rich in utilisation of CoC in Bangladesh. Women belonging to wealthier quintile, urban areas, and non-Muslim families, with higher education, a household head with higher education, media use, and fewer children were most likely to avail complete CoC in both the surveys.

CONCLUSION

Overall utilisation of maternal CoC increased between 2012 and 13 and 2019, however, women in Bangladesh still lack the CoC with persistent wealth inequality. Integrated provision of ANC, delivery by SBA, and PNC should be introduced, comprising both private and public health facilities, and targeting women in poor and rural communities. Efforts should also focus on women's education, autonomy, fertility rate, and exposure to media.

Utility of Median-to-Ulnar Sensory Comparative Nerve Conduction Study to Increase Diagnostic Accuracy in Mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Electro-physiological diagnosis of mild Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) based on traditional median motor and sensory studies are often inconclusive. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the utility of Median-to-Ulnar Sensory Conduction studies in diagnosis of mild CTS. Data from Nerve conduction study (NCS) of 82 cases with symptoms suggestive of CTS from September 2017 to October 2020 attending electrophysiology department of Mount Adora Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh was selected for study. About 54(66.0%) out of 82 symptomatic patients were diagnosed as CTS by the conventional method, and 28(34.0%) patients required further investigation as their test report were found to be inconclusive. combining methods showed 70(85.37%) were found to be positive and 12(14.63%) were negative in comparison study. Thus, it can be concluded that those patients found to be negative in conventional methods; comparison method is an option for diagnostic confirmation.

Anthropometric measures and arsenic methylation among pregnant women in rural northern Bangladesh

INTRODUCTION

Arsenic methylation converts inorganic arsenic (iAs) to monomethyl (MMA) and dimethyl (DMA) arsenic compounds. Body mass index (BMI) has been positively associated with arsenic methylation efficiency (higher DMA%) in adults, but evidence in pregnancy is inconsistent. We estimated associations between anthropometric measures and arsenic methylation among pregnant women in rural northern Bangladesh.

METHODS

We enrolled pregnant women (n = 784) (median [IQR] gestational week: 14 [13, 15]) in Gaibandha District, Bangladesh from 2018 to 2019. Anthropometric measures were BMI, subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), fat area (MUAFA), and muscle area (MUAMA). Arsenic methylation measures were urinary iAs, MMA, and DMA divided by their sum and multiplied by 100 (iAs%, MMA%, and DMA%), primary methylation index (MMA/iAs; PMI), and secondary methylation index (DMA/MMA; SMI). In complete cases (n = 765 [97.6%]), we fitted linear, beta, and Dirichlet regression models to estimate cross-sectional differences in iAs%, MMA%, DMA%, PMI, and SMI per IQR-unit difference in each anthropometric measure, adjusting for drinking water arsenic, age, gestational age, education, living standards index, and plasma folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine.

RESULTS

Median (IQR) BMI, subscapular skinfold thickness, triceps skinfold thickness, MUAC, MUAFA, and MUAMA were 21.5 (19.4, 23.8) kg/m2, 17.9 (13.2, 24.2) mm, 14.2 (10.2, 18.7) mm, 25.9 (23.8, 28.0) cm, 15.3 (10.5, 20.3) cm2, and 29.9 (25.6, 34.2) cm2, respectively. Median (IQR) iAs%, MMA%, DMA%, PMI, and SMI were 12.0 (9.3, 15.2)%, 6.6 (5.3, 8.3)%, 81.0 (77.1, 84.6)%, 0.6 (0.4, 0.7), and 12.2 (9.3, 15.7), respectively. In both unadjusted and adjusted linear models, all anthropometric measures were negatively associated with iAs%, MMA%, and PMI and positively associated with DMA% and SMI. For example, fully adjusted mean differences (95% CI) in DMA% per IQR-unit difference in BMI, subscapular skinfolds thickness, triceps skinfold thickness, MUAC, MUAFA, and MUAMA were 1.72 (1.16, 2.28), 1.58 (0.95, 2.21), 1.74 (1.11, 2.37), 1.45 (0.85, 2.06), 1.70 (1.08, 2.31), and 0.70 (0.13, 1.27) pp, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Anthropometric measures were positively associated with arsenic methylation efficiency among pregnant women in the early second trimester.

Chemico-biological interaction unraveled the potential mechanistic pathway of Ixeridium dentatum compounds against atopic dermatitis

This study aims to investigate the potential therapeutic application of Ixeridium dentatum (ID) in treating atopic dermatitis (AD) through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation. We employed GC-MS techniques and identified 40 bioactive compounds present in the ID and determined their targets by accessing public databases. The convergence of compounds and dermatitis related targets led to the identification of 32 common genes. Among them, IL1B, PTGS2, IL6, IL2, and RELA, were found to be significant targets which were analyzed using Cytoscape network topology. The KEGG pathway evaluation revealed that these targets were significantly enriched in the C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway. The therapeutic efficacy of Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, Urea, n-Heptyl-, and 3-Epimoretenol was demonstrated in molecular docking assay, as evidenced by their presence in the core compounds of the compound-target network. Furthermore, these compounds exhibited significant kinetic stability and chemical reactivity in DFT quantum analysis when compared to their co-crystallized ligands and reference drug, indicating their potential as key targets for future research. Among the top three docking complexes, namely IL6-3-Epimoretenol, and IL2- Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, both demonstrated exceptional dynamic characteristics in molecular dynamics simulations at 100 ns. The feasibility of these compounds could be attributed to the prior traditional interrelationship between ID and AD. Overall, this research elucidates the interplay between AD-associated signaling pathways and target receptors with the bioactive ID. The proposal posits the utilization of antecedent compounds as a substitute for the customary pharmaceutical intervention that obstructs the discharge of cytokines, which incite dermal inflammation in the C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway of atopic dermatitis.

Role of Nuclear Morphometry in the Cytologic Evaluation of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Lesions

Thyroid lesions are very common problem in Bangladesh. To categorize the type of lesion, FNAC is a reliable, minimally invasive and cost-effective diagnostic modality. In routine cytology, precise categorization into benign and malignant is highly subjective. So, additional methods are needed to improve the accuracy of cytological diagnosis. Computerized semi-automatic nuclear morphometry is an objective and reproducible tool for quantitative evaluation of nuclear features which may help to differentiate between benign and malignant thyroid lesions in cytology. Objective of the study was to apply morphometry with regard to nuclear size parameters, shape parameters and nuclear chromasia with derivation of suitable cutoff values to differentiate benign and malignant lesions of thyroid gland. This cross-sectional study was done in total 55 cases at the Department of Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh from March 2018 to February 2020. Morphometry was done on images containing diagnostic cells captured from cytological smears with open source ImageJ morphometric software. In this study, all the nuclear size parameters and one nuclear shape parameter was found significant in differentiating benign and malignant lesions. No significant difference was observed in analysis of chromasia parameter. The cut-off values derived between all benign and malignant lesions for mean value of nuclear area, maximum feret diameter, perimeter and aspect ratio were 40.20μm², 8.46μm, 6.68μm, 28.28μm and 1.35 respectively with sensitivity of 86%, 95%, 81%, 90% and specificity of 97%, 93%, 97% and 97% respectively. The Nuclear morphometry may be used as an adjunctive tool to routine thyroid cytology.

Elucidation of anti-hyperglycemic activity of Psidium guajava L. leaves extract on streptozotocin induced neonatal diabetic Long-Evans rats

BACKGROUND

Psidium guajava L (Guava) belongs to the Myrtaceae family and has been claimed to possess several pharmacological properties including antidiabetic.

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic activity of P guajava L leaves aqueous extract on neonatal streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic model rats.

METHODS

Streptozotocin was induced (90 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to 48 h old Long Evans rat pups. After three months, 18 male type-2 diabetic model rats were confirmed by OGTT (FG > 7 mmol/L). Therefore, experimental rats were divided into three groups 2) Diabetic water control (10 ml/kg), 3) Gliclazide treated (20 mg/kg), and 4) Extract treated group (1.25g/kg)] Six normal female rats comprised group 1 [Non-diabetic water control (10 ml/kg)]. All rats were treated orally with their respective treatment for 28 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected on 0 days (by tail cut method) and the end day (by cardiac puncture) of the experiment. The anti-hyperglycemic activity was evaluated by measuring fasting glucose, serum insulin, lipid profile, hepatic glycogen content, and intestinal glucose absorption by standard methods.

RESULTS

The serum glucose level of extract treated group was decreased by 16% as well as significantly (p<0.05) increased the serum insulin level (M±SD, 0 day vs 28thday; 0.319 ± 0.110 vs 0.600 ± 0.348, μg/L). Moreover, the extract-treated group also significantly (p<0.05) enhanced liver glycogen content and inhibited glucose absorption from the upper intestine. Besides, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of LDL-cholesterol level was found in the extract-treated group (M±SD, 55 ± 33 vs 14 ± 9, mg/dl) compared with baseline values where other groups did not show any statistically remarkable changes.

CONCLUSION

Current study concludes that P guajava leaves aqueous extract enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells and promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver. The extract also inhibits glucose absorption from the upper intestine and improves dyslipidemia to some extent. Therefore, possesses the potential for drug development against T2DM.

Comparison of Serum Zinc in Children of Wilson Disease and Non-Wilsonian Volunteers in Bangladesh

Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism with diverse clinical manifestations. Zinc (Zn) has been used for treatment of WD. Recent studies showed low serum zinc level in patients suffering from WD than the normal. This cross-sectional analytical study has been designed to compare the serum zinc level between paediatric patients suffering from WD but yet not started treatment and children who have normal ALT level. This study was carried out at the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, BSMMU, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. Total 51 children were included in this study. Among them 27 were diagnosed case of WD aged between three to eighteen years and 24 children of same ages who were suffering from other than liver disease having normal ALT were included as volunteers. The patients of WD were divided into four groups according to their presentation as acute hepatitis, chronic liver disease (CLD), acute liver failure & neuropsychiatric manifestation. Informed written consent was obtained from all patients and volunteers for participation in this study. Along with other physical findings and laboratory investigations 3 ml of venous blood were collected for estimation of serum zinc level. After estimation of serum zinc level results were analyzed statistically. The difference in serum zinc levels were compared between the groups. Serum zinc level was significantly lower in Wilson disease patients (43.8±19.7μg/dl; range: 13-83) compared to volunteers group (67.8±11.8μg/dl; range: 47-97) p<0.001. Among the diseased group, serum zinc level were significantly lower in 18 CLD (38.4±17.4μg/dl) and in 4 acute liver failure (33.1±3.7μg/dl) compared to 4 acute hepatitis (71.8±4.3μg/dl) (p=0.001) and (p<0.001) respectively. Mean serum zinc level was low in 4 Wilsonian acute liver failure (33.1±3.7μg/dl), which was significant compared to those (23) who presented as Wilson disease non acute liver failure (45.7±20.8μg/dl) (p=0.013). Serum zinc level was significantly lower in Wilson disease children compared to the volunteers. Zinc level was also found significantly low in Wilson disease presented as CLD and acute liver failure in comparison to Wilson disease presented as acute hepatitis.

An insight on sources and biodegradation of bioplastics: a review

Durability and affordability are two main reasons for the widespread consumption of plastic in the world. However, the inability of these materials to undergo degradation has become a significant threat to the environment and human health To address this issue, bioplastics have emerged as a promising alternative. Bioplastics are obtained from renewable and sustainable biomass and have a lower carbon footprint and emit fewer greenhouse gases than petroleum-based plastics. The use of these bioplastics sourced from renewable biomass can also reduce the dependency on fossil fuels, which are limited in availability. This review provides an elaborate comparison of biodegradation rates of potential bioplastics in soil from various sources such as biomass, microorganisms, and monomers. These bioplastics show great potential as a replacement for conventional plastics due to their biodegradable and diverse properties.

Real-time face mask position recognition system based on MobileNet model

COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease that was first identified in 2019, and has since taken more than six million lives world wide till date, while also causing considerable economic, social, cultural and political turmoil. As a way to limit its spread, the World Health Organization and medical experts have advised properly wearing face masks, social distancing and hand sanitization, besides vaccination. However, people wear masks sometimes uncovering their mouths and/or noses consciously or unconsciously, thereby lessening the effectiveness of the protection they provide. A system capable of automatic recognition of face mask position could alert and ensure that an individual is wearing a mask properly before entering a crowded public area and putting themselves and others at risk. We first develop and publicly release a dataset of face mask images, which are collected from 391 individuals of different age groups and gender. Then, we study six different architectures of pre-trained deep learning models, and finally propose a model developed by fine tuning the pre-trained state of the art MobileNet model. We evaluate the performance (accuracy, F1-score, and Cohen's Kappa) of this model on the proposed dataset and MaskedFace-Net, a publicly available synthetic dataset created by image editing. Its performance is also compared to other existing methods. The proposed MobileNet is found as the best model providing an accuracy, F1-score, and Cohen's Kappa of 99.23%, 99.22%, and 99.19%, respectively for face mask position recognition. It outperforms the accuracy of the best existing model by about 2%. Finally, an automatic face mask position recognition system has been developed, which can recognize if an individual is wearing a mask correctly or incorrectly. The proposed model performs very well with no drop in recognition accuracy from real images captured by a camera.

Verbal and Social Autopsy of Adult Deaths and Adult Care-Seeking Pattern in Mozambique, 2019-2020

In sub-Saharan Africa, recent data about causes of adult death and care-seeking during illnesses are limited. This analysis examines adult deaths using verbal and social autopsy data from a nationally and provincially representative sample registration system in Mozambique. Causes of death among those 18 years and older were assigned using the InSilicoVA algorithm, and underlying social causes were examined using the pathway to survival model. Care-seeking was analyzed in different groups to determine if care was sought from formal providers (doctor, nurse/midwife, and trained community health worker) or other providers (traditional provider, family member, and pharmacist), using χ2 tests and multinomial regression models. Among the 4,040 adult deaths reported during 2019-2020, the major causes were HIV (17%), cancer (13%), injury (10%), cardiovascular diseases (9%), pneumonia (7%), tuberculosis (5%), and maternal causes (3%). Formal care-seeking was more likely among adults who had primary or higher level education (relative risk ratio [RRR]: 1.6, P < 0.001; RRR: 1.7, P < 0.01), were married (RRR: 1.3, P < 0.01), and had highest household wealth (RRR: 3.1, P < 0.001). Formal care-seeking was less likely among adults who were male (RRR: 0.7, P < 0.001), had social capital (RRR: 0.7, P < 0.05), or resided in the southern region (RRR: 0.4, P < 0.001). Information about adult causes of death is useful for formulating policy and for developing, monitoring, and evaluating programs to improve adult health in Mozambique. Care-seeking-related information helps identify barriers for seeking care from formal health providers while emphasizing the need for generating local resources and strengthening outreach health systems service delivery.

Bioactive Compounds and Signaling Pathways of Wolfiporia extensa in Suppressing Inflammatory Response by Network Pharmacology

Wolfiporia extensa (WE) is a medicinal mushroom and an excellent source of naturally occurring anti-inflammatory substances. However, the particular bioactive compound(s) and mechanism(s) of action against inflammation have yet to be determined. Here, we studied anti-inflammatory bioactive compounds and their molecular mechanisms through network pharmacology. Methanol (ME) extract of WE (MEWE) was used for GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactives, which were screened by following Lipinski’s rules. Public databases were used to extract selected bioactives and inflammation-related targets, and Venn diagrams exposed the common targets. Then, STRING and Cytoscape tools were used to construct protein-protein (PPI) network and mushroom-bioactives-target (M-C-T) networks. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analysis were performed by accessing the DAVID database and molecular docking was conducted to validate the findings. The chemical reactivity of key compounds and standard drugs was explored by the computational quantum mechanical modelling method (DFT study). Results from GC-MS revealed 27 bioactives, and all obeyed Lipinski’s rules. The public databases uncovered 284 compound-related targets and 7283 inflammation targets. A Venn diagram pointed to 42 common targets which were manifested in the PPI and M-C-T networks. KEGG analysis pointed to the HIF-1 signaling pathway and, hence, the suggested strategy for preventing the onset of inflammatory response was inhibition of downstream NFKB, MAPK, mTOR, and PI3K-Akt signaling cascades. Molecular docking revealed the strongest binding affinity for “N-(3-chlorophenyl) naphthyl carboxamide” on five target proteins associated with the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Compared to the standard drug utilized in the DFT (Density Functional Theory) analysis, the proposed bioactive showed a good electron donor component and a reduced chemical hardness energy. Our research pinpoints the therapeutic efficiency of MEWE and this work suggests a key bioactive compound and its action mechanism against inflammation.

Effect of sucrose, trehalose, maltose and xylose on rheology, water mobility and microstructure of gluten-free model dough based on high hydrostatic pressure treated starches

Due to functional and physicochemical properties, starch in its native state has limited range of applications. Simultaneously, information on effects of different sugars and their interactions with modified starch on gluten-free model dough is also limited. To better overcome these restrictions, the effects of sucrose, trehalose, maltose and xylose on rheology, water mobility and microstructure of gluten-free dough prepared with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treated maize (MS), potato (PS) and sweet potato starch (SS) were investigated. MS, PS and SS dough with trehalose exhibited a lower degree of dependence of G' on frequency sweep (z'), higher strength (K) and relative elastic part of maximum creep compliance (J_e/J_max), suggesting stable network structure formation. Total gas production (V_T) of MS dough with maltose, PS dough with sucrose and SS dough with trehalose was increased from 588 to 1454 mL, 537 to 1498 mL and 637 to 1455 mL respectively. Higher weakly bound water (T₂₂) was found in the dough with trehalose at 60 min of fermentation, suggesting more hydrogen bonds and stable network. Thus, trehalose might be a potential improver in HHP treated starch-based gluten-free products.

The Pregnancy, Arsenic, and Immune Response (PAIR) Study in rural northern Bangladesh

BACKGROUND

Arsenic exposure and micronutrient deficiencies may alter immune reactivity to influenza vaccination in pregnant women, transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies to the foetus, and maternal and infant acute morbidity.

OBJECTIVES

The Pregnancy, Arsenic, and Immune Response (PAIR) Study was designed to assess whether arsenic exposure and micronutrient deficiencies alter maternal and newborn immunity and acute morbidity following maternal seasonal influenza vaccination during pregnancy.

POPULATION

The PAIR Study recruited pregnant women across a large rural study area in Gaibandha District, northern Bangladesh, 2018-2019.

DESIGN

Prospective, longitudinal pregnancy and birth cohort.

METHODS

We conducted home visits to enrol pregnant women in the late first or early second trimester (11-17 weeks of gestational age). Women received a quadrivalent seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine at enrolment. Follow-up included up to 13 visits between enrolment and 3 months postpartum. Arsenic was measured in drinking water and maternal urine. Micronutrient deficiencies were assessed using plasma biomarkers. Vaccine-specific antibody titres were measured in maternal and infant serum. Weekly telephone surveillance ascertained acute morbidity symptoms in women and infants.

PRELIMINARY RESULTS

We enrolled 784 pregnant women between October 2018 and March 2019. Of 784 women who enrolled, 736 (93.9%) delivered live births and 551 (70.3%) completed follow-up visits to 3 months postpartum. Arsenic was detected (≥0.02 μg/L) in 99.7% of water specimens collected from participants at enrolment. The medians (interquartile ranges) of water and urinary arsenic at enrolment were 5.1 (0.5, 25.1) μg/L and 33.1 (19.6, 56.5) μg/L, respectively. Water and urinary arsenic were strongly correlated (Spearman's ⍴ = 0.72) among women with water arsenic ≥ median but weakly correlated (⍴ = 0.17) among women with water arsenic < median.

CONCLUSIONS

The PAIR Study is well positioned to examine the effects of low-moderate arsenic exposure and micronutrient deficiencies on immune outcomes in women and infants.

REGISTRATION

NCT03930017.

Investigating problematic uses of Facebook and other Internet activities among university students in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 pandemic

Problematic use of Internet (PUI) and problematic use of Facebook (PUF) has been linked to escalating behavioral health issues among university students and has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study estimated the prevalence of and explored associated factors for PUI and PUF among Bangladeshi university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional online survey was undertaken among 1101 Bangladeshi university students between November and December 2020. The Internet Addiction Test and Facebook Addiction Scale were used to assess PIU and PUF, respectively. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounders. Among the participants, PUI and PUF were found in 39.3% and 37.1%, respectively. The multiple linear regression model indicated PUI was significantly associated with participants residing in a village, arts majors, those unsatisfied with their major, having mediocre parental relationships, failure in romantic relationships, physical comorbidities, longer use of the Internet, using the Internet for purposes other than education, using social media, and downloading movies/TV series. PUF was significantly associated with village residence, lower income, arts majors, failure in romantic relationships, longer use of the Internet, using the Internet for purposes other than education, and downloading movies/TV series. Both PUI and PUF have been prevalent among Bangladeshi university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Longitudinal & exploratory studies are warranted in the future to identify causal factors for PUI and PUF and appropriate interventions should be designed quickly for this population.

Relationship between Renal Function and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

Renal insufficiency is a risk factor for osteoporosis and can increase risk of fracture. It may be a result of an age-related decline in renal function or chronic kidney disease. In patients with CKD, accurate diagnosis of osteoporosis or CKD-MBD is important for determining the most appropriate treatment. This was a cross sectional study was done at Institute of nuclear medicine and Allied Sciences, BSMMU, Dhaka from 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2014. Study population was total 69 postmenopausal women age over 50 years. Women with Bilateral hip replacement or bilateral hip pins or screws, metallic rods in spine, Carrying out BMD scan within the week after other radiological investigation using contrast media e.g. Barium meals or enema, IVPs were excluded from study. Clinical variables were- age (years), height (cm), weight (kg), BMI. Laboratory variables were- serum creatinine and BMD (Dexa). Estimated GFR was determined by using the serum Creatinine by MDRD formula. Renal function test and Bone mineral density (BMD) were done in all of these patients. Majority (43.4%) of the patients were in 6th decade. The mean weight was found 57.4±11.2kg. Majority 41(59.4%) patients belonged to T score at hip (-1 to -2.5) and their mean T score at hip was found (-1.1±1.1). Osteopenia and osteoporosis were found in 59.4% and 4.3% respectively according to BMD. High serum creatinine level was found in 10.1% cases. Renal function impairment was found in 79.6% of patient. Majority (50.7%) patients had mild decrease of eGFR (60-89 ml/min/1.73m²), There was Pearson's correlation (r=0.156; p=0.200) but not significant was found between age with T score at hip of the patients. Positive Pearson's correlation (r=0.112; p=0.361) was found but not significant between age and serum creatinine level. A significant negative Pearson's correlation (r= -0.274; p=0.023) was found between T score at hip and serum creatinine level of the patients. A significant negative Spearman correlation (r=-0.278; p=0.021) was found between BMD and serum creatinine of the patients. A significant positive Spearman correlation (r=0.580; p=0.001) was found between BMD and estimated GFR of the patients. This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between renal function and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Majority of the postmenopausal women were in 6th decade and most of them were overweight and obese. Renal function impairment was found in 79.6% of patient. Osteoporosis was found in 04.3% and 20.3% cases according to T score at hip and T score at lumber spine respectively. Significant negative Pearson's correlation was found between T score at hip and serum creatinine level of the patients. Significant negative Spearman correlation was found between BMD and serum creatinine of the patients. Significant positive Spearman correlation was found between BMD and estimated GFR of the patients.

Artificial Intelligence-Driven Image Analysis of Bacterial Cells and Biofilms

The current study explores an artificial intelligence framework for measuring the structural features from microscopy images of the bacterial biofilms. Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20 (DA-G20) grown on mild steel surfaces is used as a model for sulfate reducing bacteria that are implicated in microbiologically influenced corrosion problems. Our goal is to automate the process of extracting the geometrical properties of the DA-G20 cells from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, which is otherwise a laborious and costly process. These geometric properties are a biofilm phenotype that allow us to understand how the biofilm structurally adapts to the surface properties of the underlying metals, which can lead to better corrosion prevention solutions. We adapt two deep learning models: (a) a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) model to achieve semantic segmentation of the cells, (d) a mask region-convolutional neural network (Mask R-CNN) model to achieve instance segmentation of the cells. These models are then integrated with moment invariants approach to measure the geometric characteristics of the segmented cells. Our numerical studies confirm that the Mask-RCNN and DCNN methods are 227x and 70x faster respectively, compared to the traditional method of manual identification and measurement of the cell geometric properties by the domain experts.

Cannabinoid accumulation in hemp depends on ROS generation and interlinked with morpho-physiological acclimation and plasticity under indoor LED environment

Manipulation of growth and development of cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) has received considerable interest by the scientific community due to its high value in medicinal and recreational use worldwide. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of LED spectral changes on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cannabinoid accumulation by provoking growth, pigmentation, photosynthesis, and secondary metabolites production of cannabis grown in an indoor environment. After three weeks of vegetative growth under greenhouse condition, plants were further grown for 90 days in a plant factory treated with 4 LED light compositions with a canopy-level photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 300 µmol m^-2 s^-1 for 16 h. Photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic rate were linearly increased up to 60 days and then sharply decreased which was found most prominent in L3: MB 240 (Red 85% + Blue 15%) and L4: PF 240 (Red 70% + Blue 30%) LED light compositions. A high concentration of H₂O₂ was also observed in L3 and L4 treatments which provoked lipid peroxidation in later growth stage. In addition, higher accumulation of cannabinoid was observed under L4 treatment in most cases. It is also evident that higher ROS created a cellular stress in plant as indicated by higher osmolyte synthesis and enzyme activity which initiate quick maturation along with higher cannabinoids accumulation in cannabis plant. Therefore, it can be concluded that ROS metabolism has a crucial role in morpho-physiological acclimation and cannabinoid accumulation in hemp plants. The findings of this study provide further insight on the use of LED light to maximize the production of cannabinoid.

Early Impact of Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Renal Function after Valve Replacement Surgery

Renal dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass is well recognized. The pathophysiology of renal injury is multifactorial and culmination of the interplay of several pathophysiological mechanism. Cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is being carried out on an extended patient population of different age groups and undergoing complex surgical procedure, and thus it places them at an increased risk of renal impairment. Valve replacement surgery is a major and complex surgical procedure requiring CPB. This study was therefore designed to observe the impact of CPB and short term outcome on patients with reduced estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (60-89ml/min/1.73m²) after valve replacement surgery. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Cardiac Surgery, National Institute of Cardio Vascular Diseases (NICVD) during the period of January 2015 to August 2016. After fulfillment of enrollment criteria 100 patients were studied for the purpose of the study and they were grouped in two, patients with normal eGFR (≥90ml/min/1.73m²) in Group A and patients with reduced eGFR (60-89ml/min/1.73m²) in Group B. A total of 100 patients, 50 in each group were studied for renal function alteration after valve replacement surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. The incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) was higher in Group B. Chi-square test was done and p value was 0.011 which is statistically significant. Postoperative blood loss (ml/hr) (p=0.038), duration of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay (in hours) (p=0.009), postoperative hospital stay (days) (p=0.014) was significantly higher and postoperative Urine Output (ml/hr) (p=0.001) was significantly lower in patients with reduced eGFR (60-89ml/min/1.73m²) in Group B. Deterioration of renal function is more in patient with eGFR (60-89ml/min/1.73m²) after valve replacement surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass in comparison with patients with eGFR (≥90ml/min/1.73m²).

Assessment of Nutritional Status of Children with Chronic Kidney Disease in a Tertiary Care Level Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Malnutrition is recognized to be a serious and common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in children. Early identification and swift intervention is the key in the management of malnutrition in CKD. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of malnutrition in children with CKD, to see the prevalence of malnutrition according to different anthropometric indices, to see the prevalence of malnutrition in different stages of CKD, to compare the nutritional status of children with CKD according to chronological age and height age. This analytical cross sectional study was done in the Department of Pediatric Nephrology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from March 2014 to May 2015. Thirty children were enrolled in the study by purposive sampling. Nutritional assessment was done from dietary assessment by 72 hours recall and anthropometric measurements. Anthropometric indices were expressed in Z-scores and percentiles according to both chronological age and height age. Numeric data was analyzed by ANOVA and categorical data was tested by chi-square test. Difference between proportions was tested by Z-test of proportion. P value (<0.05) was considered significant. Data shows that the mean age of the studied population was 10.99±3.5 years with a male predominance. Eighteen (60.0%) children were on hemodialysis and rests on conservative management. Average calorie intake was 74.31±9.34% of estimated energy requirement (EER). The prevalence of malnutrition was 70.0% (95% CI: 53.6-86.4) according to height Z-score (HAZ), 66.7% (95% CI: 45.8-80.2) for weight Z-score (WAZ) and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) Z-score, according to BMI percentile it was 56.7% (95% CI: 39-74.4), for mid arm muscle circumference (MAMC) the prevalence was 53.3% (95% CI: 35.5-71.1), according to arm muscle area (AMA) and arm fat area (AFA) the prevalence was 50.0% (95% CI: 38.1-67.9) and for triceps skin fold thickness (TST) it was 43.3% (95% CI: 25.5-61). Height was the most affected parameter and triceps skin fold thickness was the least affected parameter. When anthropometric indices were adjusted for height age, the prevalence was 36.7% according to BMI and TST, 30.0% according to AFA, 13.3% according to MUAC, 10.0% each for MAMC and AMA and 3.3% for WAZ. The difference in the prevalence of malnutrition according to this two approach was statistically significant in all parameters accept BMI, TST and AFA. Malnutrition was more associated with advanced stage of CKD. Low calorie intake was associated with low BMI and low serum albumin level. Serum albumin level was low in the present study population. In conclusion, prevalence of malnutrition is very high in children with CKD.

Effect of Ion Pair on Contact Angle for Phosphonium Ionic Liquids

The wettability of ionic liquids (ILs) is relevant to their use in various applications. However, a mechanistic understanding of how the cation-anion pair affects wettability is still evolving. Here, focusing on phosphonium ILs, wettability was characterized in terms of contact angle using experiments and classical molecular dynamics simulations. Both experiments and simulations showed that the contact angle was affected by the anion and increased as benzoate < salicylate < saccharinate. Further, the simulations showed that the contact angle decreased with increasing cation alkyl chain length for these anions paired with five different tetra-alkyl-phosphonium cations. The trends were explained in terms of adhesive and cohesive energies in the simulations and then correlated to the atomic scale differences between the anions and the cations.

Functional dairy products as a source of bioactive peptides and probiotics: current trends and future prospectives

Milk is an incredibly healthy food world-wide. However, the 'lactase deficient' individuals cannot digest milk's carbohydrate lactose. A large part of the world population is depriving of highly beneficial milk proteins like casein, lactoalbumin, lactoglobulin, etc. due to lactose intolerance. Production of functional foods and bioactive peptides from milk with natural antioxidants and the addition of probiotics could be the best alternative to extend the use of milk functionalities. Among different probiotics, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) like Lactobacillus delbrueckii sub sp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus and some species of Bifidobacteria and their metabolites (paraprobiotics and postbiotics) have been given more preference to add in milk-derived functional foods. These species are generally considered as heat-tolerant, highly proteolytic, and peptidolytic towards milk proteins and they liberate smaller molecules of bioactive peptides during fermentation and other processes that stimulate the enzyme lactase to help people in digestion of milk carbohydrate lactose. Moreover, the incorporation of natural antioxidants in yoghurt and other dairy products prevents the rancidity of milk fat. The level of bioactive peptides produced in milk-derived functional foods can be determined by capillary zone electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, fractionation, and other modern assessment techniques. Commercial production of functional probiotic products with bioactive peptides could significantly contribute to reduce milk spoilage, enhance health benefits as well as the growth of the agro-processing industry.

Mixed Nanocomposite Fertilizers Influencing Endophytic Symbiosis and Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Oryza sativa as a Sustainable Alternative for Commercial Fertilizers

This study investigated the comparative effects of mixed nanocomposite (MNC) fertilizers as an alternative to commercial fertilizers (CFs) on endophytic symbiosis and nutritional properties of rice grains. We synthesized MNC fertilizers with different concentrations and characterized them by using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The CF was applied as per the method followed by local farmers; however, for MNC fertilizers both foliar and soil applications were done. Comparative analysis of growth and development, rice-endophyte symbiosis, and nutritional properties of rice grains was conducted. The panicles per hill, length of panicles, grain per panicles, 1000-grain weight, and dry matter of rice plants treated with MNC fertilizers were found to be not statistically (p > 0.05) different compared to those of CF. However, growth parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in MNC fertilizer-treated crops than in CF-treated crops. Several predominant endophytes such as Penicillium spp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus spp., and Fusarium spp. that could have significant effects on the enhancement of growth and nutritional properties of rice grains were identified in rice plants treated with MNC fertilizers at different concentrations. Contrarily, stem-associated Cercospora spp. was found in the CF-treated field and fission yeast was observed in the blank-treated field. In addition, the contents of proteins, fibers, carbohydrates, energy-yielding components, vitamin A, and minerals were significantly increased in rice plants treated with MNC fertilizers. Thus, we would like to conclude that MNC fertilizers could be one of the most potential alternatives to CFs for achieving better rice-endophyte symbiosis as well as nutritional improvements in rice grains for sustainable production.

Adaptation to an amoeba host drives selection of virulence-associated traits in Vibrio cholerae

Predation by heterotrophic protists drives the emergence of adaptive traits in bacteria, and often these traits lead to altered interactions with hosts and persistence in the environment. Here we studied adaptation of the cholera pathogen, Vibrio cholerae during long-term co-incubation with the protist host, Acanthamoeba castellanii. We determined phenotypic and genotypic changes associated with long-term intra-amoebal host adaptation and how this impacts pathogen survival and fitness. We showed that adaptation to the amoeba host leads to temporal changes in multiple phenotypic traits in V. cholerae that facilitate increased survival and competitive fitness in amoeba. Genome sequencing and mutational analysis revealed that these altered lifestyles were linked to non-synonymous mutations in conserved regions of the flagellar transcriptional regulator, flrA. Additionally, the mutations resulted in enhanced colonisation in zebrafish, establishing a link between adaptation of V. cholerae to amoeba predation and enhanced environmental persistence. Our results show that pressure imposed by amoeba on V. cholerae selects for flrA mutations that serves as a key driver for adaptation. Importantly, this study provides evidence that adaptive traits that evolve in pathogens in response to environmental predatory pressure impact the colonisation of eukaryotic organisms by these pathogens.

Potential areas of crop residue burning contributing to hazardous air pollution in Delhi during the post-monsoon season

Severe daily ambient particulate matter concentrations <2.5 μm (PM_2.5 ) (>400 μg m^-3 ) have been recorded in Delhi, India, for about 50 d in the post-monsoon season (October-November) from 2016 to 2019. Monthly average ambient PM_2.5 concentrations during the period followed the order: September (63.0 ± 3.6 μg m^-3 ) <listp October (145.8 ± 7.3 μg m^-3 ) < November (233.0 ± 11.5 μg m^-3 ). Crop residue burning has been reported as one of the major sources of ambient PM_2.5 in Delhi during the period. This study analyzed the effect of meteorological parameters and crop residue burning on the ambient PM_2.5 concentration in Delhi during the period using the dataset from one of the official monitoring stations, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory air parcel back trajectory model, and a satellite-based active fire dataset for the years 2016-2019. The study suggests that crop residue burning events at Sangrur, Mansa, Bhatinda, Patiala, Ludhiana, Barnala, and Patiala (0.5° by 0.5° grid size) districts contribute to the severe PM_2.5 concentration in Delhi during November. A significant negative relationship of daily PM_2.5 concentrations with meteorological parameters (wind speed: r²  = -.36, p < .05; planetary boundary layer height: r² = -.45, p < .05) and a positive relationship with the crop residue burning event (r²  = .46, p < .05) that occurred 3 d earlier were recorded. This study can help policymakers undertake location-specific actions based on meteorological forecasts to reduce the cost and improve the effectiveness of policy actions to reduce the effect of crop residue burning on the ambient PM_2.5 concentration in Delhi during the post-monsoon season.

Compliance to hand hygiene and its determinant factors among Community Health Care Providers in Community Clinics: an observational study in Bangladesh

Background

Healthcare-associated infections caused by poor hand hygiene (HH) practices can affect both the care seekers and the health care providers (HCPs) while providing primary health care. No study has been conducted on the compliance of HH practices among the primary level HCPs in Bangladesh.

Objective

The study aimed to assess the compliance rates of HH and its determinant factors among Community Health Care Providers (CHCPs) in Community Clinics (CC).

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2019 to February 2020 among 150 randomly selected CHCPs with functional HH facilities in Patuakhali district, Bangladesh. Structured interviews and observation tools were used to collect data.

Results

Good HH compliance among CHCPs was found to be 16.7% (95% CI: 11.3-21.3). Out of all 1218 possible HH opportunities, only 255 (20.9%) resulted in any HH action. Presence of 70% alcohol-based hand sanitiser at the point of care (aOR: 6.4, 95% CI: 1.1-38.3), HH training (aOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.1-18.9), displayed visual cues (aOR: 4.4, 95% CI: 1.1-17.7), knowledge about HH (aOR: 3.8, 95% CI: 1.1-13.6) and number of HH opportunities (aOR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4-0.8) were factors associated with HH compliance.

Discussion

Overall HH compliance among CHCPs was relatively low. It was recommended to implement multimodal HH improvement strategies, including a continuous training program, supply of alcohol-based hand rub, reminder, provision of five moments of HH in the training modules and feedback on HH performance.

An Insight into the Gelatinization Properties Influencing the Modified Starches Used in Food Industry: A review

Native starch is subjected to various forms of modification to improve its structural, mechanical, and thermal properties for wider applications in the food industry. Physical, chemical, and dual modifications have a substantial effect on the gelatinization properties of starch. Consequently, this review explores and compares the different methods of starch modification applicable in the food industry and their effect on the gelatinization properties such as onset temperature (To), peak gelatinization temperature (Tp), end set temperature (Tc), and gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH), studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Chemical modifications including acetylation and acid hydrolysis decrease the gelatinization temperature of starch whereas cross-linking and oxidation result in increased gelatinization temperatures. Common physical modifications such as heat moisture treatment and annealing also increase the gelatinization temperature. The gelatinization properties of modified starch can be applied for the improvement of food products such as ready-to-eat, easily heated or frozen food, or food products with longer shelf life.

Possible sources of ambient PM10 inside Jadavpur University Campus, Kolkata

High concentration of particulates in the university and research institutional campus can affect cognitive performance of students and researchers. However, studies on ambient particulate concentration in the campus of universities or research institutes are scarce. The ambient concentration of PM₁₀ was measured in the campus of Jadavpur University, Kolkata, during two different seasons (S1: Post-monsoon; S2: Winter) to identify major sources of pollutant here. Significant seasonal variation of ambient PM₁₀ was recorded in the campus. The average ambient PM₁₀ concentration was recorded higher in S2 compared to S1 of the study period. Morphological characteristics of PM₁₀ during the study period suggest that the roundness of particles was in the range of 0.66 to 0.68, whilst the mean spherical diameter suggests most of the PM₁₀ particles were < 2.5 μ diameter. Based on factorial analysis, three factors were generated which includes factor 1: soil, building material and coal burning particles (53.76% of the variance); factor 2: particles from coal combustion (29.89% of the variance) and factor 3: particles from transport emission (16.33% of the variance). The study suggests that it is important to stop burning coal, reduce vehicular emission and reduce road dust resuspension around the campus to maintain the ambient PM₁₀ concentration within the university campus during the post-monsoon and winter months.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Mixed Nanofertilizer Influencing the Nutrient Use Efficiency, Productivity, and Nutritive Value of Tomato Fruits

Due to the higher potential for enhancing nutrient use efficiency, nanofertilizer (NF) is crucial in sustainable crop production. Thus, foliar-applied mixed nanofertilizer (MNFf) and commercial fertilizer (CF) into the soil (CFs) were claimed together ([MNFf + CFs]) and comparative nutrient use efficiency (NUE), productivity, and nutritional properties of tomato fruits were investigated. The mixed nanofertilizer (MNF) was prepared in our laboratory and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared. To avoid the interference of other factors, all the treatments were divided into three groups: (i) blank treatment (no fertilizer), (ii) CF treatment, and (iii) combined [MNFf + CFs] treatment. The vegetative growth and qualitative and quantitative attributes of tomatoes were recorded, and the NUE, total production, and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were also calculated. In addition, comparative nutritional properties for all treatments were analyzed. The plant's height, stem diameter, root length, photosynthetic pigments, leaf minerals, and qualitative traits of tomato fruits were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by [MNFf + CFs] treatment compared to CFs. The protein, fiber, Fe, Zn, and K contents were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 23.80, 38.10, 44.23, 60.01, and 2.39%, respectively, with the [MNFf + CFs] treatment as compared to CFs, while the ash and protein contents were both lower than the untreated tomato. Moreover, [MNFf + CFs] treatment has significantly (p < 0.05) increased the antioxidant properties. The NUE, total production, and BCR were also increased by 26.08, 26.04, and 25.38%, respectively, with the same treatment. Thus, [MNFf + CFs] treatment could be a potential alternative for reducing the excess use of CF.

Prevalence and associated factors of depression among Bangladeshi university students: A cross-sectional study

The study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among university students in Bangladesh. Participants: A total of 403 undergraduate students from Patuakhali Science and Technology University, and Barisal University participated in the study. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). Result: The prevalence of depression (BDI ≥ 14) was 47.14%. Depression was 3.4 times (95% CI: 1.6-7.1), 3.8 times (95% CI: 1.7-8.6), and 3.9 times (95% CI: 1.5-8.9) higher among 2nd, 3rd, and 4th-year students, respectively than 1st-year students. Students with a history of stressful life events (aOR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.7-4.4), suicidal attempts (aOR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.2-7.9), and who received inadequate monthly allowance from their family (aOR = 0.53 95% CI: 0.3-0.9) were more likely to develop depressive symptoms. Conclusion: This study reports a high level of depression among university students which needs further discussion, exploration, and calls for designing appropriate interventions.

Cannabinoids Accumulation in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Plants under LED Light Spectra and Their Discrete Role as a Stress Marker

Hemp adaptability through physiological and biochemical changes was studied under 10 LED light spectra and natural light in a controlled aeroponic system. Light treatments were imposed on 25 days aged seedlings for 16 h daily (300 µmol m-2 s-1) for 20 days. Plant accumulated highest Cannabidiol (CBD) in R7:B2:G1 light treatment, with relatively higher photosynthetic rate and lower reactive oxygen species, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and antioxidant enzymatic activities. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) also accumulated at a higher level in white, R8:B2, and R7:B2:G1 light with less evidence of stress-modulated substances. These results indicated that CBD and THC have no or little relation with light-mediated abiotic stress in hemp plants. On the contrary, Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) was accumulated higher in R6:B2:G1:FR1 and R5:B2:W2:FR1 light treatment along with lower photosynthetic rate and higher reactive oxygen species, total phenol content, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and antioxidant enzymatic activities. However, Cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) was accumulated higher in R6:B2:G1:FR1 light treatment with higher stress-modulated substances and lower physiological traits. CBDA was also accumulated higher in R8:B2 and R7:B2:G1 light treatments with less evidence of stress-modulated substances. Besides, Greenlight influenced CBD and CBDA synthesis where FR and UV-A (along with green) play a positive and negative role in this process. Overall, the results indicated that the treatment R7:B2:G1 enhanced the medicinal cannabinoids most, and the role of THCA as a stress marker is more decisive in the hemp plant than in other cannabinoids under attributed light-mediated stress.

Reversible Proton-Coupled Reduction of an Iron Nitrosyl Porphyrin within [DBU-H]+-Based Protic Ionic Liquid Nanodomains

The reduction of [Fe(OEP)(NO)] has been studied in the presence of aprotic room-temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) and protic (PIL) ionic liquids dissolved within a molecular solvent (MS). The cyclic voltammetric results showed the formation of RTIL nanodomains at low concentrations of the RTIL/PIL solutions. The pK_a values of the two PILs studied (i.e., trialkylammonium and [DBU-H]⁺-based ionic liquids) differed by four units in THF. While voltammetry in solutions containing all three RTILs showed similar potential shifts of the first reduction of [Fe(OEP)(NO)] to [Fe(OEP)(NO)]^- at low concentrations, significant differences were observed at higher concentrations for the ammonium PIL. The trialkylammonium cation had previously been shown to protonate the {FeNO}⁸ species at room temperature. Visible and infrared spectroelectrochemistry revealed that the [DBU-H]⁺-based PIL formed hydrogen bonds with [Fe(OEP)(NO)]^- rather than formally protonating it. Despite these differences, both PILs were able to efficiently reduce the nitrosyl species to the hydroxylamine complex, which could be further reduced to ammonia. On the voltammetric time scale and when the switching potential was positive of the Fe(II)/Fe(I) potential, the hydroxylamine complex was re-oxidized back to the NO complex via direct oxidation of the coordinated hydroxylamine at low scan rates or initial oxidation of the ferrous porphyrin at high scan rates. The results of this work show that, while [DBU-H]⁺ does not protonate electrochemically generated [Fe(OEP)(NO)]^-, it still plays an important role in efficiently reducing the nitroxyl ligand via a series of proton-coupled electron transfer steps to generate hydroxylamine and eventually ammonia. The overall reaction rates were independent of the PIL concentration, consistent with the nanodomain formation being important to the reduction process.

Conversion Characteristics of Some Major Cannabinoids from Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Raw Materials by New Rapid Simultaneous Analysis Method

This study was carried out to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography method for short-time analysis of the main cannabinoids in the inflorescence of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). We also performed decarboxylation of the raw material using our advanced analysis technique. In this study, the UV spectrum was considered to analyze each of the four common cannabinoids, solvents, and samples, where the uniform elution of acidic cannabinoids without peak tailing and acids was tested. Optimal results were obtained when readings were taken at a wavelength of 220 nm using water and methanol containing trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phases in a solvent gradient system. The established conditions were further validated by system suitability, linearity, precision, detection limit, and quantitation limit tests. The decarboxylation index (DT₅₀) confirmed that Δ9-THCA decarboxylated faster than CBDA, and both maintained a linear relationship with time and temperature. In addition, the loss of cannabidiol was better prevented during the decarboxylation process in the natural state than in the extracted state.

Anxiety and depressive symptoms among COVID-19 patients admitted to three isolation facilities in Bangladesh

The COVID-19 pandemic can impose a profound impact on the mental health of hospitalised patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, there have been no studies that explored the psychological distress of the COVID-19 inpatients in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms and explore the associated factors among inpatients with COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 138 COVID-19 patients admitted to three isolation facilities in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from September to October 2020. Participants' sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained. Mental health symptoms were evaluated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to analyse the data. The prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms were 57.2% (95% CI: 48.2-65.2) and 52.2% (95% CI: 43.8-62.7), respectively. Presence of comorbidity (aOR: 5.64, 95% CI: 2.21-14.35) and having ≥3 COVID-19 physical symptoms (aOR: 6.90, 95% CI: 2.71-17.56) were associated with anxiety symptoms. Besides, presence of comorbidity (aOR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.07-6.99), having ≥3 COVID-19 physical symptoms (aOR: 4.46, 95% CI: 1.78-11.20) and patient with ≤93% oxygen saturation (aOR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.01-5.36) were associated with depressive symptoms. Considerable numbers of COVID-19 patients in Bangladesh experienced psychological distress during hospitalisation, requiring more attention and timely mental health interventions.

Clinical Presentation, Management and In-Hospital Outcome of COVID-19 among Non-Healthcare Personnel and Healthcare Personnel in a Tertiary Cardiac Care Hospital

The huge numbers of non-healthcare personnel (non-HCP) who get infected by corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) not only paralyze health care systems but also put health care personnel (HCP) at potential risk globally. Objective of the study was to compare the Healthcare personnel (HCP) and non-HCP COVID-19 cases. This prospective observational study was carried out in National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute of Bangladesh from March 08, 2020 to July 20, 2020. During this study period all admitted non-HCP who subsequently was diagnosed as COVID-19 positive by rRT-PCR and HCP of this hospital, who experienced fever or respiratory symptoms or came in close contact with COVID-19 patients at home or their workplace and become COVID-19 positive, were included. Out of 320 infected patients, 181(56.6%) patients were non-HCP and 139(43.4%) were HCP. Non-HCP were older than HCP (Mean age: 52.95±13.82 years vs. 34.08±11.11 years; p=0.001). Non-HCP were predominantly male and HCP were predominantly female (73.5% vs. 41% & 26.5% vs. 59%; p=0.001). Non-HCP had more risk factors and co-morbidities than HCP (p=0.001). Typical symptoms of COVID-19 such as fever and cough were prevalent in HCP. More aggressive treatment was required for non-HCP. Non-HCP had more severe disease and higher case fatality rate (9.4% vs. 0.7%; p=0.001) than HCP. Disease severity (OR 0.03, 95% CI 0.01-0.15) and DM (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01-0.94) were the independent predictor of mortality. Non-HCP was older in age, predominantly male and had more co-morbidities than HCP. Typical symptoms of COVID-19 were prevalent in HCP. Non-HCP had more severe disease and higher case fatality rate than HCP.

Exogenous Putrescine Enhances Salt Tolerance and Ginsenosides Content in Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) Sprouts

The effect of exogenously applied putrescine (Put) on salt stress tolerance was investigated in Panax ginseng. Thirty-day-old ginseng sprouts were grown in salinized nutrient solution (150 mM NaCl) for five days, while the control sprouts were grown in nutrients solution. Putrescine (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mM) was sprayed on the plants once at the onset of salinity treatment, whereas control plants were sprayed with water only. Ginseng seedlings tested under salinity exhibited reduced plant growth and biomass production, which was directly interlinked with reduced chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence due to higher reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide; H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde; MDA) production. Application of Put enhanced accumulation of proline, total soluble carbohydrate, total soluble sugar and total soluble protein. At the same time, activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase in leaves, stems, and roots of ginseng seedlings were increased. Such modulation of physio-biochemical processes reduced the level of H2O2 and MDA, which indicates a successful adaptation of ginseng seedlings to salinity stress. Moreover, protopanaxadiol (PPD) ginsenosides enhanced by both salinity stress and exogenous Put treatment. On the other hand, protopanaxatriol (PPT) ginsenosides enhanced in roots and reduced in leaves and stems under salinity stress condition. In contrast, they enhanced by exogenous Put application in all parts of the plants for most cases, also evidenced by principal component analysis. Collectively, our findings provide an important prospect for the use of Put in modulating salinity tolerance and ginsenosides content in ginseng sprouts.

Microbial Quality Assessment and Efficacy of Low-Cost Disinfectants on Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Urban Areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh

This study aimed to examine the total viable bacteria (TVBC); total coliform (TCC); fecal coliform (TFC); pathogenic Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and total fungi (TF); and the effect of different low-cost disinfectants (sterile water, salt water, blanched, and vinegar) in decontamination of 12 types of fruit and 10 types of vegetables. In fruit samples, the lowest TVBC was enumerated at 3.18 ± 0.27 log CFU/g in Indian gooseberry and the highest at 6.47 ± 0.68 log CFU/g in guava. Staphylococci (2.04 ± 0.53-5.10 ± 0.02 log CFU/g), Pseudomonas (1.88 ± 0.03-5.38 ± 0.08 log CFU/g), and total fungi (2.60 ± 0.18-7.50 ± 0.15 log CFU/g) were found in all fruit samples; however, no Salmonella was detected in fruit samples. Similarly, the lowest TVBC recorded 5.67± 0.49 log CFU/g in cucumber and the highest 7.37 ± 0.06 log CFU/g in yard long bean. The Staphylococci (3.48 ± 0.13-4.81 ± 0.16 log CFU/g), Pseudomonas (3.57± 0.21- 4.75 ± 0.23 log CFU/g), TCC (1.85 ± 1.11-56.50 ± 37.14 MPN/g), TFC (1.76 ± 0.87- 3.78 ± 3.76 MPN/g), and TF (3.79 ± 0.18-4.40 ± 0.38 log CFU/g) were recorded in all vegetables samples, but no Salmonella was detected in yard long bean, pointed gourd, carrot, tomato, cucumber, or brinjal. However, vinegar showed the highest microbial load reduction of selected fruit and vegetables among the different treatments. With vinegar treatment, the highest reduction of TVBC (1.61-log) and TF (2.54-log) was observed for fruits, and TVBC (2.31-log) and TF (2.41-log) for vegetables. All the disinfectant treatments resulted in significant (p < 0.01) bacterial load reduction compared to control for the studied fruits and vegetable samples.

MO537INTERACTION OF PLASMA HOMOCYSTIENE, RENAL FUNCTION AND CARDIO-METABOLIC RISK FACTORS- AN OBSERVATION IN A RURAL POPULATION OF BANGLADESH

Background and Aims

Elevated plasma total homocystiene (tHcy) levels are associated with atherosclerotic diseases in coronary, cerebral and peripheral blood vessels. It is possible that hyperhomocysteinemia may lead to intrarenal arteriosclerotic lesions and decline in GFR or impaired renal function. Aim of this study was to elucidate the association of plasma homocystiene level with renal function and cardiovascular risk factors in rural population.

Method

A well defined rural area was selected. Study subjects were identified by computer generated random numbers after entering household listings and then Kish table was used to choose a participant. Adult subjects (≥18 years) were only included. The approached participant was explained the purpose, if consented, then given an appointment to be present at a research hospital on a separate date for clinical and biochemical evaluation. A face to face interview was conducted. Clinical history, physical examination anthropometrics were recorded on data sheet. Fasting blood sample and morning spot urine was collected. Then serum tHcy was measured by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) technology. Study population were investigated with Spot urine ACR, Fasting glucose, serum lipid profile, creatinine, homocysteinine , Folic acid and Vit B12.

Results

Early results of 234 random subjects are presented here. The mean age was 41 ± 13(18-92) years with male 33% and female 67%. Mean eGFR was 99± 26 ml/min, tHcy 11.6 ± 5.9 μmol/l, Vit B12 329 ± 187 pg/ml and Folic Acid 5.57 ± 2.63 ng/ml. A tHcy cut-off value in study subjects ≥15 μmol/l was seen in 17 % and &lt;15 μmol/l in 83%. Serum creatinine, Uric Acid, Cholesterol, LDL was significantly higher and Vit B12, Folic acid lower in tHcy ≥15 μmol/l group. Further grouping showed tHcy level was significantly higher in Vit B12&lt;200 pg/ml and Folic acid &lt;3ng/l group. Correlation studies showed homocystiene positively correlated with age, systolic blood pressure, creatinine, LDL and negatively with Folic acid and Vit B12.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that elevated plasma homocystiene level might influence and are associated with altered markers of renal, cardiac and metabolic risk factors in rural population. Preventive approaches are required towards this issue as larger population segment belongs to rural areas.

Bangladesh Endocrine Society (BES) Position Statement for Management of Diabetes and Other Endocrine Diseases in Patients with COVID-19

BACKGROUND

The year 2020 witnessed a largely unprecedented pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by SARS COV-2. Many people with COVID-19 have comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, which are significantly associated with worse outcomes. Moreover, COVID-19 itself is allied with deteriorating hyperglycemia. Therefore, Bangladesh Endocrine Society has formulated some practical recommendations for management of diabetes and other endocrine diseases in patients with COVID-19 for use in both primary and specialist care settings.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the article is to develop a guideline to protect the vulnerable group with utmost preference - the elderly and those with comorbid conditions. Therefore, to ensure the adequate protective measures and timely treatment for COVID-19 patients with diabetes, other endocrine diseases or any other comorbidities.

CONSIDERING AND MONITORING ISSUES

The risk of a fatal outcome from COVID-19 may be up to 50% higher in patients with diabetes than in non-diabetics.Patients with diabetes and COVID had CFR 7.3-9.2%, compared with 0.9-1.4% in patients without comorbidities.Diabetic ketoacidosis may be one of the causes of mortality in COVID-19.There is wide fluctuation of blood glucose in these patients, probably due to irregular diet, reduced exercise, increased glucocorticoids secretion, and use of glucocorticoids. HbA1c should be <7.0% for the majority of the patients, this target may be relaxed in appropriate clinical settings.More emphasis should be given on day-to-day blood glucose levels. Hypoglycemia (<3.9 mmol/l) must be avoided.Frequent monitoring of blood glucose is needed in critically ill patients.

CONCLUSION

The fight against COVID-19 has been proven to be a challenging one. Therefore, all healthcare personnel should make the best use of updated knowledge and skills to ensure adequate protective measures and timely treatment for COVID-19 patients with diabetes, other endocrine diseases or any other comorbidities.

Handwashing with soap: A concern for overuse of water amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh

Handwashing is one of the vital public health measures. It helps to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, water overuse during hand scrubbing with soap keeping the tap on may put enormous pressure on the already overstretched groundwater resources and households' economic well-being. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the overuse of water while scrubbing hands with soap for handwashing when the tap is on amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Sociodemographic data were collected using a web-based survey tool among 1980 participants and an experiment was conducted among 126 participants to estimate the overuse of water during hand scrubbing while the tap is on. A total of 80% of the participants washed their hands regularly after returning home from outside. About 57.3% of participants did not turn off their tap throughout the handwashing process. A single participant, who kept his tap on throughout the handwashing process, overused approximately 1.7 L of water per handwash and 14.9 L of water per day. Hand scrubbing with soap keeping the tap on, raised the overuse of water 13-fold during this pandemic compared to the non-pandemic situation which cost an extra 225.0 BDT (2.7$) per day for 1980 participants. Minimize the speed of tap, using automatic taps, and using taps operated by legs might be an effective solution to reduce the water overuse. Furthermore, behavioral change interventions are needed to aware people turn off the tap during hand scrubbing with soap.

Proportion of Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Cases of Diabetes Mellitus Among Above 40 Years Old Population in a Selected Rural Area in Jamalpur, Bangladesh

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) represents one of the biggest challenges in our country affecting hundred millions of people worldwide, both in developed countries and in developing ones. The objectives of the study were to assess the proportion of diagnosed and undiagnosed cases of diabetes mellitus among above 40 years old population in a selected rural area in Jamalpur, Bangladesh. A descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted from September 2018 to December 2018. The respondents of the study were taken purposively. Using semi-structured questionnaire data were derived from face to face interview. The data were analyzed by using statistical for social science package (SPSS) 25.0 version for data entry and analysis. 53.4% of the respondents were aged between 40-50 years and 60.6% were female, 98.3% were Muslim, 57.2% were housewife. The study revealed that nearly half of the respondents (44.9%) had no formal education, 27.1% had primary, 14.8% had secondary, 8.9% had graduate and above and 4.2% had higher secondary education. 43.6% of the respondents' monthly family income had <10000 BDT. 27.5% had family history of diabetes. 33.5% of the respondents had body weight of 51-60 kg and 20.8% were overweight and only 2.1% were obese. Active respondents were 35.6%, 28.8% were moderately active, 24.6% were mildly active and 11% were sedentary in their life style. Majority of the respondents (72.5%) did not perform regular exercise. Excessive sweet or sugar regularly has taken 32.6% of the respondents. About diabetes knew 91.5% of the respondents and only 8.5% did not know about diabetes. Majority of the respondents (72.9%) did not know how diabetes & its complications can be prevented. This study found that 54.1% of the respondents continued oral drugs/insulin regularly for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Most of the respondents (88.1%) did not monitor blood glucose level regularly. 97.5% of the respondents did not attend any diabetes awareness program. The prevalence of diabetes was 22.88%. The proportion of diagnosed diabetic cases was 15.7% and the proportion of undiagnosed diabetic was 7.2% according to their fasting blood sugar. A relatively high proportion of diabetic cases were observed in that rural Bangladeshi population. The study found that about one third of the diabetic cases were undiagnosed and untreated which was significant and alarming. The study showed that the association between education of the respondents and status of diabetes was statistically strongly significant (p<0.001). The study revealed that there was strong association between family history of diabetes of the respondents and status of diabetes (p=0.006).

Barriers and enablers to routine register data collection for newborns and mothers: EN-BIRTH multi-country validation study

BACKGROUND

Policymakers need regular high-quality coverage data on care around the time of birth to accelerate progress for ending preventable maternal and newborn deaths and stillbirths. With increasing facility births, routine Health Management Information System (HMIS) data have potential to track coverage. Identifying barriers and enablers faced by frontline health workers recording HMIS source data in registers is important to improve data for use.

METHODS

The EN-BIRTH study was a mixed-methods observational study in five hospitals in Bangladesh, Nepal and Tanzania to assess measurement validity for selected Every Newborn coverage indicators. We described data elements required in labour ward registers to track these indicators. To evaluate barriers and enablers for correct recording of data in registers, we designed three interview tools: a) semi-structured in-depth interview (IDI) guide b) semi-structured focus group discussion (FGD) guide, and c) checklist assessing care-to-documentation. We interviewed two groups of respondents (January 2018-March 2019): hospital nurse-midwives and doctors who fill ward registers after birth (n = 40 IDI and n = 5 FGD); and data collectors (n = 65). Qualitative data were analysed thematically by categorising pre-identified codes. Common emerging themes of barriers or enablers across all five hospitals were identified relating to three conceptual framework categories.

RESULTS

Similar themes emerged as both barriers and enablers. First, register design was recognised as crucial, yet perceived as complex, and not always standardised for necessary data elements. Second, register filling was performed by over-stretched nurse-midwives with variable training, limited supervision, and availability of logistical resources. Documentation complexity across parallel documents was time-consuming and delayed because of low staff numbers. Complete data were valued more than correct data. Third, use of register data included clinical handover and monthly reporting, but little feedback was given from data users.

CONCLUSION

Health workers invest major time recording register data for maternal and newborn core health indicators. Improving data quality requires standardised register designs streamlined to capture only necessary data elements. Consistent implementation processes are also needed. Two-way feedback between HMIS levels is critical to improve performance and accurately track progress towards agreed health goals.

Did the COVID-19 lockdown in Delhi and Kolkata improve the ambient air quality of the two cities?

To control the spread of COVID-19, the government of India imposed a nationwide lockdown on all nonessential activities from 22 Mar. to 3 May 2020. Daily ambient particulate matter ≤10 μm in diameter (PM₁₀ ), particulate matter ≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM_2.5 ), NO, NO₂ , and O₃ concentrations in Delhi and Kolkata from 1 March to 3 May in both 2019 and 2020 were collected from different monitoring stations along with meteorological data to study the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on ambient pollutant concentrations. In 2020, average ambient concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were significantly decreased (Delhi: 59 and 43%, respectively; Kolkata: 49 and 50%, respectively) during the lockdown period compared with the same period during 2019 in both cities. Average ambient O₃ concentration in Delhi was significantly lower in 2020 (38.5 μg m^-3 ) compared with 2019 (44.7 μg m^-3 ) during the study period. However, average ambient O₃ concentration was significantly higher during 2020 (46.9 μg m^-3 ) compared with 2019 (31.4 μg m^-3 ) in Kolkata. Effect size analysis of different predictive variables reveals that the lockdown period explains maximum variation in ambient concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 during 2020 in both cities. However, maximum variation in ambient O₃ concentrations in both cities was explained primarily by spatial variation rather than by the lockdown period. This study suggests that major policy implementation related to the transport and industrial sectors that aims to address the ambient air pollution problem in India may reduce the ambient particulate matter concentrations, although it may not have a significant effect on other ambient air pollutants such as O₃ in major Indian cities.

Relationship of BMI and Fasting Serum Glucose with Hypertension

Hypertension is an important worldwide public-health challenge because of its high frequency and concomitant risks of cardiovascular and kidney disease. It is recognized as a major contributor to the disease burden globally. Aim of the study was to evaluate body mass index and fasting serum glucose level in male hypertensive patients in order to compare these parameters with male normotensive subjects. This analytical type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from July 2018 to June 2019. Total 200 male subjects, age range was from 30-65 years were included in this study. Among them, 100 hypertensive subjects were taken as study group (Group II) and 100 ages matched normotensive male subjects were taken as control group (Group I). Quantitative data were expressed as mean (±SD) and statistical significance of difference among the group was calculated by unpaired student's 't' test. In this study we found that body mass index was significantly (p<0.001) increased in study group (29.52±2.46) in comparison with control group (22.91±1.04). Fasting serum glucose level was also significantly (p<0.001) increased in study group (6.35±0.47) in comparison with control group (4.52±0.50). Based on the study carried out it is concluded that there is definite relationship of body mass index and fasting serum glucose level with hypertension. Therefore, basic measurement of weight and height to determine the body mass index and fasting serum glucose level as routine assessment during hospital visitation with appropriate lifestyle modification would help in controlling hypertension as well as its devastating consequences.