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Ray P, Xu E, Crespi VH, Badding JV, Lueking AD. In situ vibrational spectroscopy of adsorbed nitrogen in porous carbon materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15411-15418. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01790e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study uses in situ vibrational spectroscopy to probe nitrogen adsorption to porous carbon materials, including single-wall carbon nanotubes and Maxsorb super-activated carbon, demonstrating how the nitrogen Raman stretch mode is perturbed by adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Ray
- Department of Chemistry
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
- Department of Material Research Institute
| | - Enshi Xu
- Department of Material Research Institute
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
- Department of Physics
| | - Vincent H. Crespi
- Department of Chemistry
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
- Department of Material Research Institute
| | - John V. Badding
- Department of Chemistry
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
- Department of Material Research Institute
| | - Angela D. Lueking
- Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
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Lueking AD, Cole MW. Energy and mass balances related to climate change and remediation. Sci Total Environ 2017; 590-591:416-429. [PMID: 28284650 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to provide a forum for a broad interdisciplinary group of scientists and engineers to see how concepts of climate change, energy, and carbon remediation strategies are related to quite basic scientific principles. A secondary goal is to show relationships between general concepts in traditional science and engineering fields and to show how they are relevant to broader environmental concepts. This paper revisits Fourier's early mathematical derivation of the average temperature of the Earth from first principles, i.e. an energy balance common to chemical and environmental engineering. The work then uses the concept of mass balance to critically discuss various carbon remediation strategies. The work is of interest to traditional scientists/engineers, but also it is potentially useful as an educational document in advanced undergraduate science or engineering classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Lueking
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Energy & Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, United States; Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, United States.
| | - Milton W Cole
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Ray
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Materials Research Institute, ∥Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, and EMS Energy Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Gray
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Materials Research Institute, ∥Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, and EMS Energy Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John V. Badding
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Materials Research Institute, ∥Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, and EMS Energy Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Angela D. Lueking
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics, §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ⊥Materials Research Institute, ∥Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, and EMS Energy Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Lueking AD, Wang CY, Sircar S, Malencia C, Wang H, Li J. A generalized adsorption-phase transition model to describe adsorption rates in flexible metal organic framework RPM3-Zn. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:4242-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rate of adsorption to a flexible metal-organic framework is described via generalization of the Avrami theory of phase transition kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D. Lueking
- Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering and EMS Energy Institute
- The Pennsylvania State University
- USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering and EMS Energy Institute
- The Pennsylvania State University
- USA
| | - Sarmishtha Sircar
- Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering and EMS Energy Institute
- The Pennsylvania State University
- USA
| | | | - Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Rutgers University
- Piscataway
- USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Rutgers University
- Piscataway
- USA
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Sircar S, Pramanik S, Li J, Cole MW, Lueking AD. Corresponding states interpretation of adsorption in gate-opening metal-organic framework Cu(dhbc)₂(4,4'-bpy). J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 446:177-84. [PMID: 25666459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The "universal adsorption theory" (UAT) extends the principle of corresponding states for gas compressibility to describe the excess density of an adsorbed phase at comparable reduced conditions. The UAT helps to describe experimental trends and provide predictive capacity for extrapolation from one adsorption isotherm to that of a different adsorbate. Here, we extend the UAT to a flexible metal-organic framework (MOF) as a function of adsorbate, temperature, and pressure. When considered via the UAT, the adsorption capacity and GO pressure of multiple gases to Cu(dhbc)2(4,4'-bpy) [H2dhbc=2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, bpy=bipyridine] show quantifiable trends over a considerable temperature and pressure range, despite the chemical and structural heterogeneity of the adsorbent. Exceptions include quantum gases (such as H2) and prediction of maximum capacity for large and/or polar adsorbates. A method to derive the heat of gate opening and heat of expansion from experimental trends is also presented, and the parameters can be treated as separable and independent over the temperature and pressure range studied. We demonstrate the relationship between the UAT and the common Dubinin analysis, which was not previously noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmishtha Sircar
- Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sanhita Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Milton W Cole
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Angela D Lueking
- Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, EMS Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Wang CY, Ray P, Gong Q, Zhao Y, Li J, Lueking AD. Influence of gas packing and orientation on FTIR activity for CO chemisorption to the Cu paddlewheel. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:26766-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04474j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In situ Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is able to probe structural defects via site-specific adsorption of CO to the Cu-BTC (BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) metal–organic framework (MOF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Wang
- Departments of Energy and Mineral Engineering & Chemical Engineering
- EMS Energy Institute
- Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Paramita Ray
- Department of Chemistry
- Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Qihan Gong
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Rutgers University
- Piscataway
- USA
| | - Yonggang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Rutgers University
- Piscataway
- USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Rutgers University
- Piscataway
- USA
| | - Angela D. Lueking
- Departments of Energy and Mineral Engineering & Chemical Engineering
- EMS Energy Institute
- Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
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Wang CY, Gong Q, Zhao Y, Li J, Lueking AD. Stability and hydrogen adsorption of metal–organic frameworks prepared via different catalyst doping methods. J Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sircar S, Wu H, Li J, Lueking AD. Effect of time, temperature, and kinetics on the hysteretic adsorption-desorption of H2, Ar, and N2 in the metal-organic framework Zn2(bpdc)2(bpee). Langmuir 2011; 27:14169-14179. [PMID: 21973224 DOI: 10.1021/la202842m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The intriguing hysteretic adsorption-desorption behavior of certain microporous metal-organic frameworks (MMOFs) has received considerable attention and is often associated with a gate-opening (GO) effect. Here, the hysteretic adsorption of N(2) and Ar to Zn(2)(bpdc)(2)(bpee) (bpdc = 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylate; bpee = 1,2-bipyridylethene) shows a pronounced effect of allowed experimental time at 77 and 87 K. When the time allowed is on the order of minutes for N(2) at 77 K, no adsorption is observed, whereas times in excess of 60 h is required to achieve appreciable adsorption up to a limiting total coverage. Given sufficient time, the total uptake for N(2) and Ar converged at similar reduced temperatures, but the adsorption of Ar was significantly more rapid than that of N(2), an observation that can be described by activated configurational diffusion. N(2) and Ar both exhibited discontinuous stepped adsorption isotherms with significant hysteresis, features that were dependent upon the allowed time. The uptake of H(2) at 77 K was greater than for both N(2) and Ar but showed no discontinuity in the isotherm, and hysteretic effects were much less pronounced. N(2) and Ar adsorption data can be described by an activated diffusion process, with characteristic times leading to activation energies of 6.7 and 12 kJ/mol. Fits of H(2) adsorption data led to activation energies in the range 2-7 kJ/mol at low coverage and nonactivated diffusion at higher coverage. An alternate concentration-dependent diffusion model is presented to describe the stepwise adsorption behavior, which is observed for N(2) and Ar but not for H(2). Equilibrium is approached very slowly for adsorption to molecularly sized pores at low temperature, and structural change (gate opening), although it may occur, is not required to explain the observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmishtha Sircar
- Department of Energy & Mineral Engineering, EMS Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Adu KW, Li Q, Desai SC, Sidorov AN, Sumanasekera GU, Lueking AD. Morphological, structural, and chemical effects in response of novel carbide derived carbon sensor to NH3, N2O, and air. Langmuir 2009; 25:582-588. [PMID: 19053625 DOI: 10.1021/la800465e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The response of two carbide derived carbons (CDCs) films to NH(3), N(2)O, and room air is investigated by four probe resistance at room temperature and pressures up to 760 Torr. The two CDC films were synthesized at 600 (CDC-600) and 1000 degrees C (CDC-1000) to vary the carbon morphology from completely amorphous to more ordered, and determine the role of structure, surface area, and porosity on sensor response. Sensor response time followed kinetic diameter and indicated a more ordered carbon structure slowed response due to increased tortuosity caused by the formation of graphitic layers at the particle fringe. Steady state sensor response was greater for the less-ordered material, despite its decreased surface area, decreased micropore volume, and less favorable surface chemistry, suggesting carbon structure is a stronger predictor of sensor response than surface chemistry. The lack of correlation between adsorption of the probe gases and sensor response suggests chemical interaction (charge transfer) drive sensor response within the material; N(2)O response, in particular, did not follow simple adsorption behavior. Based on Raman and FTIR characterization, carbon morphology (disorder) appeared to be the determining factor in overall sensor response, likely due to increased charge transfer between gases and carbon defects of amorphous or disordered regions. The response of the amorphous CDC-600 film to NH(3) was 45% without prior oxidation, showing amorphous CDCs have promise as chemical sensors without additional pretreatment common to other carbon sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi W Adu
- Materials Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Lueking AD, Gutierrez HR, Fonseca DA, Narayanan DL, Van Essendelft D, Jain P, Clifford CEB. Combined Hydrogen Production and Storage with Subsequent Carbon Crystallization. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:7758-60. [PMID: 16771488 DOI: 10.1021/ja0604818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We provide evidence of low-temperature hydrogen evolution and possible hydrogen trapping in an anthracite coal derivative, formed via reactive ball milling with cyclohexene. No molecular hydrogen is added to the process. Raman-active molecular hydrogen vibrations are apparent in samples at atmospheric conditions (300 K, 1 bar) for samples prepared 1 year previously and stored in ambient air. Hydrogen evolves slowly at room temperature and is accelerated upon sample heating, with a first increase in hydrogen evolution occurring at approximately 60 degrees C. Subsequent chemical modification leads to the observation of crystalline carbons, including nanocrystalline diamond surrounded by graphene ribbons, other sp2-sp3 transition regions, purely graphitic regions, and a previously unidentified crystalline carbon form surrounded by amorphous carbon. The combined evidence for hydrogen trapping and carbon crystallization suggests hydrogen-induced crystallization of the amorphous carbon materials, as metastable hydrogenated carbons formed via the high-energy milling process rearrange into more thermodynamically stable carbon forms and molecular hydrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Lueking
- The Pennsylvania State University, 120 Hosler, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-5000, USA.
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Lueking AD, Pan L, Narayanan DL, Clifford CEB. Effect of Expanded Graphite Lattice in Exfoliated Graphite Nanofibers on Hydrogen Storage. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:12710-7. [PMID: 16852574 DOI: 10.1021/jp0512199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A graphite exfoliation technique, using intercalation of a concentrated sulfuric/nitric acid mixture followed by a thermal shock, has successfully exfoliated a herringbone graphite nanofiber (GNF). The exfoliated GNF retains the overall nanosized dimensions of the original GNF, with the exfoliation temperature determining the degree of induced defects, lattice expansion, and resulting microstructure. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicated that the fibers treated at an intermediate temperature of 700 degrees C for 2 min had dislocations in the graphitic structure and a 4% increase in graphitic lattice spacing to 3.5 A. The fibers treated at 1000 degrees C for 36 h were expanded along the fiber axis, with regular intervals of graphitic and amorphous regions ranging from 0.5 to >50 nm in width. The surface area of the starting material was increased from 47 m(2)/g to 67 m(2)/g for the 700- degrees C treatment and to 555 m(2)/g for the 1000- degrees C treatment. Hydrogen uptake measurements at 20 bar indicate that the overall hydrogen uptake and operative adsorption temperature are sensitive to the structural variations and graphitic spacing. The increased surface area after the 1000- degrees C treatment led to a 1.2% hydrogen uptake at 77 K and 20 bar, a 3-fold increase in hydrogen physisorption of the starting material. The uptake of the 700- degrees C-treated material had a 0.29% uptake at 300 K and 20 bar; although low, this was a 14-fold uptake over the starting material and higher than other commonly used pretreatment methods that were tested in parallel. These results suggest that selective exfoliation of a nanofiber is a means by which to control the relative binding energy of the hydrogen interaction with the carbon structure and thus vary the operative adsorption temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Lueking
- Department of Energy and Geo-Environmental Engineering, The Energy Institute, and The Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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Lueking AD, Yang RT, Rodriguez NM, Baker RTK. Hydrogen storage in graphite nanofibers: effect of synthesis catalyst and pretreatment conditions. Langmuir 2004; 20:714-721. [PMID: 15773096 DOI: 10.1021/la0349875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of graphite nanofibers (GNFs) that were subjected to various pretreatments were used to determine how modifications in the carbon structure formed during either synthesis or pretreatment steps results in active or inactive materials for hydrogen storage. The nanofibers possessing a herringbone structure and a high degree of defects were found to exhibit the best performance for hydrogen storage. These materials were exposed to several pretreatment procedures, including oxidative, reductive, and inert environments. Significant hydrogen storage levels were found for several in situ pretreatments. Examination of the nanofibers by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after pretreatment and subsequent hydrogen storage revealed the existence of edge attack and an enhancement in the generation of structural defects. These findings suggest that pretreatment in certain environments results in the creation of catalytic sites that are favorable toward hydrogen storage. The best pretreatment resulted in a 3.8% hydrogen release after exposure at 69 bar and room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela D Lueking
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 2300 Hayward, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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