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Yin Y, Tao X, Du Y, Li M, Yang S, Zhang W, Yang C, Li H, Wang X, Chen R. Biochar improves the humification process during pig manure composting: Insights into roles of the bacterial community and metabolic functions. J Environ Manage 2024; 355:120463. [PMID: 38430882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Biochar could promote humification in composting, nevertheless, its mechanism has not been fully explored from the perspective of the overall bacterial community and its metabolism. This study investigated the effects of bamboo charcoal (BC) and wheat straw biochar (WSB) on the humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) contents during pig manure composting. The results showed that BC enhanced humification more than WSB, and significantly increased the HA content and HA/FA ratio. The bacterial community structure under BC differed from those under the other treatments, and BC increased the abundance of bacteria associated with the transformation of organic matter compared with the other treatments. Furthermore, biochar enhanced the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids in the thermophilic and cooling phases, especially BC. Through Mantel tests and network analysis, we found that HA was mainly related to carbon source metabolism and the bacterial community, and BC might change the interaction patterns among carbohydrates, amino acid metabolism, Bacillales, Clostridiales, and Lactobacillales with HA and FA to improve the humification process during composting. These results are important for understanding the mechanisms associated with the effects of biochar on humification during composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Tao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Yifei Du
- Yellow River Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, No.6 Changchun Road, Zhengzhou, 450003, PR China
| | - Mengtong Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Sai Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Wenrong Zhang
- School of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Chao Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Haichao Li
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms Väg 9, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiaochang Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
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2
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Zhu X, Luo Z, Zhang Q, He M, Tsang DCW. Valorization of slow pyrolysis vapor from biomass waste: Comparative study on pyrolysis characteristics, evolved gas evaluation, and adsorption effects. Bioresour Technol 2023; 386:129543. [PMID: 37482202 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis vapor is an important byproduct in the production of biochar from biomass waste, and its emission may pose potential environmental risks. To achieve green production of biochar and efficient utilization of pyrolysis vapors, a novel strategy is proposed in this study to use pristine biochar as an adsorbent to adsorb the pyrolysis vapors. According to thermogravimetry-Fourier infrared spectroscopy-mass spectrometry evaluation, the evolved vapors mainly consisted of oxygenated compounds, hydrocarbons, CO2, CO, and H2O. With pyrolysis temperature increasing, ethers, phenols, hydrocarbons, acids/ketones, and CO2 were changed in the same direction based on two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy analysis. Moreover, butene, propargyl alcohol, and butane were the most abundant ionic fragments. After adsorbing pyrolysis vapors, the heating value of the biochar increased by a maximum of 3.2 MJ kg-1 with changes of physicochemical properties. This strategy provides a theoretical basis for green preparation of biochar while recovering energy from pyrolysis vapors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiefei Zhu
- School of Advanced Energy, Sun Yat-sen University, 66 Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zejun Luo
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingjing He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Tarafdar A, Sowmya G, Yogeshwari K, Rattu G, Negi T, Awasthi MK, Hoang A, Sindhu R, Sirohi R. Environmental pollution mitigation through utilization of carbon dioxide by microalgae. Environ Pollut 2023; 328:121623. [PMID: 37072107 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions of CO2 have reached a critical level and the global surface temperature is expected to rise by 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2050. To ameliorate the current global warming scenario, the research community has been struggling to find more economical and innovative solutions for carbon sequestration. Among such techniques, the use of microalgal species such as Chlorella sp., Dunaliella tertiolecta, Spirulina platensis, Desmodesmus sp., and Nannochloropsis sp., among others have shown high carbon tolerance capacity (10-100%) for establishing carbon capture, utilization and storage systems. To make microalgal-based carbon capture more economical, the microalgal biomass (∼2 g/L) can be converted biofuels, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals through biorefinery approach with product yield in the range of 60-99.5%. Further, CRISPR-Cas9 has enabled the knockout of specific genes in microalgal species that can be used to generate low pH tolerant strains with high lipid production. Inspite of the emerging developments in pollution control by microalgae, only limited investigations are available on its economic aspects which indicate a production cost of ∼$ 0.5-15/kg microalgal biomass. This review intends to summarize the advancements in different carbon sequestration techniques while highlighting their mechanisms and major research areas that need attention for economical microalgae-based carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - G Sowmya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, Reva University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - K Yogeshwari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, Reva University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Gurdeep Rattu
- National Horticultural Research and Development Foundation (NHRDF), Nashik-Aurangabad Road, Nashik, Maharashtra, 422003, India
| | - Taru Negi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 11 263 145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - AnhTuan Hoang
- Institute of Engineering, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology, Kollam 691505, Kerala, India
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
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Yan S, Ding N, Yao X, Song J, He W, Rehman F, Guo J. Effects of erythromycin and roxithromycin on river periphyton: Structure, functions and metabolic pathways. Chemosphere 2023; 316:137793. [PMID: 36640977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Macrolides have been frequently detected in the surface waters worldwide, posing a threat to the aquatic microbes. Several studies have evaluated the ecotoxicological effects of macrolides on single algal and bacterial strains. However, without considering the species interaction in the aquatic microbial community, these results cannot be extrapolated to the field. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of two macrolides (erythromycin and roxithromycin) on the structure, photosynthetic process, carbon utilization capacity, and the antibiotic metabolic pathways in river periphyton. The colonized periphyton was exposed to the graded concentration (0 μg/L (control), 0.5 μg/L (low), 5 μg/L (medium), 50 μg/L (high)) of ERY and ROX, respectively, for 7 days. Herein, high levels of ERY and ROX altered the community composition by reducing the relative abundance of Chlorophyta in the eukaryotic community. Also, the Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes of prokaryotes were reduced, although similar effects were seldomly detected in the low and medium groups. In contrast to the unchanged carbon utilization capacity, the PSII reaction center involved in the periphytic photosynthesis was significantly inhibited by macrolides at high levels. In addition, both antibiotics had been degraded by periphyton, with the removal rate of 51.63-66.87% and 41.85-48.27% for ERY and ROX, respectively, wherein the side chain and ring cleavage were the main degradation pathways. Overall, this study provides an insight into the structural and functional toxicity and degradation processes of macrolides in river periphyton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Xiunan Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Jinxi Song
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Wei He
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Fozia Rehman
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Jiahua Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
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5
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Raza S, Ghasali E, Raza M, Chen C, Li B, Orooji Y, Lin H, Karaman C, Karimi Maleh H, Erk N. Advances in technology and utilization of natural resources for achieving carbon neutrality and a sustainable solution to neutral environment. Environ Res 2023; 220:115135. [PMID: 36566962 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The greatest environmental issue of the twenty-first century is climate change. Human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are increasing the frequency of extreme weather. Carbon dioxide (CO2) accounts for 80% of human greenhouse gas emissions. However, CO2 emissions and global temperature have risen steadily from pre-industrial times. Emissions data are crucial for most carbon emission policymaking and goal-setting. Sustainable and carbon-neutral sources must be used to create green energy and fossil-based alternatives to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. Near-real-time monitoring of carbon emissions is a critical national concern and cutting-edge science. This review article provides an overview of the many carbon accounting systems that are now in use and are based on an annual time frame. The primary emphasis of the study is on the recently created carbon emission and eliminating sources and technology, as well as the current application trends for carbon neutrality. We also propose a framework for the most advanced naturally available carbon neutral accounting sources capable of being implemented on a large scale. Forming relevant data and procedures will help the "carbon neutrality" plan decision-making process. The formation of pertinent data and methodologies will give robust database support to the decision-making process for the "carbon neutrality" plan for the globe. In conclusion, this article offers some opinions, opportunities, challenges and future perspectives related to carbon neutrality and carbon emission monitoring and eliminating resources and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Raza
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, PR China; College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Ehsan Ghasali
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang, PR China; College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Muslim Raza
- Department of Chemistry Bacha Khan University, Charsada, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Bisheng Li
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, PR China; Research & Development Department, Shandong Advanced Materials Industry Association, Jinan 250200, Shandong, China.
| | - Hongjun Lin
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, PR China
| | - Ceren Karaman
- Department of Electricity and Energy, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, AkdenizUniversity, Antalya, 07070, Turkey; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - Hassan Karimi Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India.
| | - Nevin Erk
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
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McDonald ND, Rosenberger JR, Almagro-Moreno S, Boyd EF. The Role of Nutrients and Nutritional Signals in the Pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1404:195-211. [PMID: 36792877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-22997-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the agent of cholera, is a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments. Over the past decades, the importance of specific nutrients and micronutrients in the environmental survival, host colonization, and pathogenesis of this species has become increasingly clear. For instance, V. cholerae has evolved ingenious mechanisms that allow the bacterium to colonize and establish a niche in the intestine of human hosts, where it competes with commensals (gut microbiota) and other pathogenic bacteria for available nutrients. Here, we discuss the carbon and energy sources utilized by V. cholerae and what is known about the role of nutrition in V. cholerae colonization. We examine how nutritional signals affect virulence gene regulation and how interactions with intestinal commensal species can affect intestinal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D McDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - J R Rosenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - S Almagro-Moreno
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,National Center for Integrated Coastal Research, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - E Fidelma Boyd
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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Chen Y, Guan B, Wu X, Guo J, Ma Z, Zhang J, Jiang X, Bao S, Cao Y, Yin C, Ai D, Chen Y, Lin H, Huang Z. Research status, challenges and future prospects of renewable synthetic fuel catalysts for CO 2 photocatalytic reduction conversion. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:11246-11271. [PMID: 36517610 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, with global climate change, the utilization of carbon dioxide as a resource has become an important goal of human society to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Among them, the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to generate renewable fuels has received great attention. As one of these methods, photocatalysis has its unique properties and mechanism, which can only rely on sunlight without inputting other energy. It is an emerging discipline with great development prospects. The core of photocatalysis lies in the development of photocatalysts with high activity, high selectivity, low cost, and high durability. This review first introduces the background and mechanism of photocatalysis, then introduces various types of photocatalysts based on different substrates, and analyzes the methods and mechanisms to improve the activity and selectivity of photocatalysts. Finally, combining the plasmon effect with photocatalysis, the review analyzes the promoting effect of the plasmon effect on the photocatalytic carbon dioxide synthesis of renewable fuels, which provides a new idea for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Chen
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
| | - Bin Guan
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240.
| | - Xingze Wu
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
| | - Jiangfeng Guo
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
| | - Zeren Ma
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
| | - Jinhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
| | - Xing Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
| | - Shibo Bao
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
| | - Yiyan Cao
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
| | - Chengdong Yin
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
| | - Di Ai
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
| | - He Lin
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
| | - Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No.800, Min Hang District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 200240
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Li Q, Wang F, Forson K, Zhang J, Zhang C, Chen J, Xu N, Wang Y. Affecting analysis of the rheological characteristic and reservoir damage of CO 2 fracturing fluid in low permeability shale reservoir. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:37815-37826. [PMID: 35067878 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The fracturing property of liquid CO2 fracturing fluid varies greatly due to the rheology of fracturing fluid during fracturing process. The main objective of this investigation is to study the rheology property of thickened liquid CO2 by measuring the viscosity of thickened liquid CO2 in different physical parameters of this prepared thickener and explain the causes of rheological changes. The results show that thickener content, branching content, and molecular weight of a thickener for all could significantly improve the rheology of liquid CO2; the consistency coefficient K increased as they rose, but the rheological index n presented a decreased trend. Meanwhile, the mesh structure is proposed as a model to explain the rheological changes, and the large wetting angle means an excellent backflow, low reservoir damage, and low adsorption property. These results herein provide a basic reference to improve the CO2 fracturing technology and molecular design of CO2 thickener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- College of Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 113001, China.
- College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China.
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266580, China.
| | - Fuling Wang
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | | | - Jinyan Zhang
- College of Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 113001, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- College of Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 113001, China
| | - Juan Chen
- College of Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 113001, China
| | - Ning Xu
- College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China.
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266580, China.
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Yin Y, Yang C, Tang J, Gu J, Li H, Duan M, Wang X, Chen R. Bamboo charcoal enhances cellulase and urease activities during chicken manure composting: Roles of the bacterial community and metabolic functions. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 108:84-95. [PMID: 34465440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microbial enzymes are crucial for material biotransformation during the composting process. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding bamboo charcoal (BC) (i.e., at 5%, 10%, and 20% corresponding to BC5, BC10, and BC20, respectively) on the enzyme activity levels during chicken manure composting. The results showed that BC10 could increase the cellulose and urease activities by 56% and 96%, respectively. The bacterial community structure in BC10 differed from those in the other treatments, and Luteivirga, Lactobacillus, Paenalcaligenes, Ulvibacter, Bacillus, Facklamia, Pelagibacterium, Sporosarcina, Cellvibrio, and Corynebacterium had the most important roles in composting. Compared with other treatments, BC10 significantly enhanced the average rates of degradation of carbohydrates (D-xylose (40%) and α-D-lactose (44%)) and amino acids (L-arginine (16%), L-asparagine (14%), and L-threonine (52%)). We also explored the associations among the bacterial community and their metabolic functions with the changes in the activities of enzymes. Network analysis demonstrated that BC10 altered the co-occurrence patterns of the bacterial communities, where Ulvibacter and class Bacilli were the keystone bacterial taxa with high capacities for degrading carbon source, and they were related to increases in the activities of cellulase and urease, respectively. The results obtained in this study may help to further enhance the efficiency of composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jingrui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Jie Gu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Haichao Li
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Manli Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Xiaochang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; International S&T Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
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10
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Hano T, Ito M, Ito K, Uchida M. Alterations of stool metabolome, phenome, and microbiome of the marine fish, red sea bream, Pagrus major, following exposure to phenanthrene: A non-invasive approach for exposure assessment. Sci Total Environ 2021; 752:141796. [PMID: 32898801 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the impact of phenanthrene (Phe) on fish health by addressing the alteration of fecal characteristics, in lieu of collecting biomarkers that often involves injurious or even fatal sampling of organisms. The marine fish red sea bream, Pagrus major, was exposed to Phe at a concentration of 18 μg/L for 16 days followed by depuration for 13 days. We collected feces from Phe-exposed or control (Phe-free) fish and then analyzed the fecal metabolite profile (metabolome), carbon utilization of microbiota (phenome), and bacterial 16s rRNA gene sequence (microbiome). Along with the increase in physiological stress markers (SOD and EROD) in serum and liver, we noted the possible role of intestine as a Phe reservoir. Furthermore, abnormal fecal appearance (green coloration) and remarkable changes in fecal characteristics were observed. These changes include alterations of cholesterol and putrescine metabolism and the enhanced utilization of putrescine as a carbon source. Phe also altered the microbial community, with an increase in Phe-degrading bacteria such as Pseudomonas. Interestingly, these enteric impairments were ameliorated by depuration. Taken together, our findings suggest that these alterations in feces were associated with adaptive responses to environmentally relevant Phe exposure scenarios, and that stool samples are potential candidates for exposure assessment in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hano
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Mana Ito
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Ito
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Motoharu Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
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11
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Luo Y, Yue X, Wei P, Zhou A, Kong X, Alimzhanova S. A state-of-the-art review of quinoline degradation and technical bottlenecks. Sci Total Environ 2020; 747:141136. [PMID: 32777494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quinoline is a critical raw material for the dye, metallurgy, pharmaceutical, rubber, and agrochemical industries, and its use poses a serious threat to human health and the ecological environment. Quinoline has carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic effects on the human body through food accumulation. However, due to the steric hindrance of its bicyclic fused structure and its long photooxidation half-life, quinoline is too difficult to decompose naturally. To date, numerous technologies have been used to degrade quinoline, whereas only a few have been reviewed. Therefore, this paper is focused on offering a comprehensive overview of the state of quinoline degradation in an effort to improve its degradation efficiency and fully utilize the carbon and nitrogen within quinoline without causing any damage to the environment. Accordingly, the strains, research progress and mechanisms of various methods for degrading quinoline are explored and elucidated in detail, especially quinoline biodegradation and the combination of these technologies for efficient removal. The state-of-the-art processes and new findings of our team on the biofortification of quinoline degradation are also presented. Finally, research bottlenecks and gaps for future research were identified along with the prospects and resource utilization of quinoline. These discussions facilitate the realization of the zero discharge of quinoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; North University of China, Shouzhou 036024, China
| | - Xiuping Yue
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Peng Wei
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Aijuan Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xin Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shyryn Alimzhanova
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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12
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Kwon G, Bhatnagar A, Wang H, Kwon EE, Song H. A review of recent advancements in utilization of biomass and industrial wastes into engineered biochar. J Hazard Mater 2020; 400:123242. [PMID: 32585525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
For past few years, biochar has gained a great deal of attention for its versatile utility in agricultural and environmental applications. The diverse functionality and environmental-friendly nature of biochar have motivated many researchers to delve into biochar researches and spurred rapid expansion of literature in recent years. Biochar can be produced from virtually all the biomass, but the properties of biochar are highly dependent upon the types of feedstock biomass and preparation methods. The overall performances of as-prepared biochar in treating soil and water contaminants is generally inferior to activated carbon due to its lower surface area and limited functionalities. This limitation has led to many follow-up studies that focused on improving material characteristics by imparting desired functionality. Such efforts have greatly advanced knowledge to produce better-performing engineered biochar with enhanced capability and versatility. To this end, this review was prepared to compile recent advancements in fabrication and application of engineered biochar, especially with respect to the influences of biomass feedstock on the properties of biochar and the utilization of industrial wastes in fabrication of engineered biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihoon Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Bhatnagar
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Fl-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheol Song
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul05006, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Park YL, Song HS, Choi TR, Lee SM, Park SL, Lee HS, Kim HJ, Bhatia SK, Gurav R, Park K, Yang YH. Revealing of sugar utilization systems in Halomonas sp. YLGW01 and application for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production with low-cost medium and easy recovery. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 167:151-9. [PMID: 33249160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a common polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) with potential as an alternative for petroleum-based plastics. Previously, we reported a new strain, Halomonas sp. YLGW01, which hyperproduces PHB with 94% yield using fructose. In this study, we examined the PHB production machinery of Halomonas sp. YLGW01 in more detail by deep-genome sequencing, which revealed a 3,453,067-bp genome with 65.1% guanine-cytosine content and 3054 genes. We found two acetyl-CoA acetyltransferases (Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, PhaA), one acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (PhaB), two PHB synthases (PhaC1, PhaC2), PHB depolymerase (PhaZ), and Enoyl-CoA hydratase (PhaJ) in the genome, along with two fructose kinases and fructose transporter systems, including the phosphotransferase system (PTS) and ATP-binding transport genes. We then examined the PHB production by Halomonas sp. YLGW01 using high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) containing fructose, glucose, and sucrose in sea water medium, resulting in 7.95 ± 0.11 g/L PHB (content, 67.39 ± 0.34%). PHB was recovered from Halomonas sp. YLGW01 using different detergents; the use of Tween 20 and SDS yielded micro-sized granules with high purity. Overall, these results reveal the distribution of PHB synthetic genes and the sugar utilization system in Halomonas sp. YLGW01 and suggest a possible method for PHB recovery.
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Ni G, Zhao P, Huang Q, Zhu L, Hou Y, Yu Y, Ye Y, Ouyang L. Mikania micrantha invasion enhances the carbon (C) transfer from plant to soil and mediates the soil C utilization through altering microbial community. Sci Total Environ 2020; 711:135020. [PMID: 31810695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exotic plant invasion alters the structure and coverage of terrestrial vegetation and affects the carbon (C) stocks in ecosystems. Previous studies have shown the increases in the C stocks with increasing invasive plants, but these results remain contentious. Soil microbial communities are usually altered by plant invasion, which potentially influences the C cycling underground. We hypothesized that the plant invasion-caused dynamic changes in soil microbes would lead to the corresponding change in soil C accumulation. Using greenhouse experiments we simulated different invader intensities through varying the relative abundance of invasive species Mikania micrantha and its co-occurring native species Paederia scandens. By analyzing 13C-phospholipid fatty acid we found the invasive M. micrantha assimilated more 13C and transferred faster the fixed 13C through different tissues to soils, as compared to native P. scandens. Soil microbial components, i.e., i15:0, 16:0, 10Me16:0, 18:1w9c and 18:2w6,9 were mainly using the photo-assimilated 13C. In addition, we found a hump-shaped relationship between soil net 13C accumulate rate and rhizosphere microbial biomass, indicating that the soil C accumulation may be either enhanced or reduced in invaded ecosystems, depending on microbe abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yuping Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yina Yu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Youhua Ye
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Lei Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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15
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Yuan Z, Druzhinina IS, Wang X, Zhang X, Peng L, Labbé J. Insight into a highly polymorphic endophyte isolated from the roots of the halophytic seepweed Suaeda salsa: Laburnicola rhizohalophila sp. nov. (Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporales). Fungal Biol 2019; 124:327-337. [PMID: 32389295 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We surveyed root endophytic fungi of the coastal halophyte Suaeda salsa and detected a population of a novel species that we described here as Laburnicola rhizohalophila sp. nov. No sexual sporulating structure was observed. Instead, it produced a large amount of thalloconidia, 0-1 transverse septa, hyaline to darkly pigmented, often peanut-shaped and sometimes dumbbell-shaped, both ends enlarged with numerous oil droplets inside the hyphal cells. Surprisingly, a high degree of phenotypic and physiological intraspecific variation (e.g., salinity tolerance, growth under different carbon:nitrogen ratios, and carbon utilization pattern) was recorded. The inoculation test indicated that the isolates could successfully infect host roots and form microsclerotia-like structures in cortical cells, a typical trait of dark septate endophytes (DSEs). Furthermore, most isolates were shown to promote host seedling growth. To evaluate conspecificity and infer its phylogenetic affinity, multiloci data including nuclear rRNA loci (ITS1 and 2, partial 28S), partial RNA Polymerase II second-largest subunit (rpb2), and partial translation elongation factor-1α (tef1) were characterized. Genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) detected a genetically isolated clade of L. rhizohalophila within the Pleosporales in the Didymosphaeriaceae. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the endophytic fungus was genetically close to Laburnicoladactylidis but separated by a relatively long genetic distance. Our work highlights that the pleosporalean taxa might represent an underexplored reservoir of root DSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; The Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Fungal Genomics Group, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- The Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoguo Zhang
- The Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; The Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jessy Labbé
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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16
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Yin Y, Gu J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zheng W, Chen R, Wang X. Effects of rhamnolipid and Tween-80 on cellulase activities and metabolic functions of the bacterial community during chicken manure composting. Bioresour Technol 2019; 288:121507. [PMID: 31128544 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism by microorganisms is the basis of composting. In this study, the dynamic changes in the enzyme activity levels, bacterial community structure, and metabolism functions were investigated during chicken manure composting with an added bio-surfactant (rhamnolipid) or chemical surfactant (Tween-80). The results showed that rhamnolipid and Tween-80 improved the quality of the finished compost in terms of the C/N ratio, water-soluble carbon content, germination index, E4/E6 ratio, and the cellulase activity, especially with Tween-80. Furthermore, the bacterial communities were determined by high-throughput sequencing, and their metabolism functions were evaluated using the PICRUSt and Biolog methods. Tween-80 greatly influenced the bacterial community structure, where it enhanced the abundances of bacteria that degrade cellulose and lignin (e.g., members of the order Bacillales) and the capacities for carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Network analysis also showed that the order Bacillales was closely related to the metabolism of characteristic carbon sources, especially carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Gu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zheng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an 710055, People's Republic of China
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17
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Zhou G, Qiu X, Chen L, Zhang C, Ma D, Zhang J. Succession of organics metabolic function of bacterial community in response to addition of earthworm casts and zeolite in maize straw composting. Bioresour Technol 2019; 280:229-238. [PMID: 30772635 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Succession and metabolism functions of bacterial communities were determined in maize straw composting with earthworm casts and zeolite addition by using high-throughput sequencing, Biolog and PICRUSt. Results showed that earthworm casts and zeolite addition increased the temperature, decreased NH4+ contents and affected bacterial community structure. The relative abundances of Firmicutes and Betaproteobacteria increased with earthworm casts and zeolite addition in the late stage. The abundances of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism were increased by these two additives in the early stage, but decreased in the late stage. Network analysis demonstrated that members of Bacillaceae were identified as the keystone taxa. Temperature showed negative relationship with Georgenia, while NH4+ exhibited positive associations with Georgenia, Devosia, Ruania and Mycobacterium. These results indicated that earthworm casts and zeolite addition benefitted the keystone species and enhanced the metabolism capacity of bacterial community, thereby improved the quality of compost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Poyang Lake Eco-economy Research Center, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Xiuwen Qiu
- Poyang Lake Eco-economy Research Center, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China; Office of Mountain-River-Lake Development Committee of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330046, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Congzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Donghao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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18
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Wang K, Mao H, Wang Z, Tian Y. Succession of organics metabolic function of bacterial community in swine manure composting. J Hazard Mater 2018; 360:471-480. [PMID: 30144766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organics metabolic function of bacterial communities was evaluated in 60 days composting of swine manure and pumice by using MiSeq sequencing, PICRUSt and Biolog tools. The diversity of bacterial communities significantly decreased during the first 10 days, and gradually increased in the cooling and curing phase. The PICRUSt and Biolog analysis indicated that carbohydrate, lipid and amino acids metabolisms were relatively higher in the thermophilic phases. Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, lipid metabolism, terpenoids and polyketides and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites were mainly detected in the curing phases. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that the succession of bacterial community and organics utilization characteristics were highly affected by the temperature, moisture and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) in the swine composting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, China.
| | - Hailong Mao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, China
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19
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Rehman L, Su X, Li X, Qi X, Guo H, Cheng H. FreB is involved in the ferric metabolism and multiple pathogenicity-related traits of Verticillium dahliae. Curr Genet 2017; 64:645-659. [PMID: 29177887 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ferric reductases are integral membrane proteins involved in the reduction of environmental ferric iron into the biologically available ferrous iron. In the most overwhelming phytopathogenic fungus, Verticillium dahliae, these ferric reductase are not studied in details. In this study we explored the role of FreB gene (VDAG_06616) in the ferric reduction and virulence of V. dahliae by generating the knockout mutants (ΔFreB) and complementary strains (ΔFreB-C) using protoplast transformation. When cultured on media supplemented with FeSO4, FeCl3 and no iron, ΔFreB exhibited significantly reduced growth and spore production especially on media with no iron. Transmembrane ferric reductase activity of ΔFreB was decreased up to 50% than wild type strains (Vd-wt). The activity was fully restored in ΔFreB-C. Meanwhile, the expression levels of other related genes (Frect-4, Frect-5, Frect-6 and Met) were obviously increased in ΔFreB. Compared with the Vd-wt and ΔFreB-C, ΔFreB-1 and ΔFreB-2 were impaired in colony diameter and spore number on different carbon sources (starch, sucrose, galactose and xylose). ΔFreB-1 and ΔFreB-2 were also highly sensitive to oxidative stress as revealed by the plate diffusion assay when 100 µM H2O2 was applied to the fungal culture. When Nicotiana benthamiana plants were inoculated, ΔFreB exhibited less disease symptoms than Vd-wt and ΔFreB-C. In conclusion, the present findings not only indicate that FreB mediates the ferric metabolism and is required for the full virulence in V. dahliae, but would also accelerate future investigation to uncover the pathogenic mechanism of this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifur Rehman
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiliang Qi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huiming Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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20
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Leyva-Díaz JC, Poyatos JM, Barghini P, Gorrasi S, Fenice M. Kinetic modeling of Shewanella baltica KB30 growth on different substrates through respirometry. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:189. [PMID: 29100519 PMCID: PMC5670636 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0805-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shewanella baltica KB30 was isolated from seawater collected in Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea (Russia). This strain is known for its ability to grow on a pool of different substrates, including carbohydrates, carboxylic and amino acids, and lipids. However, no data are available on its metabolic efficiency in relation to the use of different carbon sources typologies. This work represents the first attempt to characterize S. baltica by its heterotrophic kinetic performance. Results Growth and substrate consumption, during the biodegradation of sodium acetate, glucose, tween 80 and peptone, were analyzed through a respirometric method. To find the model best fitting the experimental data and to obtain the kinetic parameters, the equations of Monod, Moser, Contois and Tessier were applied. The kinetic behavior of S. baltica was fitted to Monod model for sodium acetate and tween 80, while it was adjusted to Contois model for glucose and peptone. In this regard, peptone was consumed faster than the other substrates, as indicated by the highest values of substrate degradation rate, which exceeded 60 mg O2 L−1 h−1. Conclusions Proteolytic metabolism was favored than lipidic and glucidic metabolism, which could contribute much more to mineralization and recycling of proteins than lipids and carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Leyva-Díaz
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.,Institute for Water Research, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.,Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - José Manuel Poyatos
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.,Institute for Water Research, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Paolo Barghini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Susanna Gorrasi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Fenice
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy. .,Laboratory of Applied Marine Microbiology, ConISMa, University of Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
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21
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Lueking AD, Cole MW. Energy and mass balances related to climate change and remediation. Sci Total Environ 2017; 590-591:416-429. [PMID: 28284650 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to provide a forum for a broad interdisciplinary group of scientists and engineers to see how concepts of climate change, energy, and carbon remediation strategies are related to quite basic scientific principles. A secondary goal is to show relationships between general concepts in traditional science and engineering fields and to show how they are relevant to broader environmental concepts. This paper revisits Fourier's early mathematical derivation of the average temperature of the Earth from first principles, i.e. an energy balance common to chemical and environmental engineering. The work then uses the concept of mass balance to critically discuss various carbon remediation strategies. The work is of interest to traditional scientists/engineers, but also it is potentially useful as an educational document in advanced undergraduate science or engineering classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Lueking
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Energy & Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, United States.
| | - Milton W Cole
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
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22
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Kim JH, Wang C, Jang HJ, Cha MS, Park JE, Jo SY, Choi ES, Kim SW. Isoprene production by Escherichia coli through the exogenous mevalonate pathway with reduced formation of fermentation byproducts. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:214. [PMID: 28010736 PMCID: PMC5180398 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoprene, a volatile C5 hydrocarbon, is an important platform chemical used in the manufacturing of synthetic rubber for tires and various other applications, such as elastomers and adhesives. RESULTS In this study, Escherichia coli MG1655 harboring Populus trichocarpa isoprene synthase (PtispS) and the exogenous mevalonate (MVA) pathway produced 80 mg/L isoprene. Codon optimization and optimal expression of the ispS gene via adjustment of the RBS strength and inducer concentration increased isoprene production to 199 and 337 mg/L, respectively. To augment expression of MVA pathway genes, the MVA pathway was cloned on a high-copy plasmid (pBR322 origin) with a strong promoter (Ptrc), which resulted in an additional increase in isoprene production up to 956 mg/L. To reduce the formation of byproducts derived from acetyl-CoA (an initial substrate of the MVA pathway), nine relevant genes were deleted to generate the E. coli AceCo strain (E. coli MG1655 ΔackA-pta, poxB, ldhA, dld, adhE, pps, and atoDA). The AceCo strain harboring the ispS gene and MVA pathway showed enhanced isoprene production of 1832 mg/L in flask culture with reduced accumulation of byproducts. CONCLUSIONS We achieved a 23-fold increase in isoprene production by codon optimization of PtispS, augmentation of the MVA pathway, and deletion of genes involved in byproduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hun Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agricultural and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.,Research Center for Industrial Chemical Biotechnology, KRICT, Ulsan, 44468, South Korea
| | - Chonglong Wang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agricultural and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Hui-Jung Jang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agricultural and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.,Life Science Research Institute, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Corporation, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Myeong-Seok Cha
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agricultural and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Ju-Eon Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agricultural and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Jo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agricultural and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Eui-Sung Choi
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea.
| | - Seon-Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Institute of Agricultural and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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23
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Figueroa D, Rowe OF, Paczkowska J, Legrand C, Andersson A. Allochthonous Carbon--a Major Driver of Bacterioplankton Production in the Subarctic Northern Baltic Sea. Microb Ecol 2016; 71:789-801. [PMID: 26677860 PMCID: PMC4823372 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrophic bacteria are, in many aquatic systems, reliant on autochthonous organic carbon as their energy source. One exception is low-productive humic lakes, where allochthonous dissolved organic matter (ADOM) is the major driver. We hypothesized that bacterial production (BP) is similarly regulated in subarctic estuaries that receive large amounts of riverine material. BP and potential explanatory factors were measured during May-August 2011 in the subarctic Råne Estuary, northern Sweden. The highest BP was observed in spring, concomitant with the spring river-flush and the lowest rates occurred during summer when primary production (PP) peaked. PLS correlations showed that ∼60% of the BP variation was explained by different ADOM components, measured as humic substances, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM). On average, BP was threefold higher than PP. The bioavailability of allochthonous dissolved organic carbon (ADOC) exhibited large spatial and temporal variation; however, the average value was low, ∼2%. Bioassay analysis showed that BP in the near-shore area was potentially carbon limited early in the season, while BP at seaward stations was more commonly limited by nitrogen-phosphorus. Nevertheless, the bioassay indicated that ADOC could contribute significantly to the in situ BP, ∼60%. We conclude that ADOM is a regulator of BP in the studied estuary. Thus, projected climate-induced increases in river discharge suggest that BP will increase in subarctic coastal areas during the coming century.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Figueroa
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, SE-905 71, Hörnefors, Sweden
| | - O F Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter 1, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Paczkowska
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - C Legrand
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - A Andersson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre, SE-905 71, Hörnefors, Sweden.
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24
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Huang G, Cao YF, Wang B, Li Y. Effects of nitrogen addition on soil microbes and their implications for soil C emission in the Gurbantunggut Desert, center of the Eurasian Continent. Sci Total Environ 2015; 515-516:215-224. [PMID: 25686661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition can influence carbon cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. However, a general recognition of how soil microorganisms respond to increasing N deposition is not yet reached. We explored soil microbial responses to two levels of N addition (2.5 and 5 gN m(-2) yr(-1)) in interplant soil and beneath shrubs of Haloxylon ammodendron and their consequences to soil respiration in the Gurbantunggut Desert, northwestern China from 2011 to 2013. Microbial biomass and respiration were significantly higher beneath H. ammodendron than in interplant soil. The responses of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial respiration (MR) showed opposite responses to N addition in interplant and beneath H. ammodendron. N addition slightly increased MBC and MR in interplant soil and decreased them beneath H. ammodendron, with a significant inhibition only in 2012. N addition had no impacts on the total microbial physiological activity, but N addition decreased the labile carbon substrate utilization beneath H. ammodendron when N addition level was high. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis showed that N addition did not alter the soil microbial community structure as evidenced by the similar ratios of fungal to bacterial PLFAs and gram-negative to gram-positive bacterial PLFAs. Microbial biomass and respiration showed close correlations with soil water content and dissolved carbon, and they were independent of soil inorganic nitrogen across three years. Our study suggests that N addition effects on soil microorganisms and carbon emission are dependent on the respiratory substrates and water availability in the desert ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Huang
- State Key Lab of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Yan Feng Cao
- State Key Lab of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Lab of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Lab of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 818 South Beijing Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China.
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Ansari PG, Rao DL. Differentiating Indigenous Soybean Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium spp. of Indian Soils. Indian J Microbiol 2014; 54:190-5. [PMID: 25320421 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-013-0430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is extensively cultivated worldwide and is the largest source of biologically fixed nitrogen among legumes. It is nodulated by both slow and fast growing rhizobia. Indigenous soybean rhizobia in Vertisols of central India were assessed for utilization of 35 carbon sources and intrinsic resistance to 19 antibiotics. There was greater utilization of trehalose and raffinose by fast growers (87 and 73 % by fast vs. 35 and 30 % by slow growers); but slow growers had higher ability to utilize glucosamine (75 % by slow vs. 33 % by fast growers). A larger proportion of slow growers were resistant to vancomycin, polymyxin-B and rifampicin (70, 65 and 55 %) compared to fast growers (13, 7 and 7 % each). Among the two 16S rRNA sequence types in the slow growers, those belonging to Bradyrhizobium spp. utilized glucosamine while those belonging to Rhizobium radiobacter did not. All the fast growers had 16S rRNA homology to R. radiobacter and majority could not utilize glucosamine. It is suggested that during initial isolations and screening of rhizobia in strain selection programmes, using carbon sources like glucosamine and antibiotics like vancomycin, polymyxin-B and rifampicin in the media may provide a simple way of distinguishing Bradyrhizobium strains from R. radiobacter among the slow growers.
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