1
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Mashentseva AA, Sutekin DS, Rakisheva SR, Barsbay M. Composite Track-Etched Membranes: Synthesis and Multifaced Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2616. [PMID: 39339079 PMCID: PMC11435613 DOI: 10.3390/polym16182616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Composite track-etched membranes (CTeMs) emerged as a versatile and high-performance class of materials, combining the precise pore structures of traditional track-etched membranes (TeMs) with the enhanced functionalities of integrated nanomaterials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, functionalization, and applications of CTeMs. By incorporating functional phases such as metal nanoparticles and conductive nanostructures, CTeMs exhibit improved performance in various domains. In environmental remediation, CTeMs effectively capture and decompose pollutants, offering both separation and detoxification. In sensor technology, they have the potential to provide high sensitivity and selectivity, essential for accurate detection in medical and environmental applications. For energy storage, CTeMs may be promising in enhancing ion transport, flexibility, and mechanical stability, addressing key issues in battery and supercapacitor performance. Biomedical applications may benefit from the versality of CTeMs, potentially supporting advanced drug delivery systems and tissue engineering scaffolds. Despite their numerous advantages, challenges remain in the fabrication and scalability of CTeMs, requiring sophisticated techniques and meticulous optimization. Future research directions include the development of cost-effective production methods and the exploration of new materials to further enhance the capabilities of CTeMs. This review underscores the transformative potential of CTeMs across various applications and highlights the need for continued innovation to fully realize their benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassiya A. Mashentseva
- The Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
- Department of Nuclear Physics, New Materials, and Technologies, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan;
| | - Duygu S. Sutekin
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Saniya R. Rakisheva
- Department of Nuclear Physics, New Materials, and Technologies, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan;
| | - Murat Barsbay
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
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2
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Psotta C, Nilsson EJ, Sjöberg T, Falk M. Bacteria-Infected Artificial Urine Characterization Based on a Combined Approach Using an Electronic Tongue Complemented with 1H-NMR and Flow Cytometry. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:916. [PMID: 37887109 PMCID: PMC10605348 DOI: 10.3390/bios13100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The prevailing form of bacterial infection is within the urinary tract, encompassing a wide array of bacteria that harness the urinary metabolome for their growth. Through their metabolic actions, the chemical composition of the growth medium undergoes modifications as the bacteria metabolize urine compounds, leading to the subsequent release of metabolites. These changes can indirectly indicate the existence and proliferation of bacterial organisms. Here, we investigate the use of an electronic tongue, a powerful analytical instrument based on a combination of non-selective chemical sensors with a partial specificity for data gathering combined with principal component analysis, to distinguish between infected and non-infected artificial urine samples. Three prevalent bacteria found in urinary tract infections were investigated, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. Furthermore, the electronic tongue analysis was supplemented with 1H NMR spectroscopy and flow cytometry. Bacteria-specific changes in compound consumption allowed for a qualitative differentiation between artificial urine medium and bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magnus Falk
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, and Biofilms Research Center, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (C.P.); (E.J.N.); (T.S.)
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3
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Falk M, Psotta C, Cirovic S, Ohlsson L, Shleev S. Electronic Tongue for Direct Assessment of SARS-CoV-2-Free and Infected Human Saliva-A Feasibility Study. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:717. [PMID: 37504115 PMCID: PMC10377364 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
An electronic tongue is a powerful analytical instrument based on an array of non-selective chemical sensors with a partial specificity for data gathering and advanced pattern recognition methods for data analysis. Connecting electronic tongues with electrochemical techniques for data collection has led to various applications, mostly within sensing for food quality and environmental monitoring, but also in biomedical research for the analyses of different bioanalytes in human physiological fluids. In this paper, an electronic tongue consisting of six electrodes (viz., gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, iridium, and glassy carbon) was designed and tested in authentic (undiluted, unpretreated) human saliva samples from eight volunteers, collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Investigations of 11 samples using differential pulse voltammetry and a principal component analysis allowed us to distinguish between SARS-CoV-2-free and infected authentic human saliva. This work, as a proof-of-principle demonstration, provides a new perspective for the use of electronic tongues in the field of enzyme-free electrochemical biosensing, highlighting their potential for future applications in non-invasive biomedical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Falk
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, and Biofilms Research Center, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carolin Psotta
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, and Biofilms Research Center, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Stefan Cirovic
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, and Biofilms Research Center, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Ohlsson
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, and Biofilms Research Center, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sergey Shleev
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, and Biofilms Research Center, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
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4
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Sensitive determination of urea in luciferin chemiluminescence system using an experimental design. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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5
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Feng D, Xiao M, Yang P. A Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Urea Sensor for Dynamic Monitoring of Urea Transport in Living Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:766-773. [PMID: 36525268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A multiple signal-amplified electrochemiluminescence (ECL) urea sensor was designed based on a self-enhanced probe and SiO2 photonic crystals for dynamic tracking of urea transmembrane transport. The self-enhanced probe (AuNR@Ru-LA) prepared by loading polyethyleneimine (PEI), lactobionic acid (LA), and Ru(dcbpy)32+ on gold nanorods (AuNRs) generated an initial ECL signal, and then the intensity was multiple-amplified by the enhanced light-scattering effect of SiO2 photonic crystals and the co-reaction with urea. The as-prepared sensor exhibited excellent performance for the detection of urea in the range of 1.0 × 10-10 to 1.0 × 10-4 M with a detection limit of 8.8 × 10-11 M at (3σ)/S. The AuNR@Ru-LA probes were labeled on HepG2 cells to construct a cytosensor with a detection range of 1.0 × 103 to 2.0 × 106 cells mL-1. In addition, the dynamic changes of the extracellular urea concentration were tracked by monitoring the ECL signal of the cytosensor to study urea transmembrane transport. The developed strategy realized the amplification of multiple ECL signals and the tracking of urea transmembrane transport, which provided a novel dynamic detection method for small biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defen Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong511443, China
| | - Mingxing Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong511443, China
| | - Peihui Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong511443, China
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6
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Choi Y, Lee S, Lee S, Hong S, Kwon HW. Bioelectronic Tongues Mimicking Insect Taste Systems for Real-Time Discrimination between Natural and Artificial Sweeteners. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3682-3691. [PMID: 36455033 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A bioelectronic tongue (B-ET) mimicking insect taste systems is developed for the real-time detection and discrimination of natural and artificial sweeteners. Here, a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNT-FET) was hybridized with nanovesicles including the honeybee sugar taste receptor, gustatory receptor 1 of Apis mellifera (AmGr1). This strategy allowed us to detect glucose, a major component of nectar, down to 100 fM in real time and identify sweet tastants from other tastants. It could also be utilized for the detection of glucose in dextrose tablet solutions. Importantly, we demonstrated the discrimination between natural and artificial sweeteners down to 10 pM even in real beverages such as decaffeinated coffee using our hybrid platform. In this respect, our B-ET mimicking insect taste systems can be a powerful tool for various applications such as food screening and basic studies on insect taste systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonji Choi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Life Sciences & Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungha Lee
- Department of Life Sciences & Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghun Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences & Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon22012, Republic of Korea
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7
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Jyoti, Kavita, Verma R. Selective detection of urea as milk adulterant using LMR based Fiber Optic Probe. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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8
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Li N, Zhang J, Wang M, Wang K, Liu J, Sun H, Su X. A pH-responsive ratiometric fluorescence system based on AIZS QDs and azamonardine for urea detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 279:121431. [PMID: 35653812 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe was strategically fabricated using pH-sensitive azamonardine (Aza) as a pH indicator and pH-insensitive AIZS QDs as a reference fluorescence signal for urea activity determination and pH sensing. As the pH changed from 9.7 to 11.7, the resorcinol could react with dopamine to form the cyclization product (Aza), producing a fluorescence signal at 455 nm. Meanwhile, the fluorescence intensity of AIZS QDs at 566 nm remained unchanged. Thus, the ratio of the fluorescence intensity (F455/F566) was able to quantify pH value. Our designed pH-sensing platform showed a linear respond to pH values in the range of 9.7 to 11.7 at intervals of 0.2. In addition, the hydrolysis of urea by urease caused an increase of the system pH value, which can be used to measure the concentration of urea. The developed method for urea determination exhibited a good linear relationship from 0.02 to 20 mM and the limit of detection was 0.0103 mM. Moreover, the practical application was confirmed by urea analysis in real water sample with high feasibility and accuracy, indicating the great application prospects of this sensing platform for urea activity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kaishuo Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jinying Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Huilin Sun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xingguang Su
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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9
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Monreal-Trigo J, Alcañiz M, Martínez-Bisbal MC, Loras A, Pascual L, Ruiz-Cerdá JL, Ferrer A, Martínez-Máñez R. New bladder cancer non-invasive surveillance method based on voltammetric electronic tongue measurement of urine. iScience 2022; 25:104829. [PMID: 36034216 PMCID: PMC9399275 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the sixth leading cause of death by cancer. Depending on the invasiveness of tumors, patients with BC will undergo surgery and surveillance lifelong, owing the high rate of recurrence and progression. In this context, the development of strategies to support non-invasive BC diagnosis is focusing attention. Voltammetric electronic tongue (VET) has been demonstrated to be of use in the analysis of biofluids. Here, we present the implementation of a VET to study 207 urines to discriminate BC and non-BC for diagnosis and surveillance to detect recurrences. Special attention has been paid to the experimental setup to improve reproducibility in the measurements. PLSDA analysis together with variable selection provided a model with high sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve AUC (0.844, 0.882, and 0.917, respectively). These results pave the way for the development of non-invasive low-cost and easy-to-use strategies to support BC diagnosis and follow-up. Bladder cancer (BC) and control urines were studied by voltammetric electronic tongue A PLSDA model was obtained with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (84/88/86) 103/122 BC urines and 7⅝5 control urines were predicted correctly The electronic tongue has the potential for non-invasive BC diagnostics and follow-up
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10
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Potentiometric urea biosensors. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 524:154-163. [PMID: 34774544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excess nitrogen in the body is converted to urea in the liver, and urea is disposed as a waste product in urine. Urea concentration can change in body fluids such as blood due to the presence of certain disorders. Therefore, the determination of urea is of high importance in various areas including medical diagnosis, as well as food quality control and environmental monitoring. Potentiometric sensors have certain advantages over their alternatives, such as rapidity, portability, cost effectiveness, high sensitivity, easy operation and simple apparatus. Potentiometric urea biosensors based on enzyme urease have been developed using various materials including nanoparticles and films, and also using different methodologies. In this review, we covered potentiometric urea biosensors reported in the literature, and touched upon their certain structure characteristics and performance parameters including detection limit, working concentration range, response time and lifetime, all of which are of practical importance. Each potentiometric urea biosensor has its own advantages and drawbacks, thus the selection of appropriate method depends on the sample to be analyzed, its urea concentration range and other requirements of the particular application. Further research is needed in order to optimize the performance of these devices and to broaden their applicability.
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11
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Falk M, Nilsson EJ, Cirovic S, Tudosoiu B, Shleev S. Wearable Electronic Tongue for Non-Invasive Assessment of Human Sweat. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217311. [PMID: 34770617 PMCID: PMC8587441 DOI: 10.3390/s21217311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sweat is a promising biofluid in allowing for non-invasive sampling. Here, we investigate the use of a voltammetric electronic tongue, combining different metal electrodes, for the purpose of non-invasive sample assessment, specifically focusing on sweat. A wearable electronic tongue is presented by incorporating metal electrodes on a flexible circuit board and used to non-invasively monitor sweat on the body. The data obtained from the measurements were treated by multivariate data processing. Using principal component analysis to analyze the data collected by the wearable electronic tongue enabled differentiation of sweat samples of different chemical composition, and when combined with 1H-NMR sample differentiation could be attributed to changing analyte concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Falk
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (M.F.); (E.J.N.); (S.C.)
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emelie J. Nilsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (M.F.); (E.J.N.); (S.C.)
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Stefan Cirovic
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (M.F.); (E.J.N.); (S.C.)
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Sergey Shleev
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (M.F.); (E.J.N.); (S.C.)
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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12
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Smartphone-assisted point-of-care colorimetric biosensor for the detection of urea via pH-mediated AgNPs growth. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1170:338630. [PMID: 34090590 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Smartphone-assisted point-of-care (POC) bioassay has brought a giant leap in personal healthcare system and environmental monitoring advancements. In this study, we developed a rapid and reliable colorimetric urea biosensor assisted by a smartphone. We employed hydrolysis of urea into NH3 by urease, which activates the reduction power of tannic acid, to generate silver nanoparticles for a dramatic colorimetric response. The proposed urea biosensor was validated in a solution to provide high selectivity against various interferents in human urine. It had high sensitivity, with a limit of detection as low as 0.0036 mM, and a high reliability of 99% ± 2.9% via the standard addition method. The urea biosensor was successfully implanted on a paper to facilitate smartphone-assisted POC readout with a limit of detection of 0.58 mM and wide detection range of 500 mM, whereby direct diagnosis of human urine without dilution was realized. Our smartphone-assisted POC colorimetric urea biosensor will pave the way for daily monitoring systems of renal and hepatic dysfunction diseases.
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Xu F, Wang P, Bian S, Wei Y, Kong D, Wang H. A Co-Nanoparticles Modified Electrode for On-Site and Rapid Phosphate Detection in Hydroponic Solutions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:E299. [PMID: 33466240 PMCID: PMC7794852 DOI: 10.3390/s21010299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional strategies for determining phosphate concentration is limited in efficiency due to the cost, time, and labor that is required in laboratory analysis. Therefore, an on-site and rapid detection sensor for phosphate is urgently needed to characterize phosphate variability in a hydroponic system. Cobalt (Co) is a highly sensitive metal that has shown a selectivity towards phosphate to a certain extent. A disposable phosphate sensor based on the screen-printed electrode (SPE) was developed to exploit the advantages of Co-nanoparticles. A support vector machine regression model was established to predict the concentration of phosphate in the hydroponic solutions. The results showed that Co-nanoparticles improve the detection limit of the sensor in the initial state. Meanwhile, the corrosion of Co-nanoparticles leads to a serious time-drift and instability of the electrodes. On the other hand, the coefficient of variation of the disposable phosphate detection chip is 0.4992%, the sensitivity is 33 mV/decade, and the linear range is 10-1-10-4.56 mol/L. The R2 and mean square error of the buffer-free sensor in the hydroponic solution are 0.9792 and 0.4936, respectively. In summary, the SPE modified by the Co-nanoparticles is a promising low-cost sensor for on-site and rapid measurement of the phosphate concentration in hydroponic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; (F.X.); (S.B.); (Y.W.); (H.W.)
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Shiyuan Bian
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; (F.X.); (S.B.); (Y.W.); (H.W.)
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Yuliang Wei
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; (F.X.); (S.B.); (Y.W.); (H.W.)
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Deyi Kong
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; (F.X.); (S.B.); (Y.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Huanqin Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; (F.X.); (S.B.); (Y.W.); (H.W.)
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14
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Kim JY, Sung GY, Park M. Efficient Portable Urea Biosensor Based on Urease Immobilized Membrane for Monitoring of Physiological Fluids. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120596. [PMID: 33322630 PMCID: PMC7764381 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have addressed the utilization of glutaraldehyde (GA) as a homobifunctional cross-linker. However, its applicability has been impeded due to several issues, including the tendency of GA molecules to undergo polymerization. Herein, a portable urea biosensor was developed for the real-time monitoring of the flow of physiological fluids; this was achieved by using disuccinimidyl cross-linker-based urease immobilization. Urease was immobilized on a porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) solid support using different disuccinimidyl cross-linkers, namely disuccinimidyl glutarate (DSG), disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) and bis-N-succinimidyl-(pentaethylene glycol) ester (BS(PEG)5). A urease activity test revealed that DSS exhibited the highest urease immobilizing efficiency, whereas FT-IR analysis confirmed that urease was immobilized on the PTFE membrane via DSS cross-linking. The membrane was inserted in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fluidic chamber that generated an electrochemical signal in the presence of a flowing fluid containing urea. Urea samples were allowed to flow into the urea biosensor (1.0 mL/min) and the signal was measured using chronoamperometry. The sensitivity of the DSS urea biosensor was the highest of all the trialed biosensors and was found to be superior to the more commonly used GA cross-linker. To simulate real-time monitoring in a human patient, flowing urea-spiked human serum was measured and the effective urease immobilization of the DSS urea biosensor was confirmed. The repeatability and interference of the urea biosensor were suitable for monitoring urea concentrations typically found in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Kim
- Cooperative Course of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (G.Y.S.)
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea
| | - Gun Yong Sung
- Cooperative Course of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (G.Y.S.)
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea
- Major in Materials Science and Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea
| | - Min Park
- Cooperative Course of Nano-Medical Device Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (G.Y.S.)
- Integrative Materials Research Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea
- Major in Materials Science and Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Korea
- Correspondence:
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15
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Nicoliche CYN, de Oliveira RAG, da Silva GS, Ferreira LF, Rodrigues IL, Faria RC, Fazzio A, Carrilho E, de Pontes LG, Schleder GR, Lima RS. Converging Multidimensional Sensor and Machine Learning Toward High-Throughput and Biorecognition Element-Free Multidetermination of Extracellular Vesicle Biomarkers. ACS Sens 2020; 5:1864-1871. [PMID: 32597643 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a frontier class of circulating biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of different diseases. These lipid structures afford various biomarkers such as the concentrations of the EVs (CV) themselves and carried proteins (CP). However, simple, high-throughput, and accurate determination of these targets remains a key challenge. Herein, we address the simultaneous monitoring of CV and CP from a single impedance spectrum without using recognizing elements by combining a multidimensional sensor and machine learning models. This multidetermination is essential for diagnostic accuracy because of the heterogeneous composition of EVs and their molecular cargoes both within the tumor itself and among patients. Pencil HB cores acting as electric double-layer capacitors were integrated into a scalable microfluidic device, whereas supervised models provided accurate predictions, even from a small number of training samples. User-friendly measurements were performed with sample-to-answer data processing on a smartphone. This new platform further showed the highest throughput when compared with the techniques described in the literature to quantify EVs biomarkers. Our results shed light on a method with the ability to determine multiple EVs biomarkers in a simple and fast way, providing a promising platform to translate biofluid-based diagnostics into clinical workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Y. N. Nicoliche
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. G. de Oliveira
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Giulia S. da Silva
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Larissa F. Ferreira
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ian L. Rodrigues
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo C. Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Fazzio
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Letícia G. de Pontes
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R. Schleder
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Renato S. Lima
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
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16
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Pauliukaite R, Voitechovič E. Multisensor Systems and Arrays for Medical Applications Employing Naturally-Occurring Compounds and Materials. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3551. [PMID: 32585936 PMCID: PMC7349305 DOI: 10.3390/s20123551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The significant improvement of quality of life achieved over the last decades has stimulated the development of new approaches in medicine to take into account the personal needs of each patient. Precision medicine, providing healthcare customization, opens new horizons in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of numerous diseases. As a consequence, there is a growing demand for novel analytical devices and methods capable of addressing the challenges of precision medicine. For example, various types of sensors or their arrays are highly suitable for simultaneous monitoring of multiple analytes in complex biological media in order to obtain more information about the health status of a patient or to follow the treatment process. Besides, the development of sustainable sensors based on natural chemicals allows reducing their environmental impact. This review is concerned with the application of such analytical platforms in various areas of medicine: analysis of body fluids, wearable sensors, drug manufacturing and screening. The importance and role of naturally-occurring compounds in the development of electrochemical multisensor systems and arrays are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Pauliukaite
- Department of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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17
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Jansod S, Cherubini T, Soda Y, Bakker E. Optical Sensing with a Potentiometric Sensing Array by Prussian Blue Film Integrated Closed Bipolar Electrodes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9138-9145. [PMID: 32484335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous optical readout of a potentiometric sensor array of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) based on PVC membranes is described here for the first time. The optical array consists of electrochromic Prussian Blue (PB) films in multiple closed ion-selective bipolar electrodes (BPEs), which gives a physical separation between the optical detection and sample compartments. The potential-dependent turnover of PB generates Prussian White (PW). A near-Nernstian response of the PB film is confirmed by colorimetric absorbance experiments as a function of applied potential. In the combined bipolar electrode cell, the overall potential is kept constant with a single potentiostat over the entire array where each PB spot indicates the potential change of an individual connected potentiometric probe. For cation-selective electrodes, the absorbance or blue intensity of the connected PB film is enhanced with increasing target cation activity. The colorimetric absorbance changes are simultaneously followed by a digital camera and analyzed by Mathematica software. A multiple cation-BPE array allows one to achieve simultaneous quantitative analysis of potassium, sodium, and calcium ions, demonstrated here in highly colored fruit juices. Mass transport at the PB thin film is shown not to be rate-limiting. The measuring ranges can be tuned in a wide range by potential control. The PB film exhibits greatly improved reproducibility and stability as compared to previous work with a ferroin redox probe confined in a thin solution layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutida Jansod
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Cherubini
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Yoshiki Soda
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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18
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Cuartero M, Colozza N, Fernández-Pérez BM, Crespo GA. Why ammonium detection is particularly challenging but insightful with ionophore-based potentiometric sensors – an overview of the progress in the last 20 years. Analyst 2020; 145:3188-3210. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00327a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An overview of ionophore-based electrodes for ammonium sensing critically analyzing contributions in the last 20 years and with focus in analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cuartero
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry
- Biotechnology and Health
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- 10044 Stockholm
| | - Noemi Colozza
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry
- Biotechnology and Health
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- 10044 Stockholm
| | - Bibiana M. Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry
- Biotechnology and Health
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- 10044 Stockholm
| | - Gastón A. Crespo
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry
- Biotechnology and Health
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- 10044 Stockholm
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19
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Wasilewski T, Kamysz W, Gębicki J. Bioelectronic tongue: Current status and perspectives. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 150:111923. [PMID: 31787451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the course of evolution, nature has endowed humans with systems for the recognition of a wide range of tastes with a sensitivity and selectivity which are indispensable for the evaluation of edibility and flavour attributes. Inspiration by a biological sense of taste has become a basis for the design of instruments, operation principles and parameters enabling to mimic the unique properties of their biological precursors. In response to the demand for fast, sensitive and selective techniques of flavouring analysis, devices belonging to the group of bioelectronic tongues (B-ETs) have been designed. They combine achievements of chemometric analysis employed for many years in electronic tongues (ETs), with unique properties of bio-inspired materials, such as natural taste receptors (TRs) regarding receptor/ligand affinity. Investigations of the efficiency of the prototype devices create new application possibilities and suggest successful implementation in real applications. With advances in the field of biotechnology, microfluidics and nanotechnologies, many exciting developments have been made in the design of B-ETs in the last five years or so. The presented characteristics of the recent design solutions, application possibilities, critical evaluation of potentialities and limitations as well as the outline of further development prospects related to B-ETs should contribute to the systematisation and expansion of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wasilewski
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kamysz
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland, Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Gębicki
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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20
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Electronic Tongues for Inedible Media. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19235113. [PMID: 31766686 PMCID: PMC6928786 DOI: 10.3390/s19235113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
“Electronic tongues”, “taste sensors”, and similar devices (further named as “multisensor systems”, or MSS) have been studied and applied mostly for the analysis of edible analytes. This is not surprising, since the MSS development was sometimes inspired by the mainstream idea that they could substitute human gustatory tests. However, the basic principle behind multisensor systems—a combination of an array of cross-sensitive chemical sensors for liquid analysis and a machine learning engine for multivariate data processing—does not imply any limitations on the application of such systems for the analysis of inedible media. This review deals with the numerous MSS applications for the analysis of inedible analytes, among other things, for agricultural and medical purposes.
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21
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Bao C, Niu Q, Chen ZA, Cao X, Wang H, Lu W. Ultrathin nickel-metal–organic framework nanobelt based electrochemical sensor for the determination of urea in human body fluids. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29474-29481. [PMID: 35528419 PMCID: PMC9071849 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ni-MOF ultrathin nanobelts in alkaline media can be used as an efficient catalyst for urea electrooxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Bao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Qiangqiang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Zi-Ang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Xiaowei Cao
- Institute of Translational Medicine
- Medical College
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225001
- China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
| | - Wenbo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education)
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- Shanxi Normal University
- Linfen 041004
- China
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22
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Pundir CS, Jakhar S, Narwal V. Determination of urea with special emphasis on biosensors: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:36-50. [PMID: 30308420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Urea is the major end product of nitrogen metabolism in humans, which is eliminated from the body mainly by the kidneys through urine but is also secreted in body fluids such as blood and saliva. Its level in urine ranges from 7 to 20 mg/dL, which drastically rises under patho-physiological conditions thus providing key information of renal function and diagnosis of various kidney and liver disorders. Increase in urea levels in blood, also referred to as azotemia or uremia. The chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end stage renal disease (ESRD) is generally caused due to the progressive loss of kidney function. Hence, there is an urgent need of determination of urea in biological fluids to diagnose these diseases at their early stage. Among the various methods available for detection of urea, most are complicated and require time-consuming sample pre-treatment, expensive instrumental set-up and trained persons to operate, specifically for chromatographic methods. The biosensing methods overcome these drawbacks, as these are simple, fast, specific and highly sensitive and can also be applied for detection of urea in vivo. This review presents the principles of various analytical methods for determination of urea with special emphasis on biosensors. The use of various nanostructures and electrochemical microfluidic paper based analytical device (EμPAD) are suggested for further development of urea biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Pundir
- Department of Biochemistry, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Seema Jakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Vinay Narwal
- Department of Biochemistry, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
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23
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Simultaneous determination of copper and zinc in brass samples by PCR and PLS1 methods using a multiple ion-selective electrode array. Talanta 2018; 183:184-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Sorvin M, Belyakova S, Stoikov I, Shamagsumova R, Evtugyn G. Solid-Contact Potentiometric Sensors and Multisensors Based on Polyaniline and Thiacalixarene Receptors for the Analysis of Some Beverages and Alcoholic Drinks. Front Chem 2018; 6:134. [PMID: 29740577 PMCID: PMC5928141 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic tongue is a sensor array that aims to discriminate and analyze complex media like food and beverages on the base of chemometrics approaches for data mining and pattern recognition. In this review, the concept of electronic tongue comprising of solid-contact potentiometric sensors with polyaniline and thacalix[4]arene derivatives is described. The electrochemical reactions of polyaniline as a background of solid-contact sensors and the characteristics of thiacalixarenes and pillararenes as neutral ionophores are briefly considered. The electronic tongue systems described were successfully applied for assessment of fruit juices, green tea, beer, and alcoholic drinks They were classified in accordance with the origination, brands and styles. Variation of the sensor response resulted from the reactions between Fe(III) ions added and sample components, i.e., antioxidants and complexing agents. The use of principal component analysis and discriminant analysis is shown for multisensor signal treatment and visualization. The discrimination conditions can be optimized by variation of the ionophores, Fe(III) concentration, and sample dilution. The results obtained were compared with other electronic tongue systems reported for the same subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Sorvin
- Analytical Chemistry Department, A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana Belyakova
- Analytical Chemistry Department, A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- Organic Chemistry Department, A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Rezeda Shamagsumova
- Analytical Chemistry Department, A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Gennady Evtugyn
- Analytical Chemistry Department, A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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25
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Voitechovič E, Korepanov A, Kirsanov D, Legin A. Quantification of immobilized protein in pharmaceutical production by bio-assisted potentiometric multisensor system. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 150:67-71. [PMID: 29216587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of proteins is a key biochemical assay in molecular biology, biotechnology, medicine and pharmacology. Protein quantification protocols can be based on spectrophotometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, mass spectrometry or quantitative immunoblotting depending on analyte. In case of immobilized protein these methods require suitable sample preparation. Thus, sophisticated analysis becomes even more complex, expensive and time-consuming. Such drawbacks are highly undesirable in industry. In this study we propose a new approach for evaluation of immobilized protein concentration based on application of bio-assisted potentiometric multisensor system. Surface-immobilized recombinant protein A from Staphylococcus aureus (SpA, expressed in Escherichia coli), which is commonly used as affinity ligand immobilized to stationary phase (сhromatography media) for monoclonal antibody purification was employed as the model object. Chromatography media samples containing different amounts of immobilized SpA were analyzed. Proteinase K from Tritirachium album was employed as a bio-transducer. We demonstrated that the suggested approach provides information about immobilized SpA concentration with 0.8mg/ml accuracy in the range 1-6.7mg/ml and within just 16min. Moreover, the proposed procedure requires no expensive materials and equipment and no bio-transducer immobilization. This method has potential of application for fast monitoring of other immobilized proteins in different tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edita Voitechovič
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Dmitry Kirsanov
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Andrey Legin
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Artificial Sensory Systems, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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26
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Podrażka M, Bączyńska E, Kundys M, Jeleń PS, Witkowska Nery E. Electronic Tongue-A Tool for All Tastes? BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 8:bios8010003. [PMID: 29301230 PMCID: PMC5872051 DOI: 10.3390/bios8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic tongue systems are traditionally used to analyse: food products, water samples and taste masking technologies for pharmaceuticals. In principle, their applications are almost limitless, as they are able to almost completely reduce the impact of interferents and can be applied to distinguish samples of extreme complexity as for example broths from different stages of fermentation. Nevertheless, their applications outside the three principal sample types are, in comparison, rather scarce. In this review, we would like to take a closer look on what are real capabilities of electronic tongue systems, what can be achieved using mixed sensor arrays and by introduction of biosensors or molecularly imprinted polymers in the matrix. We will discuss future directions both in the sense of applications as well as system development in the ever-growing trend of low cost analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Podrażka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bączyńska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, The Nencki Institute PAS, Pasteur Street 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kundys
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paulina S Jeleń
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Emilia Witkowska Nery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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27
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Enzyme immobilization on a nanoadsorbent for improved stability against heavy metal poisoning. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 144:135-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Voitechovič E, Korepanov A, Kirsanov D, Jahatspanian I, Legin A. Bio-assisted potentiometric multisensor system for purity evaluation of recombinant protein A. Talanta 2016; 156-157:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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29
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Pascual L, Campos I, Vivancos JL, Quintás G, Loras A, Martínez-Bisbal MC, Martínez-Máñez R, Boronat F, Ruiz-Cerdà JL. Detection of prostate cancer using a voltammetric electronic tongue. Analyst 2016; 141:4562-7. [PMID: 27375181 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01044j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple method based on the multivariate analysis of data from urine using an electronic voltammetric tongue is used to detect patients with prostate cancer. A sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 73% were obtained to distinguish the urine from cancer patients and the urine from non-cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Pascual
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universitat Politècnica de València - Universitat de València, Spain.
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30
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Khan MRR, Khalilian A, Kang SW. A High Sensitivity IDC-Electronic Tongue Using Dielectric/Sensing Membranes with Solvatochromic Dyes. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16050668. [PMID: 27171095 PMCID: PMC4883359 DOI: 10.3390/s16050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an electronic tongue/taste sensor array containing different interdigitated capacitor (IDC) sensing elements to detect different types of tastes, such as sweetness (glucose), saltiness (NaCl), sourness (HCl), bitterness (quinine-HCl), and umami (monosodium glutamate) is proposed. We present for the first time an IDC electronic tongue using sensing membranes containing solvatochromic dyes. The proposed highly sensitive (30.64 mV/decade sensitivity) IDC electronic tongue has fast response and recovery times of about 6 s and 5 s, respectively, with extremely stable responses, and is capable of linear sensing performance (R2 ≈ 0.985 correlation coefficient) over the wide dynamic range of 1 µM to 1 M. The designed IDC electronic tongue offers excellent reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of about 0.029. The proposed device was found to have better sensing performance than potentiometric-, cascoded compatible lateral bipolar transistor (C-CLBT)-, Electronic Tongue (SA402)-, and fiber-optic-based taste sensing systems in what concerns dynamic range width, response time, sensitivity, and linearity. Finally, we applied principal component analysis (PCA) to distinguish between various kinds of taste in mixed taste compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rajibur Rahaman Khan
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Alireza Khalilian
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Shin-Won Kang
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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31
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Deng HH, Hong GL, Lin FL, Liu AL, Xia XH, Chen W. Colorimetric detection of urea, urease, and urease inhibitor based on the peroxidase-like activity of gold nanoparticles. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 915:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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del Valle M. Bioelectronic Tongues Employing Electrochemical Biosensors. TRENDS IN BIOELECTROANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/11663_2016_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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33
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A novel bio-electronic tongue using different cellobiose dehydrogenases to resolve mixtures of various sugars and interfering analytes. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 79:515-21. [PMID: 26748369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel application of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) as sensing element for a Bioelectronic Tongue (BioET) system has been tested. In this work CDHs from various fungi, which exhibit different substrate specificities, were used to discriminate between lactose and glucose in presence of the interfering matrix compound Ca(2+) in various mixtures. This work exploits the advantage of an electronic tongue system with practically zero pre-treatment of samples and operation at low voltages in a direct electron transfer mode. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) used in the BioET system to interpret the voltammetric data was able to provide a correct prediction of the concentrations of the analytes considered. Correlation coefficients in the comparison of obtained vs. expected concentrations were highly significant, especially for lactose (R(2)=0.975) and Ca(2+) (R(2)=0.945). This BioET application has a high potential especially for the food and dairy industry and also, if further miniaturised in screen printed format, for its in-situ use.
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Yang ZP, Liu X, Zhang CJ, Liu BZ. A high-performance nonenzymatic piezoelectric sensor based on molecularly imprinted transparent TiO2 film for detection of urea. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 74:85-90. [PMID: 26120814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transparent photocatalytic surfaces are of ever increasing importance for the enhancement of the photocatalytic efficiency. Here, the highly ordered transparent TiO2 nanotube arrays were prepared by the anodization and thermal annealing of titanium layer deposited onto the glass substrate, and a novel nonenzymatic piezoelectric sensor was developed for urea detection based on the modification of molecularly imprinted TiO2 thin film onto transparent TiO2 nanotube arrays. The performance of the fabricated sensor was evaluated and the results indicated that the sensor exhibited high sensitivity in urea detection, with a linear range from 0.04 to 120 μM and a limit of detection of 0.01 μM. Moreover, the sensor presented outstanding selectivity while used in coexisting systems containing various interferents with high concentration. The analytical application of the urea sensor confirmed the feasibility of urea detection in urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-peng Yang
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Chun-jing Zhang
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Bao-zhong Liu
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China.
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Wang L, Yang D, Fang C, Chen Z, Lesniewski PJ, Mallavarapu M, Naidu R. Application of neural networks with novel independent component analysis methodologies to a Prussian blue modified glassy carbon electrode array. Talanta 2015; 131:395-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Buron CC, Quinart M, Vrlinic T, Yunus S, Glinel K, Jonas AM, Lakard B. Application of original assemblies of polyelectrolytes, urease and electrodeposited polyaniline as sensitive films of potentiometric urea biosensors. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Determination of urine ionic composition with potentiometric multisensor system. Talanta 2014; 131:556-61. [PMID: 25281140 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ionic composition of urine is a good indicator of patient's general condition and allows for diagnostics of certain medical problems such as e.g., urolithiasis. Due to environmental factors and malnutrition the number of registered urinary tract cases continuously increases. Most of the methods currently used for urine analysis are expensive, quite laborious and require skilled personnel. The present work deals with feasibility study of potentiometric multisensor system of 18 ion-selective and cross-sensitive sensors as an analytical tool for determination of urine ionic composition. In total 136 samples from patients of Urolithiasis Laboratory and healthy people were analyzed by the multisensor system as well as by capillary electrophoresis as a reference method. Various chemometric approaches were implemented to relate the data from electrochemical measurements with the reference data. Logistic regression (LR) was applied for classification of samples into healthy and unhealthy producing reasonable misclassification rates. Projection on Latent Structures (PLS) regression was applied for quantitative analysis of ionic composition from potentiometric data. Mean relative errors of simultaneous prediction of sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, urate and creatinine from multisensor system response were in the range 3-13% for independent test sets. This shows a good promise for development of a fast and inexpensive alternative method for urine analysis.
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Tahirbegi IB, Alvira M, Mir M, Samitier J. Simple and fast method for fabrication of endoscopic implantable sensor arrays. SENSORS 2014; 14:11416-26. [PMID: 24971473 PMCID: PMC4168460 DOI: 10.3390/s140711416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Here we have developed a simple method for the fabrication of disposable implantable all-solid-state ion-selective electrodes (ISE) in an array format without using complex fabrication equipment or clean room facilities. The electrodes were designed in a needle shape instead of planar electrodes for a full contact with the tissue. The needle-shape platform comprises 12 metallic pins which were functionalized with conductive inks and ISE membranes. The modified microelectrodes were characterized with cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and optical interferometry. The surface area and roughness factor of each microelectrode were determined and reproducible values were obtained for all the microelectrodes on the array. In this work, the microelectrodes were modified with membranes for the detection of pH and nitrate ions to prove the reliability of the fabricated sensor array platform adapted to an endoscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bogachan Tahirbegi
- Nanobioengineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Margarita Alvira
- Nanobioengineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Mònica Mir
- Nanobioengineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering Laboratory, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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Flow injection analysis biosensor for urea analysis in urine using enzyme thermistor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:998-1009. [PMID: 24907044 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for analytical methods capable of monitoring urea levels in urine for patients under clinical monitoring to appraise renal function. Herein, we present a practical method to quantify levels of urea in human urine samples using flow injection analysis-enzyme thermistor (FIA-ET) biosensor. The biosensor comprises a covalently immobilized enzyme urease (Jack bean) on aminated silica support, which selectively hydrolyzes the urea present in the sample. Under optimized conditions, the developed biosensor showed a linear response in the range of 10-1,000 mM, R (2) = 0.99, and response time of 90 s in 100 mM phosphate buffer (PB) (flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, sample volume of 0.1 mL, and pH 7.2). The urea-spiked human urine samples showed minimal matrix interference in the range of 10-1,000 mM. Recoveries were obtained (92.26-99.80 %) in the spiked urine samples. The reliability and reproducibility of the developed biosensor were found satisfactory with percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) = 0.741. The developed biosensor showed excellent operational stability up to 30 weeks with 20 % loss in original response when used continuously at room temperature. These results indicate that the developed biosensor could be very effective to detect low and high levels of urea in urine samples.
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Covalent attachment of Ni-2,3-pyrazine dicarboxylic acid onto gold nanoparticle gold electrode modified with penicillamine- CdS quantum dots for electrocatalytic oxidation and determination of urea. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wilson AD. Diverse applications of electronic-nose technologies in agriculture and forestry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:2295-348. [PMID: 23396191 PMCID: PMC3649433 DOI: 10.3390/s130202295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electronic-nose (e-nose) instruments, derived from numerous types of aroma-sensor technologies, have been developed for a diversity of applications in the broad fields of agriculture and forestry. Recent advances in e-nose technologies within the plant sciences, including improvements in gas-sensor designs, innovations in data analysis and pattern-recognition algorithms, and progress in material science and systems integration methods, have led to significant benefits to both industries. Electronic noses have been used in a variety of commercial agricultural-related industries, including the agricultural sectors of agronomy, biochemical processing, botany, cell culture, plant cultivar selections, environmental monitoring, horticulture, pesticide detection, plant physiology and pathology. Applications in forestry include uses in chemotaxonomy, log tracking, wood and paper processing, forest management, forest health protection, and waste management. These aroma-detection applications have improved plant-based product attributes, quality, uniformity, and consistency in ways that have increased the efficiency and effectiveness of production and manufacturing processes. This paper provides a comprehensive review and summary of a broad range of electronic-nose technologies and applications, developed specifically for the agriculture and forestry industries over the past thirty years, which have offered solutions that have greatly improved worldwide agricultural and agroforestry production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphus D Wilson
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
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Wei Z, Wang J, Zhang X. Monitoring of quality and storage time of unsealed pasteurized milk by voltammetric electronic tongue. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Iridium oxide pH sensor for biomedical applications. Case urea–urease in real urine samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 39:163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kutyła-Olesiuk A, Zaborowski M, Prokaryn P, Ciosek P. Monitoring of beer fermentation based on hybrid electronic tongue. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 87:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Nikoleli GP, Israr MQ, Tzamtzis N, Nikolelis DP, Willander M, Psaroudakis N. Structural Characterization of Graphene Nanosheets for Miniaturization of Potentiometric Urea Lipid Film Based Biosensors. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kirsanov D, Mednova O, Vietoris V, Kilmartin PA, Legin A. Towards reliable estimation of an “electronic tongue” predictive ability from PLS regression models in wine analysis. Talanta 2012; 90:109-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
This paper describes recent work performed with electronic tongue systems utilizing electrochemical sensors. The electronic tongues concept is a new trend in sensors that uses arrays of sensors together with chemometric tools to unravel the complex information generated. Initial contributions and also the most used variant employ conventional ion selective electrodes, in which it is named potentiometric electronic tongue. The second important variant is the one that employs voltammetry for its operation. As chemometric processing tool, the use of artificial neural networks as the preferred data processing variant will be described. The use of the sensor arrays inserted in flow injection or sequential injection systems will exemplify attempts made to automate the operation of electronic tongues. Significant use of biosensors, mainly enzyme-based, to form what is already named bioelectronic tongue will be also presented. Application examples will be illustrated with selected study cases from the Sensors and Biosensors Group at the Autonomous University of Barcelona.
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Chen Y, Andersson A, Mecklenburg M, Xie B, Zhou Y. Dual-signal analysis eliminates requirement for milk sample pretreatment. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 29:115-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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