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Kumar R, Næss G, Sørensen M. Xylooligosaccharides from lignocellulosic biomass and their applications as nutraceuticals: a review on their production, purification, and characterization. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38625727 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are considered a potent source of prebiotics for humans. The global prebiotic market is expanding in size, was valued at USD 6.05 billion in 2021, and is expected to grow at a 14.9% compound annual growth rate between 2022 and 2030, indicating a huge demand. These XOS are non-digestible pentose sugar oligomers comprising mainly xylose. Xylose is naturally present in the lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), fruits and vegetables. Apart from the prebiotic effect, these XOS have been reported to reduce blood cholesterol, possess antioxidant effects, increase calcium absorption, reduce colon cancer risk, and benefit diabetic patients. The primary use of XOS is reported in the feed industry followed by health, medical use, food and drinks. LCB mainly contains glucan, xylan and lignin. After glucan, xylan is the second-highest available sugar on the globe composed of xylose. Therefore, the xylan fraction of LCB has great significance in producing food, feed and energy. Glucan has been exploited for the commercial production of ethanol, xylitol, furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural and glucose. As of now, xylan has limited applications. Therefore, xylan can be exploited to convert to XOS. The production of XOS from LCB fraction not only helps to produce these at a very low price, but also helps in the reduction of greenhouse gases. Its use in food and drinks is increasing as it can be derived from the abundantly and cheaply available LCB. The article provides a review on the production, purification and characterization of XOS in view of their use as nutraceuticals. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Kumar
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Steinkjer, Norway
| | - Geir Næss
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Steinkjer, Norway
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Steinkjer, Norway
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2
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Saini R, Singhania RR, Patel AK, Chen CW, Dong CD. A circular biorefinery approach for the production of xylooligosaccharides by using mild acid hydrothermal pretreatment of pineapple leaves waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 388:129767. [PMID: 37730141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
A hydrothermal process is a sustainable approach for biorefinery leading to conversion of lignocellulosic (LC) biomass into value-added products. This study is based on the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from pineapple leaves (PL) waste by using mild acid like gluconic acid (GA). GA, when used as catalyst in hydrothermal process to produce XOS the yield improved. The above process can be integrated with bacterial cellulose (BC) production bioprocess via Komagataeibacter europaeus 14,148 where gluconic acid is produced as by-product. Maximum XOS (2-5 degree of polymerisation) yield of 67.79 % in the liquid fraction was obtained via hydrothermal treatment at 160 °C for 60 min with 5% gluconic acid concentration. It is based on the selective solubilization of hemicellulose fraction. Enzymatic hydrolysis of GA hydrothermally pretreated solid fraction of PL biomass gave 14.5 g/L glucose with 5% solid loading and 10 FPU/gds enzyme loading which was employed for Bacterial cellulose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetu Saini
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow 226 029, India
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Sustainable Environment Research Center, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan.
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3
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Gao K, Wang H, Chen Y, Chu J, Zhang J. Combined iron (III) chloride/sodium citrate with enzymatic hydrolysis for xylo-oligosaccharides and monosaccharides production from poplar. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129597. [PMID: 37532056 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) from lignocelluloses by chelating system hydrolysis has not been investigated. Herein, iron (III) chloride/sodium citrate (IC/SC) chelating system hydrolysis and xylanase hydrolysis were used to produce XOS from poplar. Then, the delignification of IC/SC-hydrolyzed poplar was performed by p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) pretreatment to increase the accessibility of cellulase. The results demonstrated that 42.3% of XOS with an extremely low by-product (xylose/XOS = 0.11) was produced from poplar by 50 mM IC/SC hydrolysis (molar ratio of 1:1, 170 °C, 60 min) and xylanase hydrolysis. The second step IC/SC hydrolysis and xylanase hydrolysis of poplar increased the yield of XOS to 51.3%. Finally, the glucose yield of p-TsOH-pretreated poplar (60% p-TsOH, 70 °C, 30 min) was greatly increased from 37.5% to 83.8% by cellulase hydrolysis with Tween 80 addition. The novel strategy proposed in this work was feasible for XOS and monosaccharides production from poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Gao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hanxing Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jie Chu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Liao H, Feng B, Ying W, Zhang J. Efficient production of xylobiose and xylotriose from corncob by mixed acids and xylanase hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129686. [PMID: 37595810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Propionic acid (PA) hydrolysis offers a potential pathway for industrial xylooligosaccharide (XOS) production owing to efficiency and simplicity of the process. However, the cost of XOS production needs to be reduced as PA is expensive. This work proposed a strategy of mixed acids hydrolysis, replacing 20% of PA with formic acid (FA), and combined with xylanase hydrolysis to reduce production costs and increase the production of XOS from corncob. The hydrolysis of corncob using mixed FA and PA in a mass ratio of 2:8 produced 61.8% XOS. Xylanase hydrolysis of corncob residue improved XOS yield to 73.1%. Among them, the X2 + X3 yield was as high as 50.6%. Economic evaluation showed that the combined process reduced the XOS production cost by 10.8% compared to PA hydrolysis. The strategy of using FA instead of 20% PA for hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis, with high XOS and monosaccharide yields from corncob, has potential industrial promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Baojun Feng
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjun Ying
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Chen Y, Gao K, Quan X, Zhang J. Delignified wheat straw for production of xylo-oligosaccharides and monosaccharides using acetic acid/sodium acetate solution. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 379:129025. [PMID: 37028530 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) from lignocelluloses with conjugated acid-base system is highly efficient. However, XOS production from wheat straw with conjugated system of acetic acid/sodium acetate (HAc/NaAc) has not been reported. In addition, the impact of delignification of wheat straw for XOS production was not clear. In this study, the optimal conditions for HAc/NaAc hydrolysis were: 0.4 M, molar ratio 10:1, 170 °C, and 60 min. The yield of XOS could be rose to 50.2% after the HAc/NaAc hydrolysate was hydrolyzed using xylanase. After 70.3% of lignin in wheat straw was removed by hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid treatment, the XOS yield of delignified wheat straw using HAc/NaAc reached 54.7%. Finally, a glucose yield of 96.6% was gained by cellulase from wheat straw solid. This work suggested that HAc/NaAc hydrolysis could efficiently produce XOS from wheat straw and the delignification of wheat straw was conducive to XOS and monosaccharides production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaikai Gao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiyu Quan
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, No. 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Gao K, Wang H, Chen Y, Zhang J. Delignification of switchgrass for xylo-oligosaccharides production using sorbic acid hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129390. [PMID: 37364647 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic acid as a class of hydrolysis catalysts shows great potential in the production of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) from lignocelluloses. However, sorbic acid (SA) hydrolysis in XOS production from lignocellulose has not been reported and it was still unclear how lignin removal affected XOS production. Herein, two factors affecting the XOS production from switchgrass by SA hydrolysis were explored: hydrolysis severity factor (Log R0) and lignin removal. Benefiting from the lignin removal (58.4%) in switchgrass, a desired XOS yield of 50.8% with low by-products was obtained from delignified switchgrass by 3% SA hydrolysis at Log R0 = 3.84. Under these conditions, 92.1% of glucose was obtained by cellulase hydrolysis with Tween 80 addition. From a mass balance perspective, 10.3 g of XOS and 23.7 g of glucose could be produced from 100 g switchgrass. This work proposes a novel strategy for XOS and monosaccharides production from delignified switchgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Gao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Hanxing Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China.
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7
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Li C, Cao H, Wu W, Meng G, Zhao C, Cao Y, Yuan J. Expression and characterization of α-L-arabinofuranosidase derived from Aspergillus awamori and its enzymatic degradation of corn byproducts with xylanase. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129278. [PMID: 37290707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, α-L-arabinofuranosidase (AF) from Aspergillus awamori was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris X33, with a 1-fold increase in AF activity after codon and vector optimization. AF remained stable at 60-65 °C and displayed a broad pH stability range of 2.5-8.0. It also demonstrated considerable resistance to pepsin and trypsin. Furthermore, compared with xylanase alone, AF with xylanase exhibited a marked synergistic effect in the degradation of expanded corn bran, corn bran, and corn distillers' dried grains with solubles, reducing sugars by 3.6-fold, 1.4-fold, and 6.5-fold, respectively, with the degree of synergy increasing to 4.61, 2.44, and 5.4, respectively, while in vitro dry matter digestibility values were 17.6%, 5.2%, and 8.8%, respectively. After enzymatic saccharification, corn byproducts were converted to prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides and arabinoses, thereby demonstrating the favorable properties of AF in the degradation of corn biomass and its byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Heng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Meng
- Ningxia Eppen Biotech Co., Ltd., China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunguang Zhao
- Ningxia Eppen Biotech Co., Ltd., China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Zhang Z, Ai F, Li Y, Zhu S, Wu Q, Duan Z, Liu H, Qian L, Zhang Q, Zhang Y. Co-production process optimization and carbon footprint analysis of biohydrogen and biofertilizer from corncob by photo-fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 375:128814. [PMID: 36868428 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, corncob was taken as substrate, the co-production process of biohydrogen and biofertilizer by photo-fermentation was investigated and its carbon footprint analysis was conducted to evaluate the carbon transfer pathway. Biohydrogen was produced by photo-fermentation, and the hydrogen producing residues were immobilized by sodium alginate. Cumulative hydrogen yield (CHY) and nitrogen release ability (NRA) was taken as references, and the effect of substrate particle size on the co-production process was evaluated. Results showed that due to the porous adsorption properties, corncob size of 120 mesh was the optimal one. Under that condition, the highest CHY and NRA were 71.16 mL/g TS and 68.76%, respectively. The carbon footprint analysis indicted that 7.9% carbon element was released as carbon dioxide, 78.3% carbon element was immobilized in the biofertilizer, and 13.8% carbon element was lost. This work is significant of the biomass utilization and clean energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, MOA of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fuke Ai
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, MOA of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yameng Li
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, MOA of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shengnan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, MOA of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qiyou Wu
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, MOA of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhisai Duan
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, MOA of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hanchuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, MOA of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Liyang Qian
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, MOA of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Quanguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, MOA of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, MOA of China, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Zhang S, Duan Y, Teng C, Quan H, Yang X, Li H, Li X, Yan L. Fast and Selective Degradation of Biomass for Xylose, Glucose and Lignin under Mild Conditions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083306. [PMID: 37110540 PMCID: PMC10145030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of lignocellulose into valuable chemicals has been recognized as the key technology in green chemistry. However, selective degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose with the production of lignin is still a challenge. Therefore, a two-step process has been developed to degrade corncob into xylose and glucose under mild conditions. At first, the corncob was treated with the lower concentration of zinc chloride aqueous solution (30-55 w%) at 95 °C with a short reaction time (8-12 min) and 30.4 w% (selectivity = 89%) of xylose obtained with a solid residue of the composite of cellulose and lignin. Next, the solid residue was treated with a high concentration of zinc chloride aqueous solution (65-85 w%) at 95 °C for about 10 min, and 29.4 w% (selectivity = 92%) of glucose can be obtained. Combining the two steps, the total yield of xylose is 97%, while glucose is 95%. In addition, high pure lignin can be obtained simultaneously, which was confirmed using HSQC studies. Furthermore, for the solid residue of the first-step reaction, a ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) (choline chloride/oxalic acid/1,4-butanediol, ChCl/OA/BD) has been used to separate the cellulose and lignin efficiently, and high-quality cellulose (Re-C) and lignin (Re-L) were obtained. Furthermore, it provides a simple method to disassemble the lignocellulose for monosaccharides, lignin, and cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangzhong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi Duan
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Anhui for Tobacco Chemistry, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Changchang Teng
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hongdong Quan
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiuguo Yang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Polyol Chemical New Material Enterprise, Chifeng Ruiyang Chemical Co., Ltd., Pingzhuang, Chifeng 024076, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Polyol Chemical New Material Enterprise, Chifeng Ruiyang Chemical Co., Ltd., Pingzhuang, Chifeng 024076, China
| | - Xiaohe Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Polyol Chemical New Material Enterprise, Chifeng Ruiyang Chemical Co., Ltd., Pingzhuang, Chifeng 024076, China
| | - Lifeng Yan
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzai Road 96, Hefei 230026, China
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Liao H, Xu Y, Sun FF, Zhang J. Optimizing tri-acid mixture hydrolysis: An improved strategy for efficient xylooligosaccharides production from corncob. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128500. [PMID: 36535614 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Propionic acid (PA) hydrolysis of corncob for xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production has the advantages of simple operation, high XOS yield and less by-products, but the high price of PA limits its application. Therefore, partially replacing PA with less expensive organic acids, such as formic acid (FA) and acetic acid (AC), may lower the cost of hydrolysis in XOS production. This work investigated the feasibility of XOS production from corncob using a tri-acid mixture of FA, AC and PA. A high XOS yield of 69.1 % was achieved under the optimal FA:PA:AC volume ratio of 1:5:4 at 150 °C for 50 min. Overall, in the XOS production from corncob, it was able to replace 60 % of PA with FA and AC, and decreased the hydrolysis temperature from 170 °C to 150 °C, all of which were important to lower the cost of XOS production using organic acid hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fubao Fuelbiol Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Li Z, Niu S, Liu J, Wang Y. Solid fuel production from co-hydrothermal carbonization of polyvinyl chloride and corncob: Higher dechlorination efficiency and process water recycling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157082. [PMID: 35780902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and wet herbal agricultural wastes for solid fuel production remains bleak economics and sustainability because of high chloride residual, wastewater burden and low production capacity. In this study, the HTC dechlorination was investigated using the first-order reaction kinetic analysis. We found that the co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC) of PVC and the typical biomass (corncob) achieved a staggering drop of dechlorination activation energy from 189.95 kJ/mol to 110.04 kJ/mol. The co-HTC process achieved rapid dechlorination and carbonization due to synergistic effect, to suppress the chlorine content in bituminous-coal-like hydrochar less than 0.05 %. The process wastewater (process water) from co-HTC was recycled four times to evaluate the reusability and chemical evolution. The organics in co-HTC environment enhanced the carbonization which was confirmed by the improved heating value (30.06 to 32.42 MJ·kg-1), hydrochar yield (33.33 % to 36.47 %) and energy recovery efficiency (57.73 % to 68.13 %). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evidenced the process water recirculation maintained high chloride removal. Moreover, the possible formation pathways of two kinds of hydrochars were discussed through the chemical composition of the aqueous phase and the characteristic structures of hydrochar. The co-HTC and process water recycling strategies provide a more promising prospect to convert PVC and biomass wastes into solid fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Shengli Niu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China.
| | - Jiangwei Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Yongzheng Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, Shandong, China
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Kaushal J, Arya SK, Khatri M, Singh G, Izyan Wan Azelee N, Rajagopal R, Woong Chang S, Ravindran B, Kumar Awasthi M. Efficacious bioconversion of waste walnut shells to xylotetrose and xylopentose by free xylanase (Xy) and MOF immobilized xylanase (Xy-Cu-BTC). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 357:127374. [PMID: 35623605 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study uses a cost effective and efficient method for production of higher DP (degree of polymerization) Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from xylan extracted from the waste walnut shells. Copper based metal organic framework (Cu-BTC MOF) was prepared for immobilization of free xylanase (Xy) enzyme by green synthesis method. Both free and immobilized xylanase (Xy-Cu-BTC) were able to cause the bioconversion of xylan (87.4% yield) into XOS. Predominant production of xylotetrose (X4) and xylopentose (X5) was observed for both the methods. Percentage XOS conversion for free enzyme (Xy) was found to be 4.1% X4 and 60.57% X5 whereas these values increased in case of immobilized system where 11.8% X4 and 64.2% X5 were produced. Xylose production was minute in case of immobilized xylanase 0.88% which makes it a better method for XOS production free from xylose interference. Xy-Cu-BTC MOF can hence be used as an attractive alternative for pure XOS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar Arya
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhu Khatri
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gursharan Singh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Nur Izyan Wan Azelee
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Rajinikanth Rajagopal
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon 19, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University Youngtong-Gu, Suwon 19, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical an d Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Liao H, Ying W, Lian Z, Xu Y, Zhang J. One-step sodium bisulfate hydrolysis for efficient production of xylooligosaccharides from poplar. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 355:127269. [PMID: 35526713 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acid salts have been shown to catalyze xylan hydrolysis selectively and efficiently for xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production while using acid salts that are non-toxic and available as feed additives can avoid separation from resulting XOS-rich hydrolysates. There is no report on XOS production with sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4) hydrolysis, of significance is that NaHSO4 as feed additive does not need to be separated. In this work, NaHSO4 hydrolysis was firstly employed to produce XOS from poplar. XOS yield of 42.7% was reached under optimal conditions of 0.04 mol/L NaHSO4, 170 °C and 60 min. After hydrogen peroxide/acetic acid and sodium hydroxide treatments of NaHSO4-pretreated poplar, high yields of glucose (92.0%) and xylose (91.3%) were obtained at a low cellulase dose of 5 FPU/g dry mass. NaHSO4 hydrolysis was a novel strategy to prepare XOS efficiently with simple operation steps, and XOS-rich hydrolysates could be potentially used as feed additives without NaHSO4 separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjun Ying
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhina Lian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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14
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Lian Z, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Zhou X, Jiang K. Biorefinery Cascade Processing for Converting Corncob to Xylooligosaccharides and Glucose by Maleic Acid Pretreatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4946-4958. [PMID: 35674923 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03985-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Corncob as an abundant and low-cost waste resource has received increasing attention to produce value-added chemicals, it is rich in xylan and regarded as the most preferable feedstock for preparing high value added xylooligosaccharides. The use of xylooligosaccharides as core products can cut costs and improve the economic efficiency in biorefinery. In this study, maleic acid, as a non-toxic and edible acidic catalyst, was employed to pretreat corncob and produce xylooligosaccharides. Firstly, the response surface methodology experimental procedure was employed to maximize the yield of the xylooligosaccharides; a yield of 52.9% (w/v) was achieved with 0.5% maleic acid (w/v) at 155 °C for 26 min. In addition, maleic acid pretreatment was also beneficial to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency, resulting in an enzymatic glucose yield of 85.4% (w/v) with a total of 10% solids loading. Finally, a total of 160 g of xylooligosaccharides and 275 g glucose could be produced from 1000 g corncob starting from the maleic acid pretreatment. Overall, a cascade processing for converting corncob to xylooligosaccharides and glucose by sequential maleic acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis was successfully designed for the corncob wastes utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhina Lian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qibo Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 210037, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kankan Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, 310053, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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15
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Effect of pretreatments on production of xylooligosaccharides and monosaccharides from corncob by a two-step hydrolysis. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 285:119217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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16
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Ying W, Ouyang J, Lian Z, Xu Y, Zhang J. Lignin removal improves xylooligosaccharides production from poplar by acetic acid hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 354:127190. [PMID: 35452823 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic acid hydrolysis is a potential method for xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production from lignocelluloses. However, the effect of lignin content on XOS production using organic acid hydrolysis remains unclear. In this work, the effect of delignification on XOS production from poplar by acetic acid (AC) hydrolysis was investigated. Hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid (HPAC) pretreatment catalyzed by 0-200 mM H2SO4 (HPAC0-HPAC200) removed 21.6-86.5% of lignin in poplar. HPAC pretreatment increased the xylan accessibility to AC solution, thus increasing the xylan removal during AC hydrolysis. An appropriate delignification (61.7%) resulted in the highest XOS yield of 37.4% by AC hydrolysis, increased by 29.9% compared to the optimal XOS yield (28.8%) from raw poplar. After alkaline post-incubation, the glucose yield of poplar residue rose from 57.1% to 78.6%. This work developed a delignification process to efficiently improve XOS and monosaccharides production from poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ying
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jia Ouyang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhina Lian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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17
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Lei F, Jiang J, Ji L. Coproduction of xylo-oligosaccharides and glucose from sugarcane bagasse in subcritical CO 2-assisted seawater system. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:34. [PMID: 38647821 PMCID: PMC10991134 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant seawater resources can replace the shortage of freshwater resources. The co-production of xylo-oligosaccharides and glucose from sugarcane bagasse by subcritical CO2-assisted seawater pretreatment was studied in this paper. We investigated the effects of pretreatment conditions of temperature, CO2 pressure and reaction time on the yield of xylo-oligosaccharides in subcritical CO2-assisted seawater systems. The maximum xylo-oligosaccharide yield of 68.23% was obtained at 165 °C/2 MPa/5 min. After further enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid residue, the highest glucose yield of 94.45% was obtained. In this system, there is a synergistic effect of mixed ions in seawater and CO2 to depolymerize xylan into xylo-oligosaccharides with a lower degree of polymerization. At the same time, the addition of CO2 increased the pore size and porosity of sugarcane bagasse, improved the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis and increased the yield of glucose. Therefore, this study provides a more environmentally friendly and sustainable process for the co-production of xylo-oligosaccharides and glucose from sugarcane bagasse, and improves the utilization of seawater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiankun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fuhou Lei
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530006, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Li Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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18
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Liao H, Ying W, Li X, Zhu J, Xu Y, Zhang J. Optimized production of xylooligosaccharides from poplar: A biorefinery strategy with sequential acetic acid/sodium acetate hydrolysis followed by xylanase hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126683. [PMID: 34999193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from lignocelluloses by organic acid hydrolysis has the advantages of high efficiency and simplicity, but reducing the production of by-products, especially xylose, is a prerequisite for commercial preparation of XOS using organic acid. In this work, to reduce the production of by-products, the acetic acid/sodium acetate conjugate system (AC/SA) was used to prepare XOS from poplar. Under the optimal conditions (0.15 M AC/SA, molar ratio of 3.0, 175 °C, 60 min), the maximum XOS yield was 33.6% with a low xylose/XOS ratio of 0.19. Xylanase hydrolysis effectively converted XOS with DP above 6 in the AC/SA hydrolysate to X2-X6 with little xylose produced. The XOS yield increased to 42.1%, with a xylose/XOS ratio was only 0.17. This work shows that AC/SA in combination with xylanase hydrolysis of poplar successfully achieved high XOS yield with low by-products yields without the extraction of xylan from the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenjun Ying
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xin Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junjun Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology (Nanjing Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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