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Chen X, Beatty DN, Matar MG, Cai H, Srubar WV. Algal Biochar-Metal Nanocomposite Particles Tailor the Hydration Kinetics and Compressive Strength of Portland Cement Paste. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2024; 12:3585-3594. [PMID: 38456189 PMCID: PMC10916760 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Biochar can improve the mechanical properties of portland cement paste and concrete. In this work, we produced algal biochar-zinc (biochar-Zn) and algal biochar-calcium (biochar-Ca) nanocomposite particles and studied their effect on the hydration kinetics and compressive strength of cement paste. Results show that 3 wt % biochar-Zn delayed peak heat evolution during cement hydration from 8.3 to 10.0 h, while 3 wt % addition of biochar-Ca induced a minor acceleration of peak heat from 8.3 to 8.2 h. Both biochar-Zn and biochar-Ca nanocomposite particles increased the compressive strength of cement paste at 28 days by 22.6 and 17.0%, respectively. Data substantiate that retardation or minor acceleration of the reaction kinetics was due exclusively to the presence of Zn and Ca phases, respectively, while the enhanced strength was attributed to a nucleation effect induced by such phases and the internal curing effect of biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive ECOT 441
UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- School
of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Danielle N. Beatty
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, UCB 027, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mohammad G. Matar
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive ECOT 441
UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Huanchun Cai
- School
of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Wil V. Srubar
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive ECOT 441
UCB 428, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Drive, UCB 027, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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Fu X, Beatty DN, Gaustad GG, Ceder G, Roth R, Kirchain RE, Bustamante M, Babbitt C, Olivetti EA. Perspectives on Cobalt Supply through 2030 in the Face of Changing Demand. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:2985-2993. [PMID: 32072813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion battery demand, particularly for electric vehicles, is projected to increase by over 300% throughout the next decade. With these expected increases in demand, cobalt (Co)-dependent technologies face the risk of significant impact from supply concentration and mining limitations in the short term. Increased extraction and secondary recovery form the basis of modeling scenarios that examine implications on Co supply to 2030. Demand for Co is estimated to range from 235 to 430 ktonnes in 2030. This upper bound on Co demand in 2030 corresponds to 280% of world refinery capacity in 2016. Supply from scheduled and unscheduled production as well as secondary production is estimated to range from 320 to 460 ktonnes. Our analysis suggests the following: (1) Co price will remain relatively stable in the short term, given that this range suggests even a supply surplus, (2) future Co supply will become more diversified geographically and mined more as a byproduct of nickel (Ni) over this period, and (3) for this demand to be met, attention should be paid to sustained investments in refined supply of Co and secondary recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Fu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Danielle N Beatty
- Materials Research Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Gerbrand Ceder
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard Roth
- Materials Research Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Randolph E Kirchain
- Materials Research Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michele Bustamante
- Materials Research Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Callie Babbitt
- Golisano Institute for Sustainability, RIT, Rochester, New York 14623, United States
| | - Elsa A Olivetti
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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