1
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Conrado JAM, Araújo DAG, Petruci JFDS. Combination of headspace single-drop microextraction (HS-SDME) with a nickel-embedded paper-based analytical device for cyanide quantification. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1281:341882. [PMID: 38783736 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanide anion can be found in foodstuffs, tobacco smoke and a variety of types of waters, mainly originating from anthropogenic activities. Due to its highly toxic nature, several agencies have established limits for cyanide levels in water. Additionally, monitoring cyanide levels in biological samples, such as blood and urine, is crucial for obtaining clinical information about the health condition of patients. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the development of simple, cost-effective, and reliable analytical methods capable of quantifying cyanide at low concentrations. RESULTS This study presents a novel analytical method for the selective and sensitive determination of cyanide based on analyte volatilization, pre-concentration via single-drop microextraction (SDME) using a selective reagent, and colorimetric quantification using a paper-based analytical device. For this, 10 mL of a liquid sample was acidified with phosphoric acid and the generated HCN was collected using a single drop of 3 μL of a palladium dimethylglyoximate solution (Pd (DMG)22-) positioned in the flask headspace using a syringe. The reaction of Pd (DMG)22- leads to the formation of Pd(CN)42- and the demasking of the organic ligand. After 15 min of extraction time, the reagent drop was added to a paper-based analytical device that has been previously impregnated with 3 μL of nickel chloride, resulting in the formation of a red precipitate of nickel (II) dimethylglyoximate. Digital images of the paper-based device were captured and the red channel (R) was used for quantification purposes. Under optimized conditions, the method demonstrates a suitable linear relation (r2 > 0.99) ranging from 26 to 286 μg L-1 and a limit of detection of 5 μg L-1. SIGNIFICANCE As a proof of concept, cyanide levels were quantified in water and urine samples using this method. The proposed approach offers high sensitivity and selectivity while requiring only a small volume of reagents. Furthermore, it exhibits a high degree of portability for in-situ applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiele A M Conrado
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38408-902, Brazil
| | - Diele A G Araújo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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2
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Tez S, Oral R, Koçbaş F, Koru E, Türkçü N, Pagano G, Trifuoggi M. Comparative multi-species analysis of potassium cyanide toxicity. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:113965. [PMID: 35872477 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Tez
- Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University, TR-35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Rahime Oral
- Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University, TR-35100 İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Koçbaş
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, TR-45140 Manisa, Turkey
| | - Edis Koru
- Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University, TR-35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Türkçü
- Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University, TR-35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Giovanni Pagano
- Federico II Naples University, Department of Chemical Sciences, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Federico II Naples University, Department of Chemical Sciences, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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3
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Buonvino S, Arciero I, Melino S. Thiosulfate-Cyanide Sulfurtransferase a Mitochondrial Essential Enzyme: From Cell Metabolism to the Biotechnological Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158452. [PMID: 35955583 PMCID: PMC9369223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferase (TST), also named rhodanese, is an enzyme widely distributed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, where it plays a relevant role in mitochondrial function. TST enzyme is involved in several biochemical processes such as: cyanide detoxification, the transport of sulfur and selenium in biologically available forms, the restoration of iron–sulfur clusters, redox system maintenance and the mitochondrial import of 5S rRNA. Recently, the relevance of TST in metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, has been highlighted, opening the way for research on important aspects of sulfur metabolism in diabetes. This review underlines the structural and functional characteristics of TST, describing the physiological role and biomedical and biotechnological applications of this essential enzyme.
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4
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Bonanno JA, Breen NE, Tlusty MF, Andrade L, Rhyne AL. The determination of thiocyanate in the blood plasma and holding water of Amphiprion clarkii after exposure to cyanide. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12409. [PMID: 34963821 PMCID: PMC8663612 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The illegal practice of cyanide fishing continues throughout the Indo-Pacific. To combat this destructive fishing method, a reliable test to detect whether a fish has been captured using cyanide (CN) is needed. We report on the toxicokinetics of acute, pulsed CN exposure and chronic thiocyanate (SCN) exposure, the major metabolite of CN, in the clownfish species, Amphiprion clarkii. Fish were pulse exposed to 50 ppm CN for 20 or 45 s or chronically exposed to 100 ppm SCN for 12 days and blood plasma levels of SCN were measured. SCN blood plasma levels reached a maximum concentration (301–468 ppb) 0.13–0.17 days after exposure to CN and had a 0.1 to 1.2 day half-life. The half-life of blood plasma SCN after chronic exposure to SCN was found to be 0.13 days. Interestingly, we observed that when a fish, with no previous CN or SCN exposure, was placed in holding water spiked to 20 ppb SCN, there was a steady decrease in the SCN concentration in the holding water until it could no longer be detected at 24 hrs. Under chronic exposure conditions (100 ppm, 12 days), trace levels of SCN (∼40 ppb) were detected in the holding water during depuration but decreased to below detection within the first 24 hrs. Our holding water experiments demonstrate that low levels of SCN in the holding water of A. clarkii will not persist, but rather will quickly and steadily decrease to below detection limits refuting several publications. After CN exposure, A. clarkii exhibits a classic two compartment model where SCN is eliminated from the blood plasma and is likely distributed throughout the body. Similar studies of other species must be examined to continue to develop our understanding of CN metabolism in marine fish before a reliable cyanide detection test can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alexander Bonanno
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America.,Current affiliation: Takara Bio USA, Inc., San Jose, CA, United States of America
| | - Nancy E Breen
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
| | - Michael F Tlusty
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Andrade
- Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingstown, RI, United States of America
| | - Andrew L Rhyne
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
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5
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Goud DR, Sinha Roy K, Pardasani D, Purohit AK, Tak VK, Dubey DK. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric identification of cyanide using a nucleophilic substitution based derivatization with S-phenyl benzenethiosulfonate. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5839-5845. [PMID: 33227115 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01643h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel, simple and efficient analytical method for GC-MS based identification of cyanide has been developed using a single step nucleophilic substitution based derivatization of cyanide in aqueous medium. The nucleophilic substitution reaction of cyanide with S-phenyl benzenethiosulfonate results in the formation of phenyl thiocyanate as a cyanide derivative and it was found that the relative response of the resultant cyanide derivative was much higher than that of the cyanide derivatives resulting from disulfide based derivatizing agents. The sample preparation protocol for the identification of cyanide in aqueous samples was also optimized with the new derivatizing agent. Derivatization followed by liquid-liquid extraction was employed for the preparation of aqueous samples containing cyanide salts. The resultant samples were subjected to GC-MS analysis for the identification of the cyanide derivative. Under optimized conditions, the detection and quantification limits for cyanide aqueous samples were found to be 0.075 μg mL-1 and 0.25 μg mL-1 respectively. The calibration curve had a linear relationship with y = 0.086x - 0.076 and r2 = 0.997 for the working range of 0.25 μg mL-1 to 50 μg mL-1. The intraday RSDs were between 2.24 and 8.17%, and the interday RSDs were between 2.22 and 12.85%. The method can also be successfully employed for the identification of hydrogen cyanide in aqueous medium. The applicability of the present method was demonstrated by analysing a real sample from apple seed extraction.
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6
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A Return to the Ghanaian Cultural Values of Closed Fishing Season in Ghana’s Artisanal Marine Fishing: An Essential Means of Restoring Small Pelagic Fish Stocks. TRANSYLVANIAN REVIEW OF SYSTEMATICAL AND ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/trser-2019-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Closed fishing season for artisanal and inshore fishing is an effective management measure for restoring the fish stock. The study aimed at assessing the impacts of the closed fishing season observed in the Sekondi harbour in Ghana. The findings revealed that the one month closure period was too short and/or lack of strict supervision to realize any significant change in fish population and sizes. A more transparent discussion on the period for the closure, longer closure period up to three months as well as provision of alternative sources of livelihood were suggested to ensure more cooperation from the fisher folks.
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7
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Murray JM, Bersuder P, Davis S, Losada S. Detecting illegal cyanide fishing: Establishing the evidence base for a reliable, post-collection test. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110770. [PMID: 31910523 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ornamental fish have been legally harvested since the 1930's but in the 60's, cyanide fishing was first documented. Target fish exposed to the chemical are temporarily paralysed making them easier to catch, but with high post-capture mortality and significant ecological impacts, its use is banned in most exporting countries. To differentiate illegally caught fish from those sustainably collected, efforts to develop a post-collection detection test began nearly 30 years ago. However, even the most promising approach has been questioned by other researchers as unrepeatable under different experimental conditions. In this paper we summarise the evidence-base for establishing a cyanide detection test for live fish by evaluating current approaches. We describe the key knowledge gaps which continue to limit our progress in implementing a screening programme and highlight some alternative solutions which may provide greater short to medium term opportunities to prevent the illegal practise before fish enter the supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Murray
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.
| | - Philippe Bersuder
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Scott Davis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Sara Losada
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
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8
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On-site and low-cost detection of cyanide by simple colorimetric and fluorogenic sensors: Smartphone and test strip applications. Talanta 2020; 207:120278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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King TA. Wild caught ornamental fish: a perspective from the UK ornamental aquatic industry on the sustainability of aquatic organisms and livelihoods. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:925-936. [PMID: 30671948 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ornamental aquatic industry involves the global commercial trade of live aquatic organisms such as fish, invertebrates and plants. It comprises a range of businesses including collectors, breeders, exporters, importers and retailers. Together, these form a supply chain through which aquatic organisms pass from their point of origin to the end point e.g., domestic aquaria and ponds. On a worldwide basis, the legal and legitimate ornamental aquatic trade is subject to regulation and monitoring throughout the majority of its supply chain. Approximately 90% of ornamental freshwater fish species traded are captive-bred, but, due to their complex breeding cycles, 90-95% of ornamental marine fish species are wild-caught. The ornamental aquatic industry and consumers therefore have a responsibility to ensure that wild-caught species are sourced sustainably, legally and to good welfare standards. Such good practice should be considered a necessity for the longevity, not only of the ornamental aquatic industry, but of the livelihoods which depend on it and the future of ecosystems dependent on such communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey A King
- Ornamental Aquatic Trade Association (OATA) Ltd, Westbury, UK
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10
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Breen NE, Bonanno JA, Hunt S, Grossman J, Brown J, Nolte H, Rhyne AL. On the half-life of thiocyanate in the plasma of the marine fish Amphiprion ocellaris: implications for cyanide detection. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6644. [PMID: 30972248 PMCID: PMC6450372 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The illegal practice of using cyanide (CN) as a stunning agent to collect fish for both the marine aquarium and live fish food trades has been used throughout the Indo-Pacific for over 50 years. CN fishing is destructive to all life forms within the coral reef ecosystems where it is used and is certainly one of many anthropogenic activities that have led to 95% of the reefs in the Indo-Pacific being labeled at risk for degradation and loss. A field-deployable test for detecting fish caught using CN would assist in combating the use of this destructive practice, however, no reliable and robust test exists. Further, there is little toxicokinetic data available on marine fish to support the development of such a test, yet such data is critical to establishing the concentration range and time scale over which such a test would be viable. This study presents the first direct measurement of the half-life of the metabolite thiocyanate (SCN) after pulsed exposure to CN in a marine fish. SCN was measured in the plasma of Amphiprion ocellaris after exposure to 50 ppm CN for three exposure times (20, 45, and 60 s) using HPLC-UV and a C30 column pre-treated with polyethylene glycol. Plasma SCN levels observed are dose-dependent, reflecting a longer time for conversion of CN to SCN as the dose of CN increases. SCN plasma levels reached a maximum concentration (1.2–2.3 ppm) 12–20 h after exposure to CN. The half-life for the elimination of SCN was 1.01 ± 0.26 days for 45 s exposure and 0.44 ± 0.15 days for 20 s exposure. Fish were also directly exposed to SCN (100 ppm for 11 days) and the observed half-life for SCN elimination was 0.35 ± 0.07 days. Plasma SCN levels did not return to control levels, even after 41 days when exposed to CN but did return to control levels after 48 days when exposed to SCN. The similar half-lives observed for CN and SCN exposure suggests that SCN exposure can be used as a proxy for measuring the rate of SCN elimination following CN exposure. In order for plasma SCN to be used as a marker for CN exposure, these results must be extended to other species and endogenous levels of SCN in wild caught fish must be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Breen
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA
| | - J Alexander Bonanno
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA.,Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA
| | - Julia Grossman
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA
| | - Jordan Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA
| | - Hannah Nolte
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA.,Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA
| | - Andrew L Rhyne
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA
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11
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Dwivedi SK, Razi SS, Misra A. Sensitive colorimetric detection of CN− and AcO− anions in a semi-aqueous environment through a coumarin–naphthalene conjugate azo dye. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00004f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient colorimetric chemosensor to detect anions in an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K. Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi – 221 005
- India
| | - Syed S. Razi
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi – 221 005
- India
| | - Arvind Misra
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi – 221 005
- India
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12
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Breen NE, Lowenstein J, Metivier R, Andrade L, Rhyne AL. Can excreted thiocyanate be used to detect cyanide exposure in live reef fish? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196841. [PMID: 29847597 PMCID: PMC5976154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide fishing, where a solution of sodium or potassium cyanide is used to stun reef fish for easy capture for the marine aquarium and live fish food trades, continues to be pervasive despite being illegal in many countries and destructive to coral reef ecosystems. Currently, there is no easy, reliable and universally accepted method to detect if a fish has been exposed to cyanide during the capture process. A promising non-invasive technique for detecting thiocyanate ions, the metabolic byproduct excreted by exposed fish, has been reported in the literature. In an effort to validate this method, four cyanide exposure studies on Amphiprion ocellaris (common clownfish) were carried out over three years. Fish were either exposed to the same (25 ppm) or twice the concentration (50 ppm) as the previsouly published method. Over 100 water samples of fish exposed to cyanide were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC with a C30 column treated with polyethylene glycol and UV detector operating at 220 nm. No thiocyanate was detected beyond the analytical standards and positive controls prepared in seawater. As an alternate means of detecting thiocyanate, water samples and thiocyanate standards from these exposures were derivatized with monobromobimane (MBB) for LC-MS/MS analysis. Thiocyanate was detected in standards with concentrations as low as 0.6 μg/L and quantified to 1 μg/L, but thiocyanate could not be detected in any of the water samples from fish exposed to cyanide with this method either, confirming the HPLC results. Further, we calculated both the mass balance of thiocyanate and the resultant plausible dosage of cyanide from the data reported in the previously published method. These calculations, along with the known lethal dosage of cyanide, further suggests that the detection of thiocyanate in aquarium water is not a viable method for assessing fish exposure to cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E. Breen
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
| | - Julie Lowenstein
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Metivier
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Andrade
- Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingstown, RI, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Rhyne
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Abdullah BM, Salimon J, Yousif E, Salih N. Occurrence of cyanogenic glycoside and cyanide in the Malaysian rubber seed oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaubas.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Mudhaffar Abdullah
- Programme of Oleochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jumat Salimon
- Programme of Oleochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Emad Yousif
- Programme of Oleochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nadia Salih
- Programme of Oleochemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Javaheri Safa Z, Aminzadeh S, Zamani M, Motallebi M. Significant increase in cyanide degradation by Bacillus sp. M01 PTCC 1908 with response surface methodology optimization. AMB Express 2017; 7:200. [PMID: 29127658 PMCID: PMC5681455 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide is used in many industries despite its toxicity. Cyanide biodegradation is affordable and eco-friendly. Sampling from cyanide-contaminated areas from the Muteh gold mine and isolation of 24 bacteria were performed successfully. The selected bacteria-'Bacillus sp. M01'-showed maximum tolerance (15 mM) to cyanide and deposited in Persian Type Culture Collection by PTCC No.: 1908. In the primary experiments, effective factors were identified through the Plackett-Burman design. In order to attain the maximum degradation by Bacillus sp. M01 PTCC 1908, culture conditions were optimized by using response surface methodology. By optimizing the effective factor values and considering the interaction between them, the culture conditions were optimized. The degradation percentage was calculated using one-way ANOVA vs t test, and was found to have increased 2.35 times compared to pre-optimization. In all of the experiments, R2 was as high as 91%. The results of this study are strongly significant for cyanide biodegradation. This method enables the bacteria to degrade 86% of 10 mM cyanide in 48 h. This process has been patented in Iranian Intellectual Property Centre under Licence No: 90533.
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15
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Live reef fish displaying physiological evidence of cyanide poisoning are still traded in the EU marine aquarium industry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6566. [PMID: 28747697 PMCID: PMC5529361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The illegal use of cyanide poisoning to supply live reef fish to several markets is one of the main threats to coral reefs conservation in the Indo-Pacific. The present study performed the first survey ever monitoring the marine aquarium trade in the EU for the presence of physiological evidence consistent with cyanide poisoning in live reef fish. This survey was also the first one worldwide employing a non-invasive sampling approach. Nearly 15% of the fish screened displayed physiological evidence of being illegally collected using cyanide poisoning (by testing positive for the presence of the thiocyanate anion (SCN−) in their urine). The efforts promoted so far to completely eradicate cyanide caught fish from the marine aquarium trade have not been effective, as our results suggest that their prevalence in the trade is in line with data reported nearly two decades ago. A new paradigm is urgently needed to effectively ban cyanide caught fish from the marine aquarium trade.
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16
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Jaszczak E, Polkowska Ż, Narkowicz S, Namieśnik J. Cyanides in the environment-analysis-problems and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15929-15948. [PMID: 28512706 PMCID: PMC5506515 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide toxicity and their environmental impact are well known. Nevertheless, they are still used in the mining, galvanic and chemical industries. As a result of industrial activities, cyanides are released in various forms to all elements of the environment. In a natural environment, cyanide exists as cyanogenic glycosides in plants seeds. Too much consumption can cause unpleasant side effects. However, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the most common source of cyanide. Live organisms have the ability to convert cyanide into less toxic compounds excreted with physiological fluids. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge on the behaviour of cyanide in the environment and its impact on the health and human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jaszczak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Narkowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
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17
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Abu-Elala NM, Abd-Elsalam RM, Marouf S, Abdelaziz M, Moustafa M. Eutrophication, Ammonia Intoxication, and Infectious Diseases: Interdisciplinary Factors of Mass Mortalities in Cultured Nile Tilapia. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2016; 28:187-198. [PMID: 27484819 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2016.1185050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the possible causes of the mass mortalities of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at El-Behera Governorate, Egypt, in relationship to environmental and microbiotic factors. Water samples were collected from fish farms at different locations and from Lake Edku to analyze water temperature, water pH, salinity, biological oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen, and un-ionized ammonia. A number of moribund and freshly dead fish were sampled and submitted to our laboratory for microbiological, molecular, and histopathological examination. Water analysis of the fish farms revealed noticeable increases in the previously mentioned physicochemical parameters. Clinical examinations of moribund fish showed severe gill rot and massive external and internal hemorrhages. Ordinary and molecular laboratory findings confirmed the presence of Branchiomyces sp. in gill tissue and mixed bacterial fish pathogens (Streptococcus agalactiae, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, and P. aeruginosa) in visceral organs. The histopathological and transmission electron microscopic examinations revealed severe necrosis of gill filaments and blockage of branchial blood vessels and lamellar capillaries with Branchiomyces sp. hyphae and spores mixed with different shapes of bacteria. Severe inflammations were detected in liver, kidney, heart, and brain tissues. Ultimately, we can conclude that the syndrome of mass fish kills in this area is a consequence of ecological damage to the aquatic environment, which is mainly related to natural and anthropogenic factors, as well as to the presence of infectious agents. Received September 30, 2015; accepted April 12, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen M Abu-Elala
- a Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Cairo University ,Giza Square, Post Office Code 12211 , Giza , Egypt
| | - Reham M Abd-Elsalam
- b Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Cairo University , Giza Square, Post Office Code 12211 , Giza , Egypt
| | - Sherif Marouf
- c Department of Microbiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University , Giza Square, Post Office Code 12211 , Giza , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelaziz
- a Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Cairo University ,Giza Square, Post Office Code 12211 , Giza , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Moustafa
- a Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Cairo University ,Giza Square, Post Office Code 12211 , Giza , Egypt
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Kasuno M, Kimura H, Yasutomo H, Torimura M, Murakami D, Tsukatani Y, Hanada S, Matsushita T, Tao H. An Evaluation of Sensor Performance for Harmful Compounds by Using Photo-Induced Electron Transfer from Photosynthetic Membranes to Electrodes. SENSORS 2016; 16:438. [PMID: 27023553 PMCID: PMC4850952 DOI: 10.3390/s16040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, simple, and low-cost screening procedures are necessary for the detection of harmful compounds in the effluent that flows out of point sources such as industrial outfall. The present study investigated the effects on a novel sensor of harmful compounds such as KCN, phenol, and herbicides such as 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU), 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine (atrazine), and 2-N-tert-butyl-4-N-ethyl-6-methylsulfanyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (terbutryn). The sensor employed an electrode system that incorporated the photocurrent of intra-cytoplasmic membranes (so-called chromatophores) prepared from photosynthetic bacteria and linked using carbon paste electrodes. The amperometric curve (photocurrent-time curve) of photo-induced electron transfer from chromatophores of the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides to the electrode via an exogenous electron acceptor was composed of two characteristic phases: an abrupt increase in current immediately after illumination (I₀), and constant current over time (Ic). Compared with other redox compounds, 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ) was the most useful exogenous electron acceptor in this system. Photo-reduction of DCBQ exhibited Michaelis-Menten-like kinetics, and reduction rates were dependent on the amount of DCBQ and the photon flux intensity. The Ic decreased in the presence of KCN at concentrations over 0.05 μM (=μmol·dm(-3)). The I₀ decreased following the addition of phenol at concentrations over 20 μM. The Ic was affected by terbutryn at concentrations over 10 μM. In contrast, DCMU and atrazine had no effect on either I₀ or Ic. The utility of this electrode system for the detection of harmful compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kasuno
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kimura
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan.
| | - Hisataka Yasutomo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan.
| | - Masaki Torimura
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Murakami
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Tsukatani
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Hanada
- Institute for Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Matsushita
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Tao
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
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Xing P, Xu Y, Li H, Liu S, Lu A, Sun S. Ratiometric and colorimetric near-infrared sensors for multi-channel detection of cyanide ion and their application to measure β-glucosidase. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16528. [PMID: 26549546 PMCID: PMC4637889 DOI: 10.1038/srep16528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A near-infrared sensor for cyanide ion (CN(-)) was developed via internal charge transfer (ICT). This sensor can selectively detect CN(-) either through dual-ratiometric fluorescence (logarithm of I414/I564 and I803/I564) or under various absorption (356 and 440 nm) and emission (414, 564 and 803 nm) channels. Especially, the proposed method can be employed to measure β-glucosidase by detecting CN(-) traces in commercial amygdalin samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfei Xing
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yongqian Xu
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shuhui Liu
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shiguo Sun
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Destanoğlu O, Gümüş Yılmaz G, Apak R. Selective Determination of Free Cyanide in Environmental Water Matrices by Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2015.1076460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Destanoğlu
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Gümüş Yılmaz
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cyanide hydratases and cyanide dihydratases: emerging tools in the biodegradation and biodetection of cyanide. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8875-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Arias A. Understanding and managing compliance in the nature conservation context. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 153:134-143. [PMID: 25697900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nature conservation relies largely on peoples' rule adherence. However, noncompliance in the conservation context is common: it is one of the largest illegal activities in the world, degrading societies, economies and the environment. Understanding and managing compliance is key for ensuring effective conservation, nevertheless crucial concepts and tools are scattered in a wide array of literature. Here I review and integrate these concepts and tools in an effort to guide compliance management in the conservation context. First, I address the understanding of compliance by breaking it down into five key questions: who?, what?, when?, where? and why?. A special focus is given to 'why?' because the answer to this question explains the reasons for compliance and noncompliance, providing critical information for management interventions. Second, I review compliance management strategies, from voluntary compliance to coerced compliance. Finally, I suggest a system, initially proposed for tax compliance, to balance these multiple compliance management strategies. This paper differs from others by providing a broad yet practical scope on theory and tools for understanding and managing compliance in the nature conservation context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Arias
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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23
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Kumar R, Sandhu S, Hundal G, Singh P, Walia A, Vanita V, Kumar S. A catalytic chemodosimetric approach for detection of nanomolar cyanide ions in water, blood serum and live cell imaging. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11129-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The nano-molar detection of cyanide in live cell imaging and blood serum has been achieved through cyanide catalysed fluorescence enhancement with a TON between 70 and 360.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Centre for Advanced Studies
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143 005
- India
| | - Sana Sandhu
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Centre for Advanced Studies
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143 005
- India
| | - Geeta Hundal
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Centre for Advanced Studies
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143 005
- India
| | - Prabhpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Centre for Advanced Studies
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143 005
- India
| | - Amandeep Walia
- Department of Human Genetics
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143 005
- India
| | - Vanita Vanita
- Department of Human Genetics
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143 005
- India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC Centre for Advanced Studies
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar 143 005
- India
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24
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Özcan HM, Aydin T. A new PANI biosensor based on catalase for cyanide determination. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:664-71. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.978979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Park GJ, Choi YW, Lee D, Kim C. A simple colorimetric chemosensor bearing a carboxylic acid group with high selectivity for CN-. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 132:771-775. [PMID: 24971717 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new simple 'naked eye' chemosensor 1 (sodium (E)-2-((2-(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoyl)hydrazono)methyl)benzoate) has been synthesized for detection of CN- in a mixture of DMF/H2O (9:1). The sensor 1 comprises of a naphthoic hydrazide as efficient hydrogen bonding donor group and a benzoic acid as the moiety with the water solubility. The receptor 1 showed high selectivity toward cyanide ions in a 1:1 stoichiometric manner, which induces a fast color change from colorless to yellow for CN- over other anions. Therefore, receptor 1 could be useful for cyanide detection in aqueous environment, displaying a high distinguishable selectivity from hydrogen bonded anions and being clearly visible to the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Jin Park
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea; Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Won Choi
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea; Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkuk Lee
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea; Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheal Kim
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea; Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Rao BA, Lee JY, Son YA. Synthesis and chemosensitivity of a new iminium salt toward a cyanide anion. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 127:268-274. [PMID: 24632235 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A short, high-yielding route to pyranylidene Iminium (Imi) salts using a new pyrylium salt reaction between N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetic anhydride is reported. The Imi salt-sensing behavior toward various anions has been investigated using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The Imi salt demonstrates high selectively for CN(-) when various other anions, such as CN(-), Cl(-), Br(-), I(-), SCN(-), ClO4(-), NO3(-), HSO4(-), PF6(-) and N3(-), are present because it is highly reactive towards nucleophiles. The selective detection of CN(-) with the Imi unit gave rise to a significant hypochromic shift in the CH3CN solution at λmax=444nm and 423nm and creation of new peak at 252nm. These studies indicated that CN(-) had high affinity toward Imi, forming a 1:1 complex; this observation agrees with the current understanding of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boddu Ananda Rao
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - Young-A Son
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea.
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27
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Calado R, Leal MC, Vaz MC, Brown C, Rosa R, Stevenson TC, Cooper CH, Tissot BN, Li YW, Thornhill DJ. Caught in the Act: How the U.S. Lacey Act Can Hamper the Fight Against Cyanide Fishing in Tropical Coral Reefs. Conserv Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Calado
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM; Universidade de Aveiro; Campus de Santiago; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Miguel C. Leal
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM; Universidade de Aveiro; Campus de Santiago; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
- Skidaway Institute of Oceanography; University of Georgia; 10 Ocean Science Circle; Savannah 31411 GA USA
| | - Marcela C.M. Vaz
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM; Universidade de Aveiro; Campus de Santiago; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Chris Brown
- Sea Life; Lodmoor Country Park; Weymouth Dorset DT4 7SX UK
| | - Rui Rosa
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia; Centro de Oceanografia; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa; Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo 939; 2750-374 Cascais Portugal
| | - Todd C. Stevenson
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs; University of Washington; 3707 Brooklyn Avenue NE Seattle WA 98105-6715 USA
| | - Cara H. Cooper
- 3 Little Birds Consulting; LLC; P.O. Box 3461 Saint Petersburg FL 33731 USA
| | - Brian N. Tissot
- Department of Biological Sciences; Humboldt State University; Arcata CA 95521 USA
| | - Ya-Wei Li
- Department of Conservation Science and Policy; Defenders of Wildlife; 1130 17 St. NW Washington DC 20036 USA
| | - Daniel J. Thornhill
- Department of Conservation Science and Policy; Defenders of Wildlife; 1130 17 St. NW Washington DC 20036 USA
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Authman MMN, Abbas WT, Abumourad IMK, Kenawy AM. Effects of illegal cyanide fishing on vitellogenin in the freshwater African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 91:61-70. [PMID: 23395455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cyanide, used in illegal fishing, on one of the most economically important Nile fishes, the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), were studied. Cyanide impacts were evaluated in terms of biochemical, molecular and histopathological characteristics. After exposure to sublethal concentration (0.05mg/l) of potassium cyanide (KCN) for two and four weeks, GOT (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase) was significantly increased in both male and female, while GPT (glutamate pyruvate transaminase), total plasma protein, phosphoprotein phosphorus (Vgt) in serum, vitellogenin gene expression (Vtg mRNA) and estrogen receptors (ER mRNA) were significantly decreased in female. On the other hand, male C. gariepinus showed a significant increase in Vtg and Vtg mRNA. Liver, testis and ovaries showed distinct histopathological changes. It was concluded that, cyanide caused damaging effects to fish and can cause serious disturbance in the natural reproduction and a drastic decline in fish population. Therefore, it is recommended that, the use of cyanide compounds must be prohibited to conserve the fisheries resources.
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Quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa hydrogen cyanide production by a polarographic approach. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 90:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Salimon J, Abdullah BM, Salih N. Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed oil toxicity effect and Linamarin compound analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:74. [PMID: 22694753 PMCID: PMC3475106 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lipid fraction of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (kunth. Muell)) seed was extracted and analyzed for toxicological effect. The toxicological compound such as linamarin in rubber seed oil (RSO) extracted using different solvents, such as hexane (RSOh), mixture of chloroform + methanol (RSOchl+mth) and ethanol (RSOeth) were also studied. Various methods analysis such as Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and colorimetric methods were carried out to determine the present of such compounds. RESULTS FTIR spectrum of RSO did not show any presence of cyanide peak. The determination of cyanide by using colorimetric method was demonstrated no response of the cyanide in RSO and didn't show any colored comparing with commercial cyanide which observed blue color. The results showed that no functional groups such as cyanide (C ≡ N) associated with linamarin were observed. Toxicological test using rats was also conducted to further confirm the absence of such compounds. RSO did not show any toxic potential to the rats. Bioassay experiments using shrimps had been used as test organisms to evaluate the toxicity of linamarin extract from RSO(h,) RSO(chl+mth) and RSO(eth) and LC50 were found to be (211.70 %, 139.40 %, and 117.41 %, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This can be attributed no hazardous linamarin were found in RSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumat Salimon
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Vaz MCM, Rocha-Santos TAP, Rocha RJM, Lopes I, Pereira R, Duarte AC, Rubec PJ, Calado R. Excreted thiocyanate detects live reef fishes illegally collected using cyanide--a non-invasive and non-destructive testing approach. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35355. [PMID: 22536375 PMCID: PMC3335052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide fishing is a method employed to capture marine fish alive on coral reefs. They are shipped to markets for human consumption in Southeast Asia, as well as to supply the marine aquarium trade worldwide. Although several techniques can be used to detect cyanide in reef fish, there is still no testing method that can be used to survey the whole supply chain. Most methods for cyanide detection are time-consuming and require the sacrifice of the sampled fish. Thiocyanate anion (SCN−) is a metabolite produced by the main metabolic pathway for cyanide anion (CN−) detoxification. Our study employed an optical fiber (OF) methodology (analytical time <6 min) to detect SCN− in a non-invasive and non-destructive manner. Our OF methodology is able to detect trace levels (>3.16 µg L−1) of SCN− in seawater. Given that marine fish exposed to cyanide excrete SCN− in the urine, elevated levels of SCN− present in the seawater holding live reef fish indicate that the surveyed specimens were likely exposed to cyanide. In our study, captive-bred clownfish (Amphiprion clarkii) pulse exposed for 60 s to either 12.5 or 25 mg L−1 of CN− excreted up to 6.96±0.03 and 9.84±0.03 µg L−1 of SCN−, respectively, during the 28 days following exposure. No detectable levels of SCN− were recorded in the water holding control organisms not exposed to CN−, or in synthetic seawater lacking fish. While further research is necessary, our methodology can allow a rapid detection of SCN− in the holding water and can be used as a screening tool to indicate if live reef fish were collected with cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela C. M. Vaz
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa A. P. Rocha-Santos
- Departamento de Química & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
- ISEIT/Viseu, Instituto Piaget, Galifonge, Lordosa, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Rui J. M. Rocha
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ruth Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando C. Duarte
- Departamento de Química & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Peter J. Rubec
- International Marinelife Alliance, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Calado
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Lou X, Ou D, Li Q, Li Z. An indirect approach for anion detection: the displacement strategy and its application. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8462-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc33158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Helal A, Kim SB, Kim HS. Sensing of Cyanide Using Highly Selective Thiazole-based Cu2+Chemosensor. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.8.3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Silva LIB, Justino CIL, Lopes I, Pereira R, Freitas AC, Calado R, Rocha-Santos TAP, Panteleitchouk TSL, Pereira ME, Duarte AC. Optical fiber based methodology for assessment of thiocyanate in seawater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING : JEM 2011; 13:1811-5. [PMID: 21494749 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new methodology for the assessment of thiocyanate (SCN(-)) is proposed based on optical fiber (OF) detection coupled to a liquid chromatography system (LC). The developed methodology showed an adequate performance for the analysis of SCN(-) comparable to a high performance liquid chromatography with UV detector (HPLC-UV) methodology: a detection limit of 3 µg L(-1), a linear range from 4 to 400 µg L(-1), and an analytical time of less than 6 min. The OF based methodology was of compact design and easy operation. This simple system has the potential to be used as a sensing approach for SCN(-) in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lurdes I B Silva
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Woznica A, Nowak A, Karczewski J, Klis C, Bernas T. Automatic biodetector of water toxicity (ABTOW) as a tool for examination of phenol and cyanide contaminated water. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:767-772. [PMID: 20692008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe an automatic biodetector for continuous monitoring of water toxicity (ABTOW). Construction of the ABTOW is based on natural ability of the biofilm formation to immobilize consortia of nitrifying bacteria (the sensing element) on the open cellular polyurethane foam as the support. Change of rates of oxygen consumption is used as an indicator of biocatalytic activity (nitrification) of the bacteria in response to xenobiotics. Owing to this design the ABTOW features stability long-term use, is inexpensive and simple in operation. The dynamics of ABTOW response is studied in details for phenol and cyanide as model toxins. These data indicate that the sensitivity was 3.5 μM for phenol and 0.19 μM for cyanide, respectively. The magnitudes of toxic effect were proportional to concentration whereas kinetics of the response is an indicator for the mechanism of toxicity. Similar methodology is applied to quantify toxicity of a range of heavy metals, herbicides and oxidative chain inhibitors. One may conclude that the presented biodetector provides a good sensitivity for continuous on-line monitoring of toxicity in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Woznica
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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Ma J, Dasgupta PK. Recent developments in cyanide detection: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 673:117-25. [PMID: 20599024 PMCID: PMC2911244 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The extreme toxicity of cyanide and environmental concerns from its continued industrial use continue to generate interest in facile and sensitive methods for cyanide detection. In recent years, there is also additional recognition of HCN toxicity from smoke inhalation and potential use of cyanide as a weapon of terrorism. This review summarizes the literature since 2005 on cyanide measurement in different matrices ranging from drinking water and wastewater, to cigarette smoke and exhaled breath to biological fluids like blood, urine and saliva. The dramatic increase in the number of publications on cyanide measurement is indicative of the great interest in this field not only from analytical chemists, but also researchers from diverse environmental, medical, forensic and clinical arena. The recent methods cover both established and emerging analytical disciplines and include naked eye visual detection, spectrophotometry/colorimetry, capillary electrophoresis with optical absorbance detection, fluorometry, chemiluminescence, near-infrared cavity ring down spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, electrochemical methods (potentiometry/amperometry/ion chromatography-pulsed amperometry), mass spectrometry (selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), gas chromatography (nitrogen phosphorus detector, electron capture detector) and quartz crystal mass monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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Huo FJ, Su J, Sun YQ, Yin CX, Chao JB. A New Ring-opening Chromene Molecule: Colorimetric Detection of Cyanide Anion. CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2010.738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ketterer L, Keusgen M. Amperometric sensor for cyanide utilizing cyanidase and formate dehydrogenase. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 673:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gavin MC, Solomon JN, Blank SG. Measuring and monitoring illegal use of natural resources. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2010; 24:89-100. [PMID: 20015259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Illegal use of natural resources is a threat to biodiversity globally, but research on illegal activities has methodological challenges. We examined 100 studies that empirically identify targeted resources, techniques used to procure resources illegally, locations of illegal activities, characteristics of typical violators, incentives driving illegal use of resources, magnitude of the problem of illegal use (e.g., quantities used), or frequency of illegal activity. We based our evaluation of the methods used in these studies on their ability to provide these empirical data, relative labor demands, training and technology requirements, and levels of uncontrollable bias. We evaluated eight different methods: law-enforcement records, indirect observation, self-reporting, direct observation, direct questioning, randomized response technique (a survey method designed to improve accuracy of responses to sensitive questions), forensics, and modeling. Different situations favored different methods, each with distinct advantages and limitations. Six context-specific factors-location of resource use (in situ vs. ex situ), budget, technology and training capacity, ease of detection of illegal activity, scope of illegal activity (limited vs. widespread), and researchers' willingness to accept bias in results-help narrow the choice of methods. Several methodological concerns applied to any study of illegal resource use: regular monitoring can detect trends; modeling can incorporate sampling error and data uncertainties; researchers must manage levels of bias that vary between methods; triangulation of results from multiple methods can improve accuracy. No method is a panacea, but a combination of techniques can help address the lack of data on illegal activity. Researchers empirically compared results from different methods in only four studies, and no one has compared more than two methods simultaneously. Conservation would benefit from more research focused on: methods comparisons that include cost effectiveness, time efficiency, and statistical rigor; unique applications of the eight techniques currently in use; and testing of new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Gavin
- School of Geography, Environment, and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Marini VG, Zimmermann LM, Machado VG. A simple and efficient anionic chromogenic chemosensor based on 2,4-dinitrodiphenylamine in dimethyl sulfoxide and in dimethyl sulfoxide-water mixtures. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 75:799-806. [PMID: 20042363 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Solutions of 2,4-dinitrodiphenylamine (1) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) are colorless but upon deprotonation they become red. Addition of various anionic species (HSO(4)(-), H(2)PO(4)(-), NO(3)(-), CN(-), CH(3)COO(-), F(-), Cl(-), Br(-), and I(-)) to solutions of 1 revealed that only CN(-), F(-), CH(3)COO(-), and H(2)PO(4)(-) led to the appearance of the red color in solution. The presence of increasing amounts of water in solutions containing 1 made it progressively selective toward CN(-) and the system with the addition of 4.3% (v/v) of water was highly selective for CN(-) among all anions studied. The experimental data collected indicated that proton transfer from 1 to the anion occurs, and a model was used to explain the experimental results, which considers two 1:anion stoichiometries, 1:1 and 1:2. For the latter, the data suggest that the anion forms firstly a hydrogen-bonded complex with a second anion equivalent necessary for the abstraction of the proton, with the formation of a [HA(2)](-) complex. The study performed here demonstrates the important role of the environment of the anion and 1 for the efficiency of the chromogenic chemosensor. Besides the different affinities of each anion for water, the solvation of both the anion and 1 is responsible for reducing the interaction between these species. In small amounts, water or hydrogen-bonded DMSO-water complexes are able to stabilize the conjugated base of 1 through hydrogen bonding, making 1 more acidic, which explains the change from 1:1 and 1:2 toward 1:1 1:anion stoichiometry upon addition of water. In addition, water is able to solvate the anion and also 1, which hinders the formation of 1:1 hydrogen-bonded 1:anion complexes prior to the abstraction of the proton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanderléia Gava Marini
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, FURB, CP 1507, Blumenau, SC 89010-971, Brazil
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Downs CA, Fauth JE, Downs VD, Ostrander GK. In vitro cell-toxicity screening as an alternative animal model for coral toxicology: effects of heat stress, sulfide, rotenone, cyanide, and cuprous oxide on cell viability and mitochondrial function. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:171-184. [PMID: 19757033 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The logistics involved in obtaining and maintaining large numbers of corals hampers research on the toxicological effects of environmental contaminants for this ecologically and economically important taxon. A method for creating and culturing single-cell suspensions of viable coral cells was developed. Cell segregation/separation was based on specific cell densities and resulting cell cultures were viable for at least 2 mos. Low-density cells lacking symbiotic zooxanthallae and rich in mitochondria were isolated and cultured for toxicity studies. Cells were exposed to differing degrees or concentrations of heat stress, rotenone, cyanide, sulfide, and cuprous oxide. Cells were assayed for mitochondrial membrane potential using the fluorescent probe, JC-9, and for overall viability using the MTT/formazan spectrophotometric viability assay. Significant differences were observed between controls and treatments and the efficacy of this method was validated; only 2 cm(2) of tissue was required for a seven-point concentration-exposure series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Downs
- Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, P.O. Box 92, Clifford, VA 24533, USA.
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Chromogenic anionic chemosensors based on protonated merocyanine solvatochromic dyes in trichloromethane and in trichloromethane–water biphasic system. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kaur P, Sareen D, Kaur S, Singh K. An efficacious “naked-eye” selective sensing of cyanide from aqueous solutions using a triarylmethane leuconitrile. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2008.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Marcus JE, Samoilys MA, Meeuwig JJ, Villongco ZAD, Vincent ACJ. Benthic status of near-shore fishing grounds in the central Philippines and associated seahorse densities. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2007; 54:1483-94. [PMID: 17645896 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Benthic status of 28 near-shore, artisanal, coral reef fishing grounds in the central Philippines was assessed (2000-2002) together with surveys of the seahorse, Hippocampus comes. Our measures of benthic quality and seahorse densities reveal some of the most degraded coral reefs in the world. Abiotic structure dominated the fishing grounds: 69% of the benthos comprised rubble (32%), sand/silt (28%) and dead coral (9%). Predominant biotic structure included live coral (12%) and Sargassum (11%). Rubble cover increased with increasing distance from municipal enforcement centers and coincided with substantial blast fishing in this region of the Philippines. Over 2 years, we measured a significant decrease in benthic 'heterogeneity' and a 16% increase in rubble cover. Poor benthic quality was concomitant with extremely low seahorse densities (524 fish per km(2)). Spatial management, such as marine reserves, may help to minimize habitat damage and to rebuild depleted populations of seahorses and other reef fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Marcus
- Project Seahorse, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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Development and Electrochemical Investigations of an EIS- (Electrolyte-Insulator-Semiconductor) based Biosensor for Cyanide Detection. SENSORS 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/s7081415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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