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Yamanaka T, Arai F. Film-Shaped Self-Powered Electro-Osmotic Micropump Array. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:785. [PMID: 37421018 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a new concept of a film-shaped micropump array for biomedical perfusion. The detailed concept, design, fabrication process, and performance evaluation using prototypes are described. In this micropump array, an open circuit potential (OCP) is generated by a planar biofuel cell (BFC), which in turn generates electro-osmotic flows (EOFs) in multiple through-holes arranged perpendicular to the micropump plane. The micropump array is thin and wireless, so it can be cut like postage stamps, easily installed in any small location, and can act as a planar micropump in solutions containing the biofuels glucose and oxygen. Perfusion at local sites are difficult with conventional techniques using multiple separate components such as micropumps and energy sources. This micropump array is expected to be applied to the perfusion of biological fluids in small locations near or inside cultured cells, cultured tissues, living organisms, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Yamanaka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Fumihito Arai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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2
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Carpenter AC, Paulsen IT, Williams TC. Blueprints for Biosensors: Design, Limitations, and Applications. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E375. [PMID: 30050028 PMCID: PMC6115959 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensors are enabling major advances in the field of analytics that are both facilitating and being facilitated by advances in synthetic biology. The ability of biosensors to rapidly and specifically detect a wide range of molecules makes them highly relevant to a range of industrial, medical, ecological, and scientific applications. Approaches to biosensor design are as diverse as their applications, with major biosensor classes including nucleic acids, proteins, and transcription factors. Each of these biosensor types has advantages and limitations based on the intended application, and the parameters that are required for optimal performance. Specifically, the choice of biosensor design must consider factors such as the ligand specificity, sensitivity, dynamic range, functional range, mode of output, time of activation, ease of use, and ease of engineering. This review discusses the rationale for designing the major classes of biosensor in the context of their limitations and assesses their suitability to different areas of biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Carpenter
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Thomas C Williams
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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3
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Yamanaka T, Arai F. Self-Propelled Swimming Microrobot Using Electroosmotic Propulsion and Biofuel Cell. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2018.2800103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Ganaja KA, Chaplan CA, Zhang J, Martinez NW, Martinez AW. Paper Microzone Plates as Analytical Tools for Studying Enzyme Stability: A Case Study on the Stabilization of Horseradish Peroxidase Using Trehalose and SU-8 Epoxy Novolac Resin. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5333-5341. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jingyi Zhang
- St. Paul’s School, Concord, New Hampshire 03301, United States
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Guo Z, Murphy L, Stein V, Johnston WA, Alcala-Perez S, Alexandrov K. Engineered PQQ-Glucose Dehydrogenase as a Universal Biosensor Platform. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10108-11. [PMID: 27463000 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors with direct electron output hold promise for nearly seamless integration with portable electronic devices. However, so far, they have been based on naturally occurring enzymes that significantly limit the spectrum of detectable analytes. Here, we present a novel biosensor architecture based on analyte-driven intermolecular recombination and activity reconstitution of a re-engineered component of glucometers: PQQ-glucose dehydrogenase. We demonstrate that this sensor architecture can be rapidly adopted for the detection of immunosuppressant drugs, α-amylase protein, or protease activity of thrombin and Factor Xa. The biosensors could be stored in dried form without appreciable loss of activity. We further show that ligand-induced activity of the developed biosensors could be directly monitored by chronoamperometry, enabling construction of disposable sensory electrodes. We expect that this architecture could be expanded to the detection of other biochemical activities, post-translational modifications, nucleic acids, and inorganic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Guo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lindy Murphy
- Molecular Warehouse Ltd. , 40 Occam Road, Guildford GU2 7YG, U.K
| | - Viktor Stein
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Wayne A Johnston
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Kirill Alexandrov
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Guo Z, Johnston WA, Stein V, Kalimuthu P, Perez-Alcala S, Bernhardt PV, Alexandrov K. Engineering PQQ-glucose dehydrogenase into an allosteric electrochemical Ca2+ sensor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:485-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07824e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors convert biological events to an electrical current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Guo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Wayne A. Johnston
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Viktor Stein
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Palraj Kalimuthu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | | | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kirill Alexandrov
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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7
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Elagli A, Belhacene K, Vivien C, Dhulster P, Froidevaux R, Supiot P. Facile immobilization of enzyme by entrapment using a plasma-deposited organosilicon thin film. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Arscott S. SU-8 as a material for lab-on-a-chip-based mass spectrometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3668-3689. [PMID: 25029537 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00617h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This short review focuses on the application of SU-8 for the microchip-based approach to the miniaturization of mass spectrometry. Chip-based mass spectrometry will make the technology commonplace and bring benefits such as lower costs and autonomy. The chip-based miniaturization of mass spectrometry necessitates the use of new materials which are compatible with top-down fabrication involving both planar and non-planar processes. In this context, SU-8 is a very versatile epoxy-based, negative tone resist which is sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and electron beam exposure. It has a very wide thickness range, from nanometres to millimetres, enabling the formation of mechanically rigid, very high aspect ratio, vertical, narrow width structures required to form microfluidic slots and channels for laboratory-on-a-chip design. It is also relatively chemically resistant and biologically compatible in terms of the liquid solutions used for mass spectrometry. This review looks at the impact and potential of SU-8 on the different parts of chip-based mass spectrometry - pre-treatment, ionization processes, and ion sorting and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Arscott
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie (IEMN), CNRS UMR8520, The University of Lille, Cité Scientifique, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Zestos AG, Nguyen MD, Poe BL, Jacobs CB, Venton BJ. Epoxy insulated carbon fiber and carbon nanotube fiber microelectrodes. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2013; 182:652-658. [PMID: 33927480 PMCID: PMC8081386 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2013.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) are typically constructed from glass capillaries pulled to a fine taper or from a polyimide-coated capillary that is 90 μm in outer diameter. Here, a new fabrication method is developed to insulate carbon-fiber microelectrodes with a thin epoxy coating. A polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) mold was laser etched with channels 30-40 μm deep and wide and each channel filled with Armstrong C7 epoxy. A carbon fiber was laid into each channel so that the fiber extended past the mold, and the epoxy cured in an oven. One end of the fiber was trimmed to about 100 μm to form a cylindrical carbon-fiber microelectrode, while the other end was attached to a pin and connected to a potentiostat. Epoxy-insulated electrodes were tested with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. For dopamine, the sensitivity is similar to glass and polyimide-coated capillary electrodes with a linear range of 0.1 to 10 μM and a LOD of 24 nM. SU-8 epoxy was tested as an alternative insulator because it cures at a lower temperature using light, but it was more brittle. Carbon nanotube fibers were also successfully insulated with epoxy. Epoxy- insulated CFMEs were used to detect stimulated dopamine release in vivo. Epoxy-insulated electrodes are smaller in diameter than polyimide-coated capillary electrodes and amenable to mass production. They are advantageous for use in higher order mammals, where glass is not permitted, and with alternative electrode materials, such as carbon nanotube fibers, that cannot be fabricated in a capillary puller.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Brian L Poe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - B Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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Ornoff DM, Wang Y, Allbritton NL. Characterization of freestanding photoresist films for biological and MEMS applications. JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING : STRUCTURES, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS 2013; 23:025009. [PMID: 24072957 PMCID: PMC3780457 DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/23/2/025009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Photoresists are light-sensitive resins used in a variety of technological applications. In most applications, however, photoresists are generally used as sacrificial layers or a structural layer that remains on the fabrication substrate. Thin layers of patterned 1002F photoresist were fabricated and released to form a freestanding film. Films of thickness in the range of 4.5-250 μm were patterned with through-holes to a resolution of 5 μm and an aspect ratio of up to 6:1. Photoresist films could be reliably released from the substrate after a 12-hour immersion in water. The Young's modulus of a 50 μm-thick film was 1.43 ± 0.20 GPa. Use of the films as stencils for patterning sputtered metal onto a surface was demonstrated. These 1002F stencils were used multiple times without deterioration in feature quality. Furthermore, the films provided biocompatible, transparent surfaces of low autofluorescence on which cells could be grown. Culture of cells on a film with an isolated small pore enabled a single cell to be accessed through the underlying channel and loaded with exogenous molecules independently of nearby cells. Thus 1002F photoresist was patterned into thin, flexible, free-standing films that will have numerous applications in the biological and MEMS fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Ornoff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 ; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Lin YH, Wang SH, Wu MH, Pan TM, Lai CS, Luo JD, Chiou CC. Integrating solid-state sensor and microfluidic devices for glucose, urea and creatinine detection based on enzyme-carrying alginate microbeads. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 43:328-35. [PMID: 23356998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A solid-state sensor embedded microfluidic chip is demonstrated for the detection of glucose, urea and creatinine in human serum. In the presented device, magnetic powder-containing enzyme-carrying alginate microbeads are immobilized on the surface of an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensor by means of a step-like obstacle in the microchannel and an external magnetic force. The sample is injected into the microchannel and reacts with the enzyme contained within the alginate beads; prompting the release of hydrogen ions. The sample concentration is then evaluated by measuring the resulting change in the voltage signal of the EIS sensor. The reaction time and alginate bead size are optimized experimentally using a standard glucose solution. The experimental results show that the device has a detection range of 2-8mM, 1-16mM and 10(-2)-10mM for glucose, urea and creatinine, respectively. Furthermore, it is shown that the device is capable of sequentially measuring all three indicators in a human serum sample. Finally, it is shown that the measured values of the glucose, urea and creatinine concentrations obtained using the device deviate from those obtained using a commercial kit by just 5.17%, 6.22% and 13.53%, respectively. This method can be extended to sequentially measure multiple blood indicators in the sample chip by replacing different types of enzyme in alginate bead and can address the enzyme preservation issue in the microfluidic device. Overall, the results presented in this study indicate that the microfluidic chip has significant potential for blood monitoring in point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Heng Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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12
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Bayne L, Ulijn RV, Halling PJ. Effect of pore size on the performance of immobilised enzymes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:9000-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60270b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Benlarbi M, Blum LJ, Marquette CA. SU-8-carbon composite as conductive photoresist for biochip applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:220-5. [PMID: 22705408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A composite photoresist has been developed for the direct photopatterning of electrodes useful as biochip substrates. The material is composed of SU-8 polymer added with graphite carbon filler which enables patterning of conductive thin films (22 μm) on both glass substrate and transparency flexible film with a standard UV photolithography protocol. The resolution obtained using the conductive composite compared well with the bare resist, with lateral resolutions of 5 and 10 μm for bare and conductive resists, respectively. The obtained electrodes, after an electrochemical pre-treatment, exhibited very good electrochemical behaviors, opening the path to various electrochemical detections and grafting possibilities. In order to demonstrate the potentialities of the developed material in the biosensors and biochips field, DNA probes were electrografted, using diazonium chemistry, directly at the composite photoresist surface. Target oligonucleotide interactions were detected using chemiluminescent labeling and a satisfactory detection limit of 0.25 nM target sequence was demonstrated with a detection ranging over three orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhssine Benlarbi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique, Membranes Biomimétiques et Assemblages Supramoléculaires, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaire et Supramoléculaire, Université Lyon1-CNRS 5246 ICBMS, Bât. CPE, 43 Bd du 11 Nov., 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Psoma SD, van der Wal PD, de Rooij NF. Low Fluorescence Enzyme Matrices Based on Microfabricated SU-8 Films for a Phenol Micro-Biosensor Application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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