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Alnaser IA. Tailoring the mechanical strength and corrosion resistance of aluminum matrix composites through biochar reinforcement at varied weight percentages. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19875. [PMID: 39191848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study introduces an innovative approach to fabricate aluminum matrix composites strengthened with biochar, derived from renewable biomass sources. A systematic investigation of varying biochar weight percentages (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%) reveals substantial improvements in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Mechanical assessments, including compressive strength and hardness, demonstrate a significant enhancement in mechanical strength with biochar incorporation. In this study, it was discovered that the composite with 7.5 wt% biochar exhibits an optimal balance, displaying an 8.83% increase in compressive strength and a 15.15% rise in hardness compared to the base aluminum matrix. The study further evaluates corrosion behavior through electrochemical analyses and immersion tests in 3.5% NaCl corrosive environments, highlighting the superior corrosion resistance of biochar-reinforced composites. Corrosion rates decrease by 73% in the composite with 10 wt% biochar for the 24 h immersion time, affirming its protective barrier against corrosive agents. This research provides quantitative insights into tailoring mechanical and corrosion properties in aluminum matrix composites through biochar reinforcement, offering a promising avenue for sustainable material development. The resulting materials exhibit not only an 8.83% increase in mechanical strength but also a 73% reduction in corrosion rates, offering valuable uses in industries that need strong, eco-friendly solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Alnaser
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, 11421, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Singh R, Naik DV, Dutta RK, Kanaujia PK. High surface area biochar for the removal of naphthenic acids from environmental water and industrial wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34127-7. [PMID: 38963622 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
This study reports the production of biochar adsorbents from two major crop residues (i.e., rice and wheat straw) to remove naphthenic acids from water. The alkali treatment approach was used for biochar activation that resulted in a tremendous increase in their surface area, i.e., up to 2252 and 2314 m2/g, respectively, for rice and wheat straw biochars. Benzoic acid was used as a model compound to optimize critical adsorption parameters. Its maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 459.55 and 357.64 mg/g was achieved for activated rice and wheat straw biochars. The adsorption of benzoic acid was exothermic (∆H° = - 7.06 and - 3.89 kJ/mol) and identified possibly as physisorption (Gibbs free energy ranges 3.5-4.0 kJ/mol). The kinetic study suggested that adsorption follows pseudo-second-order kinetics with qe2 for rice straw and wheat straw-derived adsorbents at 200 and 194 mg/g, respectively. As adsorbent, the recyclability of activated biochars was noticed with no significant loss in their efficiency for up to ten successive regeneration cycles. The adsorption results were validated using a commercial naphthenic acid mixture-spiked river water and paper/pulp industrial effluent. The activated rice and wheat straw biochars exhibited excellent adsorption efficiency of 130.3 and 74.6 mg/g, respectively. The naphthenic acid adsorption on biochar surface was due to various interactions, i.e., weak van der Waal's, pore filling, π-π stacking, and ionic interactions. This study offers a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach to valorizing agricultural residues for pollutant removal from industrial wastewater, including petroleum refineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuvir Singh
- Analytical Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Haridwar Road, Dehradun, 248005, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Desavath V Naik
- Distillate and Heavy Oil Processing Division, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Haridwar Road, Dehradun, 248005, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Raj K Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pankaj K Kanaujia
- Analytical Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Haridwar Road, Dehradun, 248005, Uttarakhand, India.
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3
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Kumar V, Sharma N, Panneerselvam B, Dasarahally Huligowda LK, Umesh M, Gupta M, Muzammil K, Zahrani Y, Malmutheibi M. Lignocellulosic biomass for biochar production: A green initiative on biowaste conversion for pharmaceutical and other emerging pollutant removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142312. [PMID: 38761824 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic waste generation and their improper disposal has accelerated the problems associated with increased greenhouse gas emissions and associated environmental pollution. Constructive ways to manage and mitigate the pollution associated with lignocellulosic waste has propelled the research on biochar production using lignocellulose-based substrates. The sustainability of various biochar production technologies in employing lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock for biochar production not only aids in the lignocellulosic biomass valorization but also helps in carbon neutralization and carbon utilization. Functionalization of biochar through various physicochemical methods helps in improving their functional properties majorly by reducing the size of the biochar particles to nanoscale and modifying their surface properties. The usage of engineered biochar as nano adsorbents for environmental applications like dye absorption, removal of organic pollutants and endocrine disrupting compounds from wastewater has been the thrust areas of research in the past few decades. This review presents a comprehensive outlook on the up-to-date research findings related to the production and engineering of biochar from lignocellulosic biomass and their applications in environmental remediation especially with respect to wastewater treatment. Further a detailed discussion on various biochar activation methods and the future scope of biochar research is presented in this review work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Thandalam, 602105, India.
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Thandalam, 602105, India
| | - Balamurugan Panneerselvam
- Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
| | | | - Mridul Umesh
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Manish Gupta
- Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Zahrani
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musa Malmutheibi
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha, 62561, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Alam SN, Singh B, Guldhe A, Raghuvanshi S, Sangwan KS. Sustainable valorization of macroalgae residual biomass, optimization of pyrolysis parameters and life cycle assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170797. [PMID: 38342457 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The major challenges for the current climate change issue are an increase in global energy demand, a limited supply of fossil fuels, and increasing carbon footprints from fossil fuels, which have necessitated the exploration of sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. Biorefineries offer a promising path to sustainable fuel production, converting biomass into biofuels using diverse technologies. Aquatic biomass, such as macroalgae in this context, represents an abundant and renewable biomass resource that can be cultivated from water bodies without competing with traditional agricultural land. Despite this, the potential of macroalgae for biofuel production remains largely untapped, with very limited studies addressing their viability and efficiency. This study investigates the efficient conversion of unexplored macroalgae biomass through a biorefinery process that involves lipid extraction to produce biodiesel, along with the production of biochar and bio-oil from the pyrolysis of residual biomass. To improve the effectiveness and overall performance of the pyrolysis system, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized through a Box-Behnken design to systematically investigate how alterations in temperature, reaction time, and catalyst concentration influence the production of bio-oil and biochar to maximize their yields. The results showed the highest bio-oil yield achieved to be 36 %, while the highest biochar yield reached 45 %. The integration of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the study helps to assess carbon emission and environmental burdens and identify potential areas for optimization, such as resource efficiency, waste management, and energy utilization. The LCA results contribute to the identification of potential environmental hotspots and guide the development of strategies to optimize the overall sustainability of the biofuel production process. The LCA results indicate that the solvent (chloroform) used in transesterification contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change impacts. Therefore, it is crucial to explore alternative, safe solvents that can mitigate the environmental impacts of transesterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrukh Nawaj Alam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Ranchi 835 222, India
| | - Bhaskar Singh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu, Ranchi 835 222, India.
| | - Abhishek Guldhe
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Maharashtra, Mumbai 410206, India.
| | - Smita Raghuvanshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kuldip Singh Sangwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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Chen X, Beatty DN, Matar MG, Cai H, Srubar WV. Algal Biochar-Metal Nanocomposite Particles Tailor the Hydration Kinetics and Compressive Strength of Portland Cement Paste. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:3585-3594. [PMID: 38456189 PMCID: PMC10916760 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Biochar can improve the mechanical properties of portland cement paste and concrete. In this work, we produced algal biochar-zinc (biochar-Zn) and algal biochar-calcium (biochar-Ca) nanocomposite particles and studied their effect on the hydration kinetics and compressive strength of cement paste. Results show that 3 wt % biochar-Zn delayed peak heat evolution during cement hydration from 8.3 to 10.0 h, while 3 wt % addition of biochar-Ca induced a minor acceleration of peak heat from 8.3 to 8.2 h. Both biochar-Zn and biochar-Ca nanocomposite particles increased the compressive strength of cement paste at 28 days by 22.6 and 17.0%, respectively. Data substantiate that retardation or minor acceleration of the reaction kinetics was due exclusively to the presence of Zn and Ca phases, respectively, while the enhanced strength was attributed to a nucleation effect induced by such phases and the internal curing effect of biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive ECOT 441
UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- School
of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Danielle N. Beatty
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, UCB 027, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mohammad G. Matar
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive ECOT 441
UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Huanchun Cai
- School
of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Wil V. Srubar
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive ECOT 441
UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, UCB 027, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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Cervantes-Díaz A, Alonso-Prados E, Alonso-Prados JL, Sandín-España P. Assessing the effect of organic amendments on the degradation of profoxydim in paddy soils: Kinetic modeling and identification of degradation products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169072. [PMID: 38048997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The fate and behavior of herbicides can be altered in an unpredictable way when organic amendments are added to soil as a beneficial management tool. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect exerted by the addition of two different organic amendments (alperujo compost and biochar) to soil in the degradation of one of the most relevant new generation rice herbicides, profoxydim. In unamended soils, the degradation of profoxydim was quite fast and was governed by both chemical (DT50steril soil = from 1.52 to 9.21 days) and microbial (DT50nonsterile soil = from 0.47 to 0.53 days) processes. Alperujo- and biochar-amended soils significantly increased the persistence of the herbicide in both soils, especially in the presence of biochar, due to the high capacity absorption of this amendment, increasing DT90 from 1.92 to 3.54 days for DT90unamended to 41.02-48.41 days for DT90biochar amended. Different kinetics models applied to fit the observed dissipation datasets showed that a HS biphasic model fits well with the dissipation of profoxydim in amended and unamended soils. For the first time, five degradation products (DPs) were identified by HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS in soil and a degradation pathway was described. Main DP was generated via oxidation of the sulfur atom to give rise to the corresponding sulfoxide derivative, with this DP being more persistent than the active substance. These outcomes can be very useful for the assessment of the environmental risk associated with the use of profoxydim in rice crops and the application of organic amendments as potential measures for minimizing the risk of contamination of natural water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cervantes-Díaz
- Plant Protection Products Unit / Plant Protection Department, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Alonso-Prados
- Plant Protection Products Unit / Plant Protection Department, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Alonso-Prados
- Plant Protection Products Unit / Plant Protection Department, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Sandín-España
- Plant Protection Products Unit / Plant Protection Department, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña, Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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7
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You X, Wang S, Chen J. Magnetic biochar accelerates microbial succession and enhances assimilatory nitrate reduction during pig manure composting. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 184:108469. [PMID: 38324928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Biochar promotes microbial metabolic activities and reduces N2O on aerobic composting. However, the effects of magnetic biochar (MBC) on the microbial succession and N2O emissions during pig manure composting remain unclear. Herein, a 42-day composting experiment was conducted with five treatment regimes: pig manure without biochar (CK), 5 % pig manure-based biochar (5 % PBC), 2 % MBC (2 % MBC), 5 % MBC (5 % MBC) and 7.5 % MBC (7.5 % MBC)), to clarify the variation in functional microorganisms and genes associated with nitrogen and direct interspecies electron transfer via metagenomics. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed that MBC possessed more stable aromatic structures than pig manure-based biochar (PBC), indicating its greater potential for nitrous oxide reduction. MBC treatments were more effective in composting organic matter and improving the carbon/nitrogen ratio than PBC. The microbial composition during composting varied significantly, with the dominant phyla shifting from Firmicutes to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota. Network and hierarchical clustering analyses showed that the MBC treatment enhanced the interactions of dominant microbes (Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota) and accelerated the composting process. The biochar addition accelerated assimilatory nitrate reduction and slowed dissimilatory nitrate reduction and denitrification. The Mantel test demonstrated that magnetic biochar potentially helped regulate composting nutrients and affected functional nitrogen genes. These findings shed light on the role of MBC in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions during aerobic composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin You
- Institute of Eco-environmental Sciences, Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325006, PR China; Southern Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding, Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325006, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China.
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute of Eco-environmental Sciences, Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325006, PR China
| | - Junhui Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
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Sun L, Li M, Liu B, Li R, Deng H, Zhu X, Zhu X, Tsang DCW. Machine learning for municipal sludge recycling by thermochemical conversion towards sustainability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130254. [PMID: 38151207 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable disposal of high-moisture municipal sludge (MS) has received increasing attention. Thermochemical conversion technologies can be used to recycle MS into liquid/gas bio-fuel and value-added solid products. In this review, we compared energy recovery potential of common thermochemical technologies (i.e., incineration, pyrolysis, hydrothermal conversion) for MS disposal via statistical methods, which indicated that hydrothermal conversion had a great potential in achieving energy recovery from MS. The application of machine learning (ML) in MS recycling was discussed to decipher complex relationships among MS components, process parameters and physicochemical reactions. Comprehensive ML models should be developed considering successive reaction processes of thermochemical conversion in future studies. Furthermore, challenges and prospects were proposed to improve effectiveness of ML for energizing thermochemical conversion of MS regarding data collection and preprocessing, model optimization and interpretability. This review sheds light on mechanism exploration of MS thermochemical recycling by ML, and provide practical guidance for MS recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianpeng Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mingxuan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bingyou Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ruohong Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huanzhong Deng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiefei Zhu
- School of Advanced Energy, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xinzhe Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Liu H. Removal of typical pollutant ciprofloxacin using iron-nitrogen co-doped modified corncob in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34335-34347. [PMID: 38024979 PMCID: PMC10664827 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron-nitrogen co-doped modified corncob (Fe-N-BC) was synthesized using a hydrothermal and calcination method. The material shows excellent oxidation performance and environmental friendliness. When the dosage of Fe-N-BC was 0.6 g L-1, the concentration of H2O2 was 12 mM and pH was 4, ciprofloxacin (CIP) was virtually totally eliminated in 240 min under Fe-N-BC/H2O2 conditions. The TOC removal efficiency was 54.6%, and the effects of various reaction parameters on the catalytic activity of Fe-N-BC were thoroughly assessed. Through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyses and free radical quenching experiments, it was established that the reactive oxygen species (˙OH, ˙O2-, 1O2) were crucial in the elimination of CIP. Furthermore, the degradation of CIP was accelerated by the synergistic interaction between the transition metal and PFRs. A thorough evaluation was conducted to assess the respective contributions of adsorption and catalytic oxidation in the system. The degradation mechanism of CIP was proposed under Fe-N-BC/H2O2 conditions. Meanwhile, the possible degradation intermediates and pathways were proposed, and the toxicity of the degradation products of CIP was also meticulously investigated in the study. These findings offered the elimination of CIP in water a theoretical foundation and technical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuankun Liu
- Municipal Engineering Department, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China +86-10-6739-1726 +86-10-6739-1726
| | - Xinxia Zhang
- Municipal Engineering Department, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China +86-10-6739-1726 +86-10-6739-1726
| | - Hongrun Liu
- Municipal Engineering Department, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 P. R. China +86-10-6739-1726 +86-10-6739-1726
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