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Chen X, Beatty DN, Matar MG, Cai H, Srubar WV. Algal Biochar-Metal Nanocomposite Particles Tailor the Hydration Kinetics and Compressive Strength of Portland Cement Paste. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2024; 12:3585-3594. [PMID: 38456189 PMCID: PMC10916760 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Biochar can improve the mechanical properties of portland cement paste and concrete. In this work, we produced algal biochar-zinc (biochar-Zn) and algal biochar-calcium (biochar-Ca) nanocomposite particles and studied their effect on the hydration kinetics and compressive strength of cement paste. Results show that 3 wt % biochar-Zn delayed peak heat evolution during cement hydration from 8.3 to 10.0 h, while 3 wt % addition of biochar-Ca induced a minor acceleration of peak heat from 8.3 to 8.2 h. Both biochar-Zn and biochar-Ca nanocomposite particles increased the compressive strength of cement paste at 28 days by 22.6 and 17.0%, respectively. Data substantiate that retardation or minor acceleration of the reaction kinetics was due exclusively to the presence of Zn and Ca phases, respectively, while the enhanced strength was attributed to a nucleation effect induced by such phases and the internal curing effect of biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive ECOT 441
UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- School
of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Danielle N. Beatty
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, UCB 027, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mohammad G. Matar
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive ECOT 441
UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Huanchun Cai
- School
of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Wil V. Srubar
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive ECOT 441
UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, UCB 027, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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2
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Delesky EA, Lobo AJ, Srubar WV. Measurement of Ice-Binding Protein Activity in Highly Alkaline Environments. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2730:135-154. [PMID: 37943456 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3503-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Ice-binding proteins (IBPs) exhibit a disruptive potential to prevent ice growth in highly alkaline solutions and related applications. IBPs, like most proteins, are sensitive to changes in their physical environment, which can alter their physical and chemical properties and ice-binding activities. Here we describe how to investigate IBP integrity for applications in alkaline environments and discuss incorporating IBPs into portland cement paste, an alkaline ceramic, to assess the reduction of ice content and mitigation of freeze-thaw damage to the brittle cementitious matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Delesky
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aparna J Lobo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Wil V Srubar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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3
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Delesky EA, Garcia LF, Lobo AJ, Mikofsky RA, Dowdy ND, Wallat JD, Miyake GM, Srubar WV. Bioinspired Threonine-Based Polymers with Potent Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Activity. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2022; 4:7934-7942. [PMID: 36714526 PMCID: PMC9881732 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ice growth mitigation is a pervasive challenge for multiple industries. In nature, ice-binding proteins (IBPs) demonstrate potent ice growth prevention through ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI). However, IBPs are expensive, difficult to produce in large quantities, and exhibit minimal resilience to nonphysiological environmental stressors, such as pH. For these reasons, researchers have turned to bioinspired polymeric materials that mimic IBP behavior. To date, however, no synthetic polymer has rivaled the ability of native IBPs to display IRI activity at ultralow nanomolar concentrations. In this work, we study the IRI activity of peptides and polypeptides inspired by common ice-binding residues of IBPs to inform the synthesis and characterization of a potent bioinspired polymer that mimics IBP behavior. We show first that the threonine polypeptide (pThr) displays the best IRI activity in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Second, we use pThr as a molecular model to synthesize and test a bioinspired polymer, poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (pHPMA). We show that pHPMA exhibits potent IRI activity in neutral PBS at ultralow concentrations (0.01 mg/mL). pHPMA demonstrates potent IRI activity at low molecular weights (2.3 kDa), with improved activity at higher molecular weights (32.8 kDa). These results substantiate that pHPMA is a robust molecule that mitigates ice crystal growth at concentrations similar to native IBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Delesky
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Luis F Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Aparna J Lobo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Rebecca A Mikofsky
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Nicolas D Dowdy
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Jaqueline D Wallat
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wil V Srubar
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
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4
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Delesky EA, Srubar WV. Ice-binding proteins and bioinspired synthetic mimics in non-physiological environments. iScience 2022; 25:104286. [PMID: 35573196 PMCID: PMC9097698 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Delesky
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Wil V. Srubar
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, ECOT 441 UCB 428, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Corresponding author
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5
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Mensch TE, Delesky EA, Learsch RW, Foster KEO, Yeturu SK, Srubar WV, Miyake G. Mechanical evaluation of 3D printed biomimetic non-Euclidean saddle geometries mimicking the mantis shrimp. Bioinspir Biomim 2021; 16:10.1088/1748-3190/ac0a33. [PMID: 34111856 PMCID: PMC8300870 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac0a33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engineering design has drawn inspiration from naturally occurring structures to advance manufacturing processes and products, termed biomimetics. For example, the mantis shrimp, orderStomatopoda, is capable of producing one of the fastest appendage strikes in the world with marginal musculoskeletal displacement. The extreme speed of the mantis shrimp's raptorial appendage is due to the non-Euclidean hyperbolic paraboloid (i.e. saddle) shape within the dorsal region of the merus, which allows substantial energy storage through compression in the sagittal plane. Here, investigation of 3D printed synthetic geometries inspired by the mantis shrimp saddle geometry has revealed insights for elastic energy storage (i.e. spring-like) applications. Saddles composed of either astiffor aflexibleresin were investigated for spring response to explore the geometric effects. By modulating the saddle geometry and testing the spring response, it was found that, for thestiffresin, the spring constant was improved as the curvature of the contact and orthogonal faces were maximized and minimized, respectively. For theflexibleresin, it was found that the spring constant increased by less than 250 N mm-1as the saddle geometry changed, substantiating that the flexible component of mantis saddles does not contribute to energy storage capabilities. The geometries of two saddles from the mantis shrimp speciesO. scyllaruswere estimated and exhibited similar trends to manufactured saddles, suggesting that modulating saddle geometry can be used for tailored energy storage moduli in spatially constrained engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E. Mensch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Delesky
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, ECOT 441 UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428 USA
| | - Robert W. Learsch
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, ECOT 441 UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428 USA
| | - Kyle E. O. Foster
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, ECOT 441 UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428 USA
| | - Sai Kaushik Yeturu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, ECOT 441 UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428 USA
| | - Wil V. Srubar
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, ECOT 441 UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428 USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering University of Colorado Boulder, ECOT 441 UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428 USA
| | - Garret Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Abstract
Floor space is a key variable used to understand the energy and material demands of buildings. Using recent data sets of building footprints, we employ a random forest regression model to estimate the total floor space (conditioned and unconditioned) of the North American building stock. Our estimate for total floor space in 2016 is 88033 (+15907/-21861) million m2, which is 2.9 times higher than current estimates from national statistics offices. We also show how floor space per capita (m2 cap-1) is not constant across the North American region, highlighting the heterogeneous nature of building stocks. As a critical variable in integrated assessment models to project energy and material demands, this result suggests that there is much more unconditioned floor space than previously realized. Furthermore, when estimating material stocks, flows, and associated embodied carbon emissions, total floor space per-capita estimates, such as those presented in this study, offer a more comprehensive approach in comparison to national statistics that do not capture unconditioned floor space. This result also calls for an investigation as to why there is such a vast difference between estimates of conditioned and total floor space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Arehart
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, ECOT 441 UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
- Resource Efficient Built Environment Lab (REBEL), Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, U.K
| | - Francesco Pomponi
- Resource Efficient Built Environment Lab (REBEL), Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, U.K
| | - Bernardino D'Amico
- Resource Efficient Built Environment Lab (REBEL), Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, U.K
| | - Wil V Srubar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, ECOT 441 UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0428, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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7
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Qiu J, Cook S, Srubar WV, Hubler MH, Artier J, Cameron JC. Engineering living building materials for enhanced bacterial viability and mechanical properties. iScience 2021; 24:102083. [PMID: 33598643 PMCID: PMC7868992 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Living building materials (LBMs) utilize microorganisms to produce construction materials that exhibit mechanical and biological properties. A hydrogel-based LBM containing bacteria capable of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) was recently developed. Here, LBM design factors, i.e., gel/sand ratio, inclusion of trehalose, and MICP pathways, are evaluated. The results show that non-saturated LBM (gel/sand = 0.13) and gel-saturated LBM (gel/sand = 0.30) underwent distinct failure modes. The inclusion of trehalose maintains bacterial viability under ambient conditions with low relative humidity, without affecting mechanical properties of the LBM. Comparison of biotic and abiotic LBM shows that MICP efficiency in this material is subject to the pathway selected: the LBM with heterotrophic ureolytic Escherichia coli demonstrated the most mechanical enhancement from the abiotic controls, compared with either ureolytic or CO2-concentrating mechanisms from Synechococcus. The study shows that tailoring of LBM properties can be accomplished in a manner that considers both LBM microstructure and MICP pathways. Tailoring LBM mechanical properties via gel/sand ratio and MICP pathway is feasible LBM failure mode varies with the honeycombed gel structure and its biomineralization Exogenous addition of desiccation protectant trehalose in LBM increases cell viability
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishen Qiu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sherri Cook
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Wil V Srubar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Mija H Hubler
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Dr, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Juliana Artier
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Dr, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Cameron
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Dr, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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Abstract
At the intersection of synthetic biology and materials science, the field of engineered living materials (ELMs) has evolved into a new, standalone discipline. The fusion of bioengineering's design-build-test-learn approaches with classical materials science has yielded breakthrough innovations in the synthesis of complex, biologically active materials for functional applications in therapeutics, electronics, construction, and beyond. However, the transdisciplinary nature of the ELM field - and its rapid growth - has made holistic comprehension of achievements related to the tools, techniques, and applications of ELMs difficult across disciplines. To this end, this review proposes an emergent taxonomy of ELM research and uses the categorization to discuss current trends and state-of-the-art advancements, significant opportunities, and imminent challenges for scientists and engineers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wil V Srubar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Delesky EA, Frazier SD, Wallat JD, Bannister KL, Heveran CM, Srubar WV. Ice-Binding Protein from Shewanella frigidimarinas Inhibits Ice Crystal Growth in Highly Alkaline Solutions. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E299. [PMID: 30960283 PMCID: PMC6419212 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of a natural ice-binding protein from Shewanella frigidimarina (SfIBP) to inhibit ice crystal growth in highly alkaline solutions with increasing pH and ionic strength was investigated in this work. The purity of isolated SfIBP was first confirmed via sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and size-exclusion chromatography with an ultraviolet detector (SEC-UV). Protein stability was evaluated in the alkaline solutions using circular dichroism spectroscopy, SEC-UV, and SDS-PAGE. SfIBP ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity, a measure of ice crystal growth inhibition, was assessed using a modified splat assay. Statistical analysis of results substantiated that, despite partial denaturation and misfolding, SfIBP limited ice crystal growth in alkaline solutions (pH ≤ 12.7) with ionic strength I ≤ 0.05 mol/L, but did not exhibit IRI activity in alkaline solutions where pH ≥ 13.2 and I ≥ 0.16 mol/L. IRI activity of SfIBP in solutions with pH ≤ 12.7 and I ≤ 0.05 mol/L demonstrated up to ≈ 66% reduction in ice crystal size compared to neat solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Delesky
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Shane D Frazier
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Jaqueline D Wallat
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Kendra L Bannister
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Chelsea M Heveran
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Wil V Srubar
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Liang L, Heveran C, Liu R, Gill RT, Nagarajan A, Cameron J, Hubler M, Srubar WV, Cook SM. Rational Control of Calcium Carbonate Precipitation by Engineered Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2497-2506. [PMID: 30384588 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ureolytic bacteria ( e.g., Sporosarcina pasteurii) can produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Tailoring the size and shape of biogenic CaCO3 may increase the range of useful applications for these crystals. However, wild type Sporosarcina pasteurii is difficult to genetically engineer, limiting control of the organism and its crystal precipitates. Therefore, we designed, constructed, and compared different urease operons and expression levels for CaCO3 production in engineered Escherichia coli strains. We quantified urease expression and calcium uptake and characterized CaCO3 crystal phase and morphology for 13 engineered strains. There was a weak relationship between urease expression and crystal size, suggesting that genes surrounding the urease gene cluster affect crystal size. However, when evaluating strains with a wider range of urease expression levels, there was a negative relationship between urease activity and polycrystal size (e.g., larger crystals with lower activity). The resulting range of crystal morphologies created by the rationally designed strains demonstrates the potential for controlling biogenic CaCO3 precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Cameron
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Frazier SD, Aday AN, Srubar WV. On-Demand Microwave-Assisted Fabrication of Gelatin Foams. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051121. [PMID: 29747398 PMCID: PMC6100080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraporous gelatin foams (porosity >94%, ρ ≈ 0.039–0.056 g/cm3) have been fabricated via microwave radiation. The resulting foam structures are unique with regard to pore morphology (i.e., closed-cell) and exhibit 100% macroporosity (pore size 332 to 1700 μm), presence of an external skin, and densities similar to aerogels. Results indicate that the primary foaming mechanism is governed by the vaporization of water that is tightly bound in secondary structures (i.e., helices, β-turns, β-sheets) that are present in dehydrated gelatin films but not present in the foams after microwave radiation (700 Watts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Frazier
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Anastasia N Aday
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Wil V Srubar
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Frazier SD, Srubar WV. Evaporation-based method for preparing gelatin foams with aligned tubular pore structures. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2016; 62:467-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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