1
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McNulty MJ, Schwartz A, Delzio J, Karuppanan K, Jacobson A, Hart O, Dandekar A, Giritch A, Nandi S, Gleba Y, McDonald KA. Affinity Sedimentation and Magnetic Separation With Plant-Made Immunosorbent Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Protein Purification. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:865481. [PMID: 35573255 PMCID: PMC9092175 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.865481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The virus-based immunosorbent nanoparticle is a nascent technology being developed to serve as a simple and efficacious agent in biosensing and therapeutic antibody purification. There has been particular emphasis on the use of plant virions as immunosorbent nanoparticle chassis for their diverse morphologies and accessible, high yield manufacturing via plant cultivation. To date, studies in this area have focused on proof-of-concept immunosorbent functionality in biosensing and purification contexts. Here we consolidate a previously reported pro-vector system into a single Agrobacterium tumefaciens vector to investigate and expand the utility of virus-based immunosorbent nanoparticle technology for therapeutic protein purification. We demonstrate the use of this technology for Fc-fusion protein purification, characterize key nanomaterial properties including binding capacity, stability, reusability, and particle integrity, and present an optimized processing scheme with reduced complexity and increased purity. Furthermore, we present a coupling of virus-based immunosorbent nanoparticles with magnetic particles as a strategy to overcome limitations of the immunosorbent nanoparticle sedimentation-based affinity capture methodology. We report magnetic separation results which exceed the binding capacity reported for current industry standards by an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. McNulty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Jesse Delzio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kalimuthu Karuppanan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Olivia Hart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Abhaya Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Global HealthShare® Initiative, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Karen A. McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Global HealthShare® Initiative, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Karen A. McDonald,
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2
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Edwardson TGW, Levasseur MD, Tetter S, Steinauer A, Hori M, Hilvert D. Protein Cages: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9145-9197. [PMID: 35394752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteins that self-assemble into polyhedral shell-like structures are useful molecular containers both in nature and in the laboratory. Here we review efforts to repurpose diverse protein cages, including viral capsids, ferritins, bacterial microcompartments, and designed capsules, as vaccines, drug delivery vehicles, targeted imaging agents, nanoreactors, templates for controlled materials synthesis, building blocks for higher-order architectures, and more. A deep understanding of the principles underlying the construction, function, and evolution of natural systems has been key to tailoring selective cargo encapsulation and interactions with both biological systems and synthetic materials through protein engineering and directed evolution. The ability to adapt and design increasingly sophisticated capsid structures and functions stands to benefit the fields of catalysis, materials science, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan Tetter
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Steinauer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mao Hori
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Yur D, Lieser RM, Sullivan MO, Chen W. Engineering bionanoparticles for improved biosensing and bioimaging. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:41-48. [PMID: 34157601 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The importance of bioimaging and biosensing has been clear with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to viral detection, detection of tumors, glucose levels, and microbes is necessary for improved disease treatment and prevention. Bionanoparticles, such as extracellular vesicles and protein nanoparticles, are ideal platforms for biosensing and bioimaging applications because of their propensity for high density surface functionalization and large loading capacity. Scaffolding large numbers of sensing modules and detection modules onto bionanoparticles allows for enhanced analyte affinity and specificity as well as signal amplification for highly sensitive detection even at low analyte concentrations. Here we demonstrate the potential of bionanoparticles for bioimaging and biosensing by highlighting recent examples in literature that utilize protein nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles to generate highly sensitive detection devices with impressive signal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Yur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716 United States
| | - Rachel M Lieser
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716 United States
| | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716 United States.
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716 United States.
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4
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Poghossian A, Jablonski M, Molinnus D, Wege C, Schöning MJ. Field-Effect Sensors for Virus Detection: From Ebola to SARS-CoV-2 and Plant Viral Enhancers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:598103. [PMID: 33329662 PMCID: PMC7732584 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.598103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel human infectious disease provoked by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, no specific vaccines or drugs against COVID-19 are available. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are essential in order to slow the virus spread and to contain the disease outbreak. Hence, new diagnostic tests and devices for virus detection in clinical samples that are faster, more accurate and reliable, easier and cost-efficient than existing ones are needed. Due to the small sizes, fast response time, label-free operation without the need for expensive and time-consuming labeling steps, the possibility of real-time and multiplexed measurements, robustness and portability (point-of-care and on-site testing), biosensors based on semiconductor field-effect devices (FEDs) are one of the most attractive platforms for an electrical detection of charged biomolecules and bioparticles by their intrinsic charge. In this review, recent advances and key developments in the field of label-free detection of viruses (including plant viruses) with various types of FEDs are presented. In recent years, however, certain plant viruses have also attracted additional interest for biosensor layouts: Their repetitive protein subunits arranged at nanometric spacing can be employed for coupling functional molecules. If used as adapters on sensor chip surfaces, they allow an efficient immobilization of analyte-specific recognition and detector elements such as antibodies and enzymes at highest surface densities. The display on plant viral bionanoparticles may also lead to long-time stabilization of sensor molecules upon repeated uses and has the potential to increase sensor performance substantially, compared to conventional layouts. This has been demonstrated in different proof-of-concept biosensor devices. Therefore, richly available plant viral particles, non-pathogenic for animals or humans, might gain novel importance if applied in receptor layers of FEDs. These perspectives are explained and discussed with regard to future detection strategies for COVID-19 and related viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Jablonski
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Denise Molinnus
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christina Wege,
| | - Michael J. Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-8), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Michael J. Schöning,
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5
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Plant virus-based materials for biomedical applications: Trends and prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 145:96-118. [PMID: 30176280 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials composed of plant viral components are finding their way into medical technology and health care, as they offer singular properties. Precisely shaped, tailored virus nanoparticles (VNPs) with multivalent protein surfaces are efficiently loaded with functional compounds such as contrast agents and drugs, and serve as carrier templates and targeting vehicles displaying e.g. peptides and synthetic molecules. Multiple modifications enable uses including vaccination, biosensing, tissue engineering, intravital delivery and theranostics. Novel concepts exploit self-organization capacities of viral building blocks into hierarchical 2D and 3D structures, and their conversion into biocompatible, biodegradable units. High yields of VNPs and proteins can be harvested from plants after a few days so that various products have reached or are close to commercialization. The article delineates potentials and limitations of biomedical plant VNP uses, integrating perspectives of chemistry, biomaterials sciences, molecular plant virology and process engineering.
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6
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Application of Plant Viruses as a Biotemplate for Nanomaterial Fabrication. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092311. [PMID: 30208562 PMCID: PMC6225259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are widely used to fabricate nanomaterials in the field of nanotechnology. Plant viruses are of great interest to the nanotechnology field because of their symmetry, polyvalency, homogeneous size distribution, and ability to self-assemble. This homogeneity can be used to obtain the high uniformity of the templated material and its related properties. In this paper, the variety of nanomaterials generated in rod-like and spherical plant viruses is highlighted for the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), brome mosaic virus (BMV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Their recent studies on developing nanomaterials in a wide range of applications from biomedicine and catalysts to biosensors are reviewed.
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7
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Koch C, Poghossian A, Schöning MJ, Wege C. Penicillin Detection by Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Assisted Colorimetric Biosensors. Nanotheranostics 2018; 2:184-196. [PMID: 29577021 PMCID: PMC5865271 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.22114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presentation of enzymes on viral scaffolds has beneficial effects such as an increased enzyme loading and a prolonged reusability in comparison to conventional immobilization platforms. Here, we used modified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanorods as enzyme carriers in penicillin G detection for the first time. Penicillinase enzymes were conjugated with streptavidin and coupled to TMV rods by use of a bifunctional biotin-linker. Penicillinase-decorated TMV particles were characterized extensively in halochromic dye-based biosensing. Acidometric analyte detection was performed with bromcresol purple as pH indicator and spectrophotometry. The TMV-assisted sensors exhibited increased enzyme loading and strongly improved reusability, and higher analysis rates compared to layouts without viral adapters. They extended the half-life of the sensors from 4 - 6 days to 5 weeks and thus allowed an at least 8-fold longer use of the sensors. Using a commercial budget-priced penicillinase preparation, a detection limit of 100 µM penicillin was obtained. Initial experiments also indicate that the system may be transferred to label-free detection layouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Koch
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arshak Poghossian
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, FH Aachen, Campus Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52525 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael J. Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, FH Aachen, Campus Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52525 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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8
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Narayanan KB, Han SS. Icosahedral plant viral nanoparticles - bioinspired synthesis of nanomaterials/nanostructures. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 248:1-19. [PMID: 28916111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanotechnology utilizes virus nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) of plant viruses as highly versatile platforms for materials synthesis and molecular entrapment that can be used in the nanotechnological fields, such as in next-generation nanoelectronics, nanocatalysis, biosensing and optics, and biomedical applications, such as for targeting, therapeutic delivery, and non-invasive in vivo imaging with high specificity and selectivity. In particular, plant virus capsids provide biotemplates for the production of novel nanostructured materials with organic/inorganic moieties incorporated in a very precise and controlled manner. Interestingly, capsid proteins of spherical plant viruses can self-assemble into well-organized icosahedral three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale multivalent architectures with high monodispersity and structural symmetry. Using viral genetic and protein engineering of icosahedral viruses with a variety of sizes, the interior, exterior and the interfaces between coat protein (CP) subunits can be manipulated to fabricate materials with a wide range of desirable properties allowing for biomineralization, encapsulation, infusion, controlled self-assembly, and multivalent ligand display of nanoparticles or molecules for varied applications. In this review, we discuss the various functional nanomaterials/nanostructures developed using the VNPs and VLPs of different icosahedral plant viruses and their nano(bio)technological and nanomedical applications.
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9
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Rowland CE, Brown CW, Delehanty JB, Medintz IL. Nanomaterial-based sensors for the detection of biological threat agents. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2016; 19:464-477. [PMID: 32288600 PMCID: PMC7108310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The danger posed by biological threat agents and the limitations of modern detection methods to rapidly identify them underpins the need for continued development of novel sensors. The application of nanomaterials to this problem in recent years has proven especially advantageous. By capitalizing on large surface/volume ratios, dispersability, beneficial physical and chemical properties, and unique nanoscale interactions, nanomaterial-based biosensors are being developed with sensitivity and accuracy that are starting to surpass traditional biothreat detection methods, yet do so with reduced sample volume, preparation time, and assay cost. In this review, we start with an overview of bioagents and then highlight the breadth of nanoscale sensors that have recently emerged for their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E. Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- National Research Council, Washington, DC 20036, USA
| | - Carl W. Brown
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - James B. Delehanty
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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10
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Wen AM, Steinmetz NF. Design of virus-based nanomaterials for medicine, biotechnology, and energy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4074-126. [PMID: 27152673 PMCID: PMC5068136 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent developments in "chemical virology." Viruses, as materials, provide unique nanoscale scaffolds that have relevance in chemical biology and nanotechnology, with diverse areas of applications. Some fundamental advantages of viruses, compared to synthetically programmed materials, include the highly precise spatial arrangement of their subunits into a diverse array of shapes and sizes and many available avenues for easy and reproducible modification. Here, we will first survey the broad distribution of viruses and various methods for producing virus-based nanoparticles, as well as engineering principles used to impart new functionalities. We will then examine the broad range of applications and implications of virus-based materials, focusing on the medical, biotechnology, and energy sectors. We anticipate that this field will continue to evolve and grow, with exciting new possibilities stemming from advancements in the rational design of virus-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. and Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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11
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Koch C, Wabbel K, Eber FJ, Krolla-Sidenstein P, Azucena C, Gliemann H, Eiben S, Geiger F, Wege C. Modified TMV Particles as Beneficial Scaffolds to Present Sensor Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1137. [PMID: 26734040 PMCID: PMC4689848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a robust nanotubular nucleoprotein scaffold increasingly employed for the high density presentation of functional molecules such as peptides, fluorescent dyes, and antibodies. We report on its use as advantageous carrier for sensor enzymes. A TMV mutant with a cysteine residue exposed on every coat protein (CP) subunit (TMVCys) enabled the coupling of bifunctional maleimide-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-biotin linkers (TMVCys/Bio). Its surface was equipped with two streptavidin [SA]-conjugated enzymes: glucose oxidase ([SA]-GOx) and horseradish peroxidase ([SA]-HRP). At least 50% of the CPs were decorated with a linker molecule, and all thereof with active enzymes. Upon use as adapter scaffolds in conventional "high-binding" microtiter plates, TMV sticks allowed the immobilization of up to 45-fold higher catalytic activities than control samples with the same input of enzymes. Moreover, they increased storage stability and reusability in relation to enzymes applied directly to microtiter plate wells. The functionalized TMV adsorbed to solid supports showed a homogeneous distribution of the conjugated enzymes and structural integrity of the nanorods upon transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. The high surface-increase and steric accessibility of the viral scaffolds in combination with the biochemical environment provided by the plant viral coat may explain the beneficial effects. TMV can, thus, serve as a favorable multivalent nanoscale platform for the ordered presentation of bioactive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Koch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
| | - Katrin Wabbel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
| | - Fabian J. Eber
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Krolla-Sidenstein
- Chemistry of Oxydic and Organic Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional InterfacesKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carlos Azucena
- Chemistry of Oxydic and Organic Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional InterfacesKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hartmut Gliemann
- Chemistry of Oxydic and Organic Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional InterfacesKarlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine Eiben
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
| | - Fania Geiger
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent SystemsStuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Department of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of StuttgartStuttgart, Germany
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12
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Adhikari M, Strych U, Kim J, Goux H, Dhamane S, Poongavanam MV, Hagström AEV, Kourentzi K, Conrad JC, Willson RC. Aptamer-Phage Reporters for Ultrasensitive Lateral Flow Assays. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11660-5. [PMID: 26456715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the modification of bacteriophage particles with aptamers for use as bioanalytical reporters, and demonstrate the use of these particles in ultrasensitive lateral flow assays. M13 phage displaying an in vivo biotinylatable peptide (AviTag) genetically fused to the phage tail protein pIII were used as reporter particle scaffolds, with biotinylated aptamers attached via avidin-biotin linkages, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reporter enzymes covalently attached to the pVIII coat protein. These modified viral nanoparticles were used in immunochromatographic sandwich assays for the direct detection of IgE and of the penicillin-binding protein from Staphylococcus aureus (PBP2a). We also developed an additional lateral flow assay for IgE, in which the analyte is sandwiched between immobilized anti-IgE antibodies and aptamer-bearing reporter phage modified with HRP. The limit of detection of this LFA was 0.13 ng/mL IgE, ∼100 times lower than those of previously reported IgE assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Adhikari
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Jinsu Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Heather Goux
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Sagar Dhamane
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | | | - Anna E V Hagström
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jacinta C Conrad
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Richard C Willson
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77004, United States.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston , Houston, Texas 77204, United States.,Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey , Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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13
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Gain-assisted plasmonic metamaterials: mimicking nature to go across scales. RENDICONTI LINCEI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-015-0397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Wen AM, Infusino M, De Luca A, Kernan DL, Czapar AE, Strangi G, Steinmetz NF. Interface of physics and biology: engineering virus-based nanoparticles for biophotonics. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:51-62. [PMID: 25541212 PMCID: PMC4306514 DOI: 10.1021/bc500524f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs)
have been used for a wide range
of applications, spanning basic materials science and translational
medicine. Their propensity to self-assemble into precise structures
that offer a three-dimensional scaffold for functionalization has
led to their use as optical contrast agents and related biophotonics
applications. A number of fluorescently labeled platforms have been
developed and their utility in optical imaging demonstrated, yet their
optical properties have not been investigated in detail. In this study,
two VNPs of varying architectures were compared side-by-side to determine
the impact of dye density, dye localization, conjugation chemistry,
and microenvironment on the optical properties of the probes. Dyes
were attached to icosahedral cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and rod-shaped
tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) through a range of chemistries to target
particular side chains displayed at specific locations around the
virus. The fluorescence intensity and lifetime of the particles were
determined, first using photochemical experiments on the benchtop,
and second in imaging experiments using tissue culture experiments.
The virus-based optical probes were found to be extraordinarily robust
under ultrashort, pulsed laser light conditions with a significant
amount of excitation energy, maintaining structural and chemical stability.
The most effective fluorescence output was achieved through dye placement
at optimized densities coupled to the exterior surface avoiding conjugated
ring systems. Lifetime measurements indicate that fluorescence output
depends not only on spacing the fluorophores, but also on dimer stacking
and configurational changes leading to radiationless relaxation—and
these processes are related to the conjugation chemistry and nanoparticle
shape. For biological applications, the particles were also examined
in tissue culture, from which it was found that the optical properties
differed from those found on the benchtop due to effects from cellular
processes and uptake kinetics. Data indicate that fluorescent cargos
are released in the endolysosomal compartment of the cell targeted
by the virus-based optical probes. These studies provide insight into
the optical properties and fates of fluorescent proteinaceous imaging
probes. The cellular release of cargo has implications not only for
virus-based optical probes, but also for drug delivery and release
systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, ‡Physics, §Pathology, ∥Radiology, ⊥Materials Science and Engineering, and #Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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15
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Jung S, Yi H. An integrated approach for enhanced protein conjugation and capture with viral nanotemplates and hydrogel microparticle platforms via rapid bioorthogonal reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:7762-7770. [PMID: 24937661 DOI: 10.1021/la501772t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate significantly enhanced protein conjugation and target protein capture capacity by exploiting tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) templates assembled with hydrogel microparticles. Protein conjugation results with a red fluorescent protein R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE) show significantly enhanced protein conjugation capacity of TMV-assembled particles (TMV-particles) compared to planar substrates or hydrogel microparticles. In-depth examination of protein conjugation kinetics via tetrazine (Tz)-trans-cyclooctene (TCO) cycloaddition and strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction demonstrates that TMV-particles provide a less hindered environment for protein conjugation. Target protein capture results using an anti-R-PE antibody (R-Ab)-R-PE pair also show substantially improved capture capacity of R-Ab conjugated TMV-particles over R-Ab conjugated hydrogel microparticles. We further demonstrate readily controlled protein and antibody conjugation capacity by simply varying TMV concentrations, which show negligible negative impact of densely assembled TMVs on protein conjugation and capture capacity. Combined, these results illustrate a facile postfabrication protein conjugation approach with TMV templates assembled onto hydrogel microparticles for improved and controlled protein conjugation and sensing platforms. We anticipate that our approach can be readily applied to various protein sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukwon Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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16
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Song L, Wang H, Wang S, Zhang H, Cong H, Huang L, Tien P. Self-assembled bionanoparticles based on the Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped virus 1 (STSV1) coat protein as a prospective bioscaffold for nanotechnological applications. Extremophiles 2014; 18:745-54. [PMID: 24903702 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecule-nanoparticle hybrid bioconjugates based on bioscaffolds such as protein cages and virus capsules have been widely studied. Highly stable and durable biotemplates are a vital pillar in constructing bio-inorganic functional hybrid composites. Here, we introduce a highly heat-resistant coat protein (CP) of Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped virus 1 (STSV1) isolated from the hyperthermophilic archaeon as a prospective biological matrix. Our experiments showed that STSV1 CP was successfully cloned and solubly expressed in the Escherichia coli Rosetta-(DE3) host strain. Protein expression was verified by SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis of the reference C-terminally six-histidine (His6) tagged STSV1 CP (HT-CP). Thermal stability experiments showed that the STSV1 coat protein remained fairly stable at 80 °C. The proteins can be purified facilely by heat treatment followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the purified STSV1 CP protein aggregates demonstrated that the protein could self-assemble into rotavirus-like nanostructures devoid of genetic materials under our experimental conditions. Similar results were obtained for the HT-CP purified by heat treatment followed by Ni-NTA and SEC, indicating that moderately engineered STSV1 CP can retain its self-assembly property. In addition, the STSV1 CP has a high binding affinity for TiO2 nanoparticles. This illustrates that the STSV1 CP can be used as a bioscaffold in nanobiotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
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Cho CF, Shukla S, Simpson EJ, Steinmetz NF, Luyt LG, Lewis JD. Molecular targeted viral nanoparticles as tools for imaging cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1108:211-30. [PMID: 24243252 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-751-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are a novel class of bionanomaterials that harness the natural biocompatibility of viruses for the development of therapeutics, vaccines, and imaging tools. The plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), has been successfully engineered to create novel cancer-targeted imaging agents by incorporating fluorescent dyes, polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers, and targeting moieties. Using straightforward conjugation strategies, VNPs with high selectivity for cancer-specific molecular targets can be synthesized for in vivo imaging of tumors. Here we describe the synthesis and purification of CPMV-based VNPs, the functionalization of these VNPs using click chemistry, and their use for imaging xenograft tumors in animal models. VNPs decorated with fluorescent dyes, PEG, and targeting ligands can be synthesized in one day, and imaging studies can be performed over hours, days, or weeks, depending on the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi-Fong Cho
- Translational Prostate Cancer Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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18
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A programmable fluorescent viral nanoblock: sensing made easy in a single step. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2013; 1108:155-72. [PMID: 24243248 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-751-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanoblock provides specific positioning of recognition moieties and dye molecules which can be used as a signal-generating element and enhance detection sensitivity. The methods described herein use a 30 nm viral nanoblock to couple a variety of proteins and peptides for the incorporation of recognition elements along with a large number of dye molecules (200). The bioconjugation techniques were adapted and optimized over the years to fabricate nanoparticles that exhibit high fluorescence output while maintaining the selectivity of the target receptors. These complexes can be used for the detection of pathogens and toxins in a single step since both receptor and reporter are in the same viral nanoblock. Its stability and nanometer size allows for its utilization in well-established sensing platforms like microarrays.
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Yang X, Kirsch J, Simonian A. Campylobacter spp. detection in the 21st century: a review of the recent achievements in biosensor development. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 95:48-56. [PMID: 23830967 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are an important cause of acute bacterial diseases in humans worldwide. Many bacterial species in the Campylobacter genus are considered harmful and may cause several infectious diseases. Currently, there are no commercial biosensors available to detect Campylobacter spp. in food matrices, and little to no testing has been done in research laboratories with actual food matrices. Biosensors potentially provide a powerful means to detect Campylobacter spp. with the advantages of high sensitivity (low limits of detection with a high signal to noise ratio), high specificity (able to selectively detect the target among several similar targets), real time sensing, and in-site monitoring. This review summarizes the latest research in biosensing technologies for detection of Campylobacter spp. based on a variety of transducers and recognition elements. Finally, a comparison is made among all recently reported biosensors for the detection of Campylobacter spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Yang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
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20
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Geiger FC, Eber FJ, Eiben S, Mueller A, Jeske H, Spatz JP, Wege C. TMV nanorods with programmed longitudinal domains of differently addressable coat proteins. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:3808-16. [PMID: 23519401 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33724c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The spacing of functional nanoscopic elements may play a fundamental role in nanotechnological and biomedical applications, but is so far rarely achieved on this scale. In this study we show that tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and the RNA-guided self-assembly process of its coat protein (CP) can be used to establish new nanorod scaffolds that can be loaded not only with homogeneously distributed functionalities, but with distinct molecule species grouped and ordered along the longitudinal axis. The arrangement of the resulting domains and final carrier rod length both were governed by RNA-templated two-step in vitro assembly. Two selectively addressable TMV CP mutants carrying either thiol (TMVCys) or amino (TMVLys) groups on the exposed surface were engineered and shown to retain reactivity towards maleimides or NHS esters, respectively, after acetic acid-based purification and re-assembly to novel carrier rod types. Stepwise combination of CP(Cys) and CP(Lys) with RNA allowed fabrication of TMV-like nanorods with a controlled total length of 300 or 330 nm, respectively, consisting of adjacent longitudinal 100-to-200 nm domains of differently addressable CP species. This technology paves the way towards rod-shaped scaffolds with pre-defined, selectively reactive barcode patterns on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fania C Geiger
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max-Planck-Institute for Intelligent Systems, University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Sapsford KE, Algar WR, Berti L, Gemmill KB, Casey BJ, Oh E, Stewart MH, Medintz IL. Functionalizing nanoparticles with biological molecules: developing chemistries that facilitate nanotechnology. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1904-2074. [PMID: 23432378 DOI: 10.1021/cr300143v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Sapsford
- Division of Biology, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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22
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Kirsch J, Siltanen C, Zhou Q, Revzin A, Simonian A. Biosensor technology: recent advances in threat agent detection and medicine. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8733-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60141b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Wen AM, Shukla S, Saxena P, Aljabali AA, Yildiz I, Dey S, Mealy JE, Yang AC, Evans DJ, Lomonossoff GP, Steinmetz NF. Interior engineering of a viral nanoparticle and its tumor homing properties. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3990-4001. [PMID: 23121655 PMCID: PMC3525095 DOI: 10.1021/bm301278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of multifunctional nanoparticles for medical applications is of growing technological interest. A single formulation containing imaging and/or drug moieties that is also capable of preferential uptake in specific cells would greatly enhance diagnostics and treatments. There is growing interest in plant-derived viral nanoparticles (VNPs) and establishing new platform technologies based on these nanoparticles inspired by nature. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) serves as the standard model for VNPs. Although exterior surface modification is well-known and has been comprehensively studied, little is known of interior modification. Additional functionality conferred by the capability for interior engineering would be of great benefit toward the ultimate goal of targeted drug delivery. Here, we examined the capacity of empty CPMV (eCPMV) particles devoid of RNA to encapsulate a wide variety of molecules. We systematically investigated the conjugation of fluorophores, biotin affinity tags, large molecular weight polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and various peptides through targeting reactive cysteines displayed selectively on the interior surface. Several methods are described that mutually confirm specific functionalization of the interior. Finally, CPMV and eCPMV were labeled with near-infrared fluorophores and studied side-by-side in vitro and in vivo. Passive tumor targeting via the enhanced permeability and retention effect and optical imaging were confirmed using a preclinical mouse model of colon cancer. The results of our studies lay the foundation for the development of the eCPMV platform in a range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pooja Saxena
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alaa A.A. Aljabali
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ibrahim Yildiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sourav Dey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Joshua E. Mealy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alice C. Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David J. Evans
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - George P. Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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25
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Washington-Hughes CL, Cheng Y, Duan X, Cai L, Lee LA, Wang Q. In vivo virus-based macrofluorogenic probes target azide-labeled surface glycans in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:43-50. [PMID: 22998503 DOI: 10.1021/mp3002528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical addressability of viral particles has played a pivotal role in adapting these biogenic macromolecules for various applications ranging from medicine to inorganic catalysis. Cowpea mosaic virus possesses multiple features that are advantageous for the next generation of virus-based nanotechnology: consistent multimeric assemblies dictated by its genetic code, facile large scale production, and lack of observable toxicity in humans. Herein, the chemistry of the viral particles is extended with the use of Cu-free strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction, or SPAAC reaction. The elimination of Cu, its cocatalyst and reducing agent, simplifies the reaction scheme to a more straightforward approach, which can be directly applied to living systems. As a proof of concept, the viral particles modified with the azadibenzylcyclooctyne functional groups are utilized to trigger and amplify a weak fluorescent signal (azidocoumarin) in live cell cultures to visualize the non-natural sugars. Future adaptations of this platform may be developed to enhance biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clorissa L Washington-Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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26
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Robertson KL, Liu JL. Engineered viral nanoparticles for flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:511-24. [PMID: 22700447 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are attractive platforms for use in the biotechnology and biomedical fields because of their biological nature. A wide variety of these particles, labeled with fluorescent reporters, have been characterized using flow cytometry and cellular imaging techniques. Fluorescence microscopy allows the direct observation of VNPs on the cell surface or inside the membrane as well as the cellular localization of the nanoparticles while flow cytometry allows the statistical quantification of nanoparticle uptake and targeting specificity. These techniques are essential when characterizing the properties of VNPs and provide information toward the use of VNPs for targeting, imaging, and/or cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Robertson
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA.
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27
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Zahr OK, Blum AS. Solution phase gold nanorings on a viral protein template. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:629-633. [PMID: 22200347 DOI: 10.1021/nl203368v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Current studies on materials that exhibit metamaterial properties are mainly focused on lithography-generated 2D substrates. Here we report the successful fabrication of 22 nm gold nanoparticle rings with and without a central nanoparticle assembled on Tobacco Mosaic Virus coat protein disks. These structures are one of the first examples of nanorings produced independently of a substrate and represent the first steps toward the realization of a solution-phase or coatings-based metamaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Khalil Zahr
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6 Canada
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28
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Taghavian O, Mandal MK, Steinmetz NF, Rasche S, Spiegel H, Fischer R, Schillberg S. A potential nanobiotechnology platform based on infectious bursal disease subviral particles. RSC Adv 2012. [PMID: 28638593 DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00857b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel nanobiotechnology platform based on subviral particles derived from infectious bursal disease virus (IBD-SVPs). The major virus coat protein VP2 assembles into spherical, 23 nm SVPs when expressed as a heterologous protein in the yeast Pichia pastoris. We recovered up to 38 mg of IBD-SVPs at > 95% purity from 1 L of recombinant yeast culture. The purified particles were able to tolerate organic solvents up to 20% concentration (ethanol or dimethylsulfoxide), they resisted temperatures up to 65 °C and remained stable over a wide pH range (2.5-9.0). We achieved bioconjugation to the amine groups of lysine residues and to the carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acid residues, allowing the functionalization of IBD-SVPs with biotin. The accessibility of surface amine groups was measured using Alexa Fluor 488 N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester, an amine-selective fluorescent dye, revealing that approximately 60 dye molecules were attached to the surface of each particle. IBD-SVPs can therefore be exploited as a robust and versatile nanoscaffold to display diverse functional ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Taghavian
- Fraunhofer IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Manoj K Mandal
- Fraunhofer IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stefan Rasche
- Fraunhofer IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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29
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Wang T, Zhang Z, Gao D, Li F, Wei H, Liang X, Cui Z, Zhang XE. Encapsulation of gold nanoparticles by simian virus 40 capsids. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4275-4282. [PMID: 21879117 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10568j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Viral capsid-nanoparticle hybrid structures constitute a new type of nanoarchitecture that can be used for various applications. We previously constructed a hybrid structure comprising quantum dots encapsulated by simian virus 40 (SV40) capsids for imaging viral infection pathways. Here, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are encapsulated into SV40 capsids and the effect of particle size and surface ligands (i.e. mPEG and DNA) on AuNP encapsulation is studied. Particle size and surface decoration play complex roles in AuNP encapsulation by SV40 capsids. AuNPs ≥15 nm (when coated with mPEG750 rather than mPEG2000), or ≥10 nm (when coated with 10T or 50T DNA) can be encapsulated. Encapsulation efficiency increased as the size of the AuNPs increased from 10 to 30 nm. In addition, the electrostatic interactions derived from negatively charged DNA ligands on the AuNP surfaces promote encapsulation when the AuNPs have a small diameter (i.e. 10 nm and 15 nm). Moreover, the SV40 capsid is able to carry mPEG750-modified 15-nm AuNPs into living Vero cells, whereas the mPEG750-modified 15-nm AuNPs alone cannot enter cells. These results will improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying nanoparticle encapsulation in SV40 capsids and enable the construction of new functional hybrid nanostructures for cargo delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.44, Xiaohongshan, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
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30
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Lee LA, Nguyen HG, Wang Q. Altering the landscape of viruses and bionanoparticles. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6189-95. [PMID: 21750835 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05700f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, protein-based nanoparticles or bionanoparticles (BNPs), have been used as primary building blocks to generate ornate nanomaterials for a wide-range of applications. Over the past fifty years, numerous BNPs have been chemically modified or genetically engineered to function as smart drug/gene delivery vehicles, advanced vaccine vehicles, and isolated reaction vessels for inorganic, metallic, and semi-conductive depositions. These studies have contributed invaluable insights to the expansive capabilities of these simple, yet highly robust, nanosized building materials. Here we highlight some of the recent progress in the chemical modifications of BNPs and hopefully inspire the development of many new materials in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andrew Lee
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Nanocenter, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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31
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Yaroslavov AA, Kaplan IB, Erokhina TN, Morozov SY, Solovyev AG, Leshchiner AD, Rakhnyanskaya AA, Malinin AS, Stepanova LA, Kiselev OI, Atabekov JG. A new method for producing biologically active nanocomplexes by a noncovalent conjugation of proteins with viral particles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:496-503. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011040169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Sapsford KE, Tyner KM, Dair BJ, Deschamps JR, Medintz IL. Analyzing nanomaterial bioconjugates: a review of current and emerging purification and characterization techniques. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4453-88. [PMID: 21545140 DOI: 10.1021/ac200853a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Sapsford
- Division of Biology, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA.
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33
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Kao CC, Ni P, Hema M, Huang X, Dragnea B. The coat protein leads the way: an update on basic and applied studies with the Brome mosaic virus coat protein. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:403-12. [PMID: 21453435 PMCID: PMC6640235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Brome mosaic virus (BMV) coat protein (CP) accompanies the three BMV genomic RNAs and the subgenomic RNA into and out of cells in an infection cycle. In addition to serving as a protective shell for all of the BMV RNAs, CP plays regulatory roles during the infection process that are mediated through specific binding of RNA elements in the BMV genome. One regulatory RNA element is the B box present in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of BMV RNA1 and RNA2 that play important roles in the formation of the BMV replication factory, as well as the regulation of translation. A second element is within the tRNA-like 3' UTR of all BMV RNAs that is required for efficient RNA replication. The BMV CP can also encapsidate ligand-coated metal nanoparticles to form virus-like particles (VLPs). This update summarizes the interaction between the BMV CP and RNAs that can regulate RNA synthesis, translation and RNA encapsidation, as well as the formation of VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cheng Kao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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34
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Blum AS, Soto CM, Sapsford KE, Wilson CD, Moore MH, Ratna BR. Molecular electronics based nanosensors on a viral scaffold. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:2852-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Abstract
The coat proteins of many viruses spontaneously form icosahedral capsids around nucleic acids or other polymers. Elucidating the role of the packaged polymer in capsid formation could promote biomedical efforts to block viral replication and enable use of capsids in nanomaterials applications. To this end, we perform Brownian dynamics on a coarse-grained model that describes the dynamics of icosahedral capsid assembly around a flexible polymer. We identify several mechanisms by which the polymer plays an active role in its encapsulation, including cooperative polymer-protein motions. These mechanisms are related to experimentally controllable parameters such as polymer length, protein concentration and solution conditions. Furthermore, the simulations demonstrate that assembly mechanisms are correlated with encapsulation efficiency, and we present a phase diagram that predicts assembly outcomes as a function of experimental parameters. We anticipate that our simulation results will provide a framework for designing in vitro assembly experiments on single-stranded RNA virus capsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren M Elrad
- Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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36
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Soto CM, Ratna BR. Virus hybrids as nanomaterials for biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:426-38. [PMID: 20688511 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current review describes advances in the field of bionanotechnology in which viruses are used to fabricate nanomaterials. Viruses are introduced as protein cages, scaffolds, and templates for the production of biohybrid nanostructured materials where organic and inorganic molecules are incorporated in a precise and a controlled fashion. Genetic engineering enables the insertion or replacement of selected amino acids on virus capsids for uses from bioconjugation to crystal growth. The variety of nanomaterials generated in rod-like and spherical viruses is highlighted for tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), M13 bacteriophage, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), and cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). Functional biohybrid nanomaterials find applications in biosensing, memory devices, nanocircuits, light-harvesting systems, and nanobatteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa M Soto
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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Intravital imaging of embryonic and tumor neovasculature using viral nanoparticles. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:1406-17. [PMID: 20671724 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles are a novel class of biomolecular agents that take advantage of the natural circulatory and targeting properties of viruses to allow the development of therapeutics, vaccines and imaging tools. We have developed a multivalent nanoparticle platform based on the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) that facilitates particle labeling at high density with fluorescent dyes and other functional groups. Compared with other technologies, CPMV-based viral nanoparticles are particularly suited for long-term intravital vascular imaging because of their biocompatibility and retention in the endothelium with minimal side effects. The stable, long-term labeling of the endothelium allows the identification of vasculature undergoing active remodeling in real time. In this study, we describe the synthesis, purification and fluorescent labeling of CPMV nanoparticles, along with their use for imaging of vascular structure and for intravital vascular mapping in developmental and tumor angiogenesis models. Dye-labeled viral nanoparticles can be synthesized and purified in a single day, and imaging studies can be conducted over hours, days or weeks, depending on the application.
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Gonzalez MJ, Plummer EM, Rae CS, Manchester M. Interaction of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) nanoparticles with antigen presenting cells in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7981. [PMID: 19956734 PMCID: PMC2776531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plant viruses such as Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) are increasingly being developed for applications in nanobiotechnology including vaccine development because of their potential for producing large quantities of antigenic material in plant hosts. In order to improve efficacy of viral nanoparticles in these types of roles, an investigation of the individual cell types that interact with the particles is critical. In particular, it is important to understand the interactions of a potential vaccine with antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system. CPMV was previously shown to interact with vimentin displayed on cell surfaces to mediate cell entry, but the expression of surface vimentin on APCs has not been characterized. Methodology The binding and internalization of CPMV by several populations of APCs was investigated both in vitro and in vivo by flow cytometry and fluorescence confocal microscopy. The association of the particles with mouse gastrointestinal epithelium and Peyer's patches was also examined by confocal microscopy. The expression of surface vimentin on APCs was also measured. Conclusions We found that CPMV is bound and internalized by subsets of several populations of APCs both in vitro and in vivo following intravenous, intraperitoneal, and oral administration, and also by cells isolated from the Peyer's patch following gastrointestinal delivery. Surface vimentin was also expressed on APC populations that could internalize CPMV. These experiments demonstrate that APCs capture CPMV particles in vivo, and that further tuning the interaction with surface vimentin may facilitate increased uptake by APCs and priming of antibody responses. These studies also indicate that CPMV particles likely access the systemic circulation following oral delivery via the Peyer's patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Gonzalez
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Plummer
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chris S. Rae
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li K, Nguyen HG, Lu X, Wang Q. Viruses and their potential in bioimaging and biosensing applications. Analyst 2009; 135:21-7. [PMID: 20024176 DOI: 10.1039/b911883g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Successful development of ultrasensitive constructs for bioimaging and biosensing is a challenging task. Recently, viruses have drawn increasing attention due to their exquisite three-dimensional structures and unique properties, including multivalency, orthogonal reactivities, and responsiveness to genetic modifications. With such well-characterized structures, functional units, such as imaging and binding motifs, can be engineered on the surface of viruses in a programmable, polyvalent manner, which leads to novel nanosized sensing/imaging systems with enhanced signaling and targeting performance. This review highlights some recent progress in the applications of viruses in bioimaging and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, PR China
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40
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Iha RK, Wooley KL, Nyström AM, Burke DJ, Kade MJ, Hawker CJ. Applications of orthogonal "click" chemistries in the synthesis of functional soft materials. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5620-86. [PMID: 19905010 PMCID: PMC3165017 DOI: 10.1021/cr900138t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1172] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon K. Iha
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Radiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Andreas M. Nyström
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology CCK, R8:03 Karolinska Hospital and Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J. Burke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Matthew J. Kade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Materials, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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41
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Soto CM, Blaney KM, Dar M, Khan M, Lin B, Malanoski AP, Tidd C, Rios MV, Lopez DM, Ratna BR. Cowpea mosaic virus nanoscaffold as signal enhancement for DNA microarrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Archer MJ, Liu JL. Bacteriophage t4 nanoparticles as materials in sensor applications: variables that influence their organization and assembly on surfaces. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:6298-311. [PMID: 22454586 PMCID: PMC3312445 DOI: 10.3390/s90806298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage T4 nanoparticles possess characteristics that make them ideal candidates as materials for sensors, particularly as sensor probes. Their surface can be modified, either through genetic engineering or direct chemical conjugation to display functional moieties such as antibodies or other proteins to recognize a specific target. However, in order for T4 nanoparticles to be utilized as a sensor probe, it is necessary to understand and control the variables that determine their assembly and organization on a surface. The aim of this work is to discuss some of variables that we have identified as influencing the behavior of T4 nanoparticles on surfaces. The effect of pH, ionic strength, substrate characteristics, nanoparticle concentration and charge was addressed qualitatively using atomic force microscopy (AFM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J. Archer
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory/4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Jinny L. Liu
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory/4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA; E-Mail:
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43
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Hagan MF. A theory for viral capsid assembly around electrostatic cores. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:114902. [PMID: 19317561 DOI: 10.1063/1.3086041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop equilibrium and kinetic theories that describe the assembly of viral capsid proteins on a charged central core, as seen in recent experiments in which brome mosaic virus capsids assemble around nanoparticles functionalized with polyelectrolyte. We model interactions between capsid proteins and nanoparticle surfaces as the interaction of polyelectrolyte brushes with opposite charge using the nonlinear Poisson Boltzmann equation. The models predict that there is a threshold density of functionalized charge, above which capsids efficiently assemble around nanoparticles, and that light scatter intensity increases rapidly at early times without the lag phase characteristic of empty capsid assembly. These predictions are consistent with and enable interpretation of preliminary experimental data. However, the models predict a stronger dependence of nanoparticle incorporation efficiency on functionalized charge density than measured in experiments and do not completely capture a logarithmic growth phase seen in experimental light scatter. These discrepancies may suggest the presence of metastable disordered states in the experimental system. In addition to discussing future experiments for nanoparticle-capsid systems, we discuss broader implications for understanding assembly around charged cores such as nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Hagan
- Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.
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44
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Liang S, Schneider RJ. Capillary zone electrophoresis of Cowpea mosaic virus and peak identification. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1572-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ricin detection using phage displayed single domain antibodies. SENSORS 2009; 9:542-55. [PMID: 22389616 PMCID: PMC3280762 DOI: 10.3390/s90100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phage-displayed single domain antibodies (sdAb) were compared to monomeric solubly expressed sdAb and llama polyclonal antibodies for the detection of ricin. SdAb are comprised of the variable domain derived from camelid heavy chain only antibodies (HcAb). Although HcAb lack variable light chains, they as well as their derivative sdAb are able to bind antigens with high affinity. The small size of sdAb (∼16 kDa), while advantageous in many respects, limits the number of labels that can be incorporated. The ability to incorporate multiple labels is a beneficial attribute for reporter elements. Opportunely, sdAb are often selected using phage display methodology. Using sdAb displayed on bacteriophage M13 as the reporter element gives the potential for incorporating a very high number of labels. We have demonstrated the use of both sdAb and phage- displayed sdAb for the detection of ricin using both enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and Luminex fluid array assays. The phage-displayed sdAb led to five to ten fold better detection of ricin in both the ELISA and Luminex assays, resulting in limits of detection of 1 ng/mL and 64 pg/mL respectively. The phage-displayed sdAb were also dramatically more effective for the visualization of binding to target in nitrocellulose dot blot assays, a method frequently used for epitope mapping.
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Abstract
Protein capsids derived from viruses may be modified by methods, generated, isolated, and purified on large scales with relative ease. In recent years, methods for their chemical derivatization have been employed to broaden the properties and functions accessible to investigators desiring monodisperse, atomic-resolution structures on the nanometer scale. Here we review the reactions and methods used in these endeavors, including the modification of lysine, cysteine, and tyrosine side chains, as well as the installation of unnatural amino acids, with particular attention to the special challenges imposed by the polyvalency and size of virus-based scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Strable
- Dynavax Technologies Corp., Berkeley, CA 94710-2753, USA
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Tan WS, Lewis CL, Horelik NE, Pregibon DC, Doyle PS, Yi H. Hierarchical assembly of viral nanotemplates with encoded microparticles via nucleic acid hybridization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:12483-12488. [PMID: 18834199 DOI: 10.1021/la802089q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate hierarchical assembly of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based nanotemplates with hydrogel-based encoded microparticles via nucleic acid hybridization. TMV nanotemplates possess a highly defined structure and a genetically engineered high density thiol functionality. The encoded microparticles are produced in a high throughput microfluidic device via stop-flow lithography (SFL) and consist of spatially discrete regions containing encoded identity information, an internal control, and capture DNAs. For the hybridization-based assembly, partially disassembled TMVs were programmed with linker DNAs that contain sequences complementary to both the virus 5' end and a selected capture DNA. Fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and confocal microscopy results clearly indicate facile assembly of TMV nanotemplates onto microparticles with high spatial and sequence selectivity. We anticipate that our hybridization-based assembly strategy could be employed to create multifunctional viral-synthetic hybrid materials in a rapid and high-throughput manner. Additionally, we believe that these viral-synthetic hybrid microparticles may find broad applications in high capacity, multiplexed target sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wui Siew Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Elrad OM, Hagan MF. Mechanisms of size control and polymorphism in viral capsid assembly. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:3850-7. [PMID: 18950240 PMCID: PMC2742690 DOI: 10.1021/nl802269a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We simulate the assembly dynamics of icosahedral capsids from subunits that interconvert between different conformations (or quasi-equivalent states). The simulations identify mechanisms by which subunits form empty capsids with only one morphology but adaptively assemble into different icosahedral morphologies around nanoparticle cargoes with varying sizes, as seen in recent experiments with brome mosaic virus (BMV) capsid proteins. Adaptive cargo encapsidation requires moderate cargo-subunit interaction strengths; stronger interactions frustrate assembly by stabilizing intermediates with incommensurate curvature. We compare simulation results to experiments with cowpea chlorotic mottle virus empty capsids and BMV capsids assembled on functionalized nanoparticles and suggest new cargo encapsidation experiments. Finally, we find that both empty and templated capsids maintain the precise spatial ordering of subunit conformations seen in the crystal structure even if interactions that preserve this arrangement are favored by as little as the thermal energy, consistent with experimental observations that different subunit conformations are highly similar.
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Chemical addressability of ultraviolet-inactivated viral nanoparticles (VNPs). PLoS One 2008; 3:e3315. [PMID: 18830402 PMCID: PMC2551747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV) is increasingly being used as a nanoparticle platform for multivalent display of molecules via chemical bioconjugation to the capsid surface. A growing variety of applications have employed the CPMV multivalent display technology including nanoblock chemistry, in vivo imaging, and materials science. CPMV nanoparticles can be inexpensively produced from experimentally infected cowpea plants at high yields and are extremely stable. Although CPMV has not been shown to replicate in mammalian cells, uptake in mammalian cells does occur in vitro and in vivo. Thus, inactivation of the virus RNA genome is important for biosafety considerations, however the surface characteristics and chemical reactivity of the particles must be maintained in order to preserve chemical and structural functionality. Methodology/Principal Findings Short wave (254 nm) UV irradiation was used to crosslink the RNA genome within intact particles. Lower doses of UV previously reported to inactivate CPMV infectivity inhibited symptoms on inoculated leaves but did not prohibit systemic virus spread in plants, whereas higher doses caused aggregation of the particles and an increase in chemical reactivity further indicating broken particles. Intermediate doses of 2.0–2.5 J/cm2 were shown to maintain particle structure and chemical reactivity, and cellular binding properties were similar to CPMV-WT. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that it is possible to inactivate CPMV infectivity while maintaining particle structure and function, thus paving the way for further development of CPMV nanoparticles for in vivo applications.
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Prasuhn DE, Kuzelka J, Strable E, Udit AK, Cho SH, Lander GC, Quispe JD, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Potter C, Carragher B, Finn MG. Polyvalent display of heme on hepatitis B virus capsid protein through coordination to hexahistidine tags. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:513-9. [PMID: 18482703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The addition of a hexahistidine tag to the N terminus of the hepatitis B capsid protein gives rise to a self-assembled particle with 80 sites of high local density of histidine side chains. Iron protoporphyrin IX has been found to bind tightly at each of these sites, making a polyvalent system of well-defined spacing between metalloporphyrin complexes. The spectroscopic and redox properties of the resulting particle are consistent with the presence of 80 site-isolated bis(histidine)-bound heme centers, comprising a polyvalent b-type cytochrome mimic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane E Prasuhn
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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