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Chablé-Vega MA, García-Hernández E, Martínez-Heredia JE, Villalpando-Aguilar JL, Arreola-Enríquez J, López-Rosas I, Alatorre-Cobos F. The return of natural dyes: the case of logwood tree ( Haematoxylum campechianum L.). Biotech Histochem 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38869850 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2024.2367535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a worldwide reassessment of natural dyes has occurred, driven by the health and environmental issues associated with synthetic dyes. Haematoxylum campechianum L. is a tropical tree from which wood extracts were widely used in the textile industry during the 16th century. The logwood tree extract serves as a contemporary source of hematoxylin, a key dye in the globally prevalent hematoxylin-eosin staining method, a cornerstone in histopathological procedures. This paper will initially explore the re-emergence of natural dyes. Subsequently, it will focus on the historical, conventional, and innovative applications of logwood in the fields of medicine, histopathology, and nanotechnology, along with the status and alternative uses of the hematoxylin-eosin stain. Lastly, this paper will examine the current state of conservation and utilization of Haematoxylum campechianum in Campeche, Mexico, a leading global producer of hematoxylin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Itzel López-Rosas
- Technological Institute of China, National Technological Institute of Mexico, Chiná, México
| | - Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Campeche, México
- Conahcyt-Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Merida, México
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2
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Shyam R, Sekhar Panda H, Mishra J, Jyoti Panda J, Kour A. Emerging biosensors in Phenylketonuria. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 559:119725. [PMID: 38734223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder resulting from deficient phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme activity, leading to impaired phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism. This condition can lead to intellectual disability, epilepsy, and behavioural issues. Treatment typically involves strict dietary restrictions on natural protein intake, supplemented with chemically manufactured protein substitutes containing amino acids other than Phe. Various approaches, including casein glycomacropeptide (GMP), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) therapy, large neutral amino acid (LNAA) supplementation, enzyme therapy, gene therapy, and medical therapies, aim to prevent Phe transport in the brain to potentially treat PKU. Although newborn screening programs and early dietary interventions have enhanced outcomes of the potential treatment strategies, limitations still persist in this direction. These involve potent accuracy concerns in diagnosis due to the existence of antibiotics in blood of PKU patients, affecting growth of the bacteria in the bacterial inhibition assay. Monitoring involves complex methods for instance, mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography, which involve shortcomings such as lengthy protocols and the need for specialized equipment. To address these limitations, adaptable testing formats like bio/nano sensors are emerging with their cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, and rapid, accurate, and sensitive detection capabilities, offering promising alternatives for PKU diagnosis. This review provides insights into current treatment and diagnostic approaches, emphasizing on the potential applications of the diverse sensors intended for PKU diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Shyam
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | | | - Jibanananda Mishra
- School of Biosciences, RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab 147301, India
| | - Jiban Jyoti Panda
- Institute of Nanoscience and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India.
| | - Avneet Kour
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India.
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3
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Ma M, Dong L, Luo B, Hao A, Xing P. V-shaped chiral hosts based on π-extended hematoxylin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11145-11148. [PMID: 37650147 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03631f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Hematoxylin has a V-shaped chiral geometry, but its potential in chiroptical self-assembled materials is underdeveloped. Herein, three novel V-shaped chiral hematoxylin derivatives were synthesized, and they showed extended skeletons as well as photophysical and chiroptical behaviors. Moreover, their host-guest interactions with C60 were investigated. Our findings could aid in the design and synthesis of novel chiral host molecules from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Ma
- College of Basic Medicine & Laboratory of New Antitumor Drug Molecular Design and Synthesis of Jining Medical University & Jining Key Laboratory of Pharmacology, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuyang Dong
- College of Basic Medicine & Laboratory of New Antitumor Drug Molecular Design and Synthesis of Jining Medical University & Jining Key Laboratory of Pharmacology, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Aiyou Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengyao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Moazampour M, Zare HR, Shekari Z, Moshtaghioun SM. Development of an electrochemical genosensor for quantitative determination of miR-200a based on the current response of ferrocene-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Stable nitronyl nitroxide monoradical MATMP as novel monomer of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization for ultrasensitive DNA detection. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1222:340167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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4-Dimethylaminoantipyrine as a Broad Electrochemical Indicator for Immunosensors Platform. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22103681. [PMID: 35632090 PMCID: PMC9146155 DOI: 10.3390/s22103681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine (4-DMAA)-mediated interfacing as a broad biochemical indicator to stabilize and promote the higher response of electrodes for immunological detection. We hypothesized that the improved biological interactions of 4-DMAA with electrodes and biological samples may be due to the interaction properties of the benzene and pyrazole chemical groups with graphite and proteins, respectively. In order to demonstrate that 4-DMAA could be used as a general indicator in electrochemical immunoassays, we used peptides as probes for the diagnosis of four neglected tropical infectious diseases Tegumentary leishmaniasis, Visceral leishmaniasis, Strongyloidiasis, and Leprosy on commercial graphite screen-printed electrodes. 4-DMAA oxidation was used to indicate specific biological recognition between the epitope-based peptide and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) from infected patients. We demonstrated that 4-DMAA should be incorporated into the electrodes prior to serum application, which avoids interference with its sensitivity and specificity. In addition, 4-DMAA oxidizes at a low anodic potential, and the oxidation peak is useful for detecting proteins in biological fluids. In summary, we have successfully demonstrated the broad application of 4-DMAA as a general indicator for the specific diagnosis of four infectious diseases in electrochemical immunosensors. Such a strategy is quite advantageous for indirect detection of proteins that lack electrochemical activities or are spatially inaccessible on the electrode surface. This new indicator opens a new avenue for monitoring biological recognition, especially for immunosensors.
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7
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A ratiometric electrochemical DNA-biosensor for detection of miR-141. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:213. [PMID: 35513513 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05301-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive biosensor for the detection of miR-141 has been constructed. The DNA-biosensor is prepared by first immobilizing the thiolated methylene blue-labeled hairpin capture probe (MB-HCP) on two-layer nanocomposite film graphene oxide-chitosan@ polyvinylpyrrolidone-gold nanourchin modified glassy carbon electrode. We used the hematoxylin as an electrochemical auxiliary indicator in the second stage to recognize DNA hybridization via the square wave voltammetry (SWV) responses that record the accumulated hematoxylin on electrode surfaces. The morphology and chemical composition of nanocomposite was characterized using TEM, FE-SEM, and FT-IR techniques. The preparation stages of the DNA-biosensor were screened by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The proposed DNA-biosensor can distinguish miR-141 from a non-complementary and mismatch sequence. A detection limit of 0.94 fM and a linear range of 2.0 -5.0 × 105 fM were obtained using SWV for miR-141 detection. The working potential for methylene blue and hematoxylin was -0.28 and + 0.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl, respectively. The developed biosensor can be successfully used in the early detection of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by directly measuring miR-141 in human plasma samples. This novel DNA-biosensor is of promise in early sensitive clinical diagnosis of cancers with miR-141 as its biomarker.
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Azimzadeh M, Aghili Z, Jannat B, Jafari S, Rafizadeh Tafti S, Nasirizadeh N. Nanocomposite of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide and gold nanourchins for electrochemical DNA detection. IET Nanobiotechnol 2022; 16:190-198. [PMID: 35442560 PMCID: PMC9178657 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A nanocomposite of graphene oxide and gold nanourchins has been used here to modify the surface of a screen‐printed carbon electrode to enhance the sensitivity of the electrochemical DNA detection system. A specific single‐stranded DNA probe was designed based on the target DNA sequence and was thiolated to be self‐assembled on the surface of the gold nanourchins placed on the modified electrode. Doxorubicin was used as an electrochemical label to detect the DNA hybridisation using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The assembling process was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the EIS method. The high sensitivity of the proposed system led to a low detection limit of 0.16 fM and a wide linear range from 0.5 to 950.0 fM. The specificity of the DNA hybridisation and the signalling molecule (haematoxylin) caused very high selectivity towards the target DNA than other non‐specific sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Halal Research Center of IRI, MOH, Tehran, Iran.,Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Aghili
- Food & Drug Control Reference Laboratories Center, FDA, MOH, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Jafari
- Department of Textile and Polymer Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saeed Rafizadeh Tafti
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Navid Nasirizadeh
- Halal Research Center of IRI, MOH, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Textile and Polymer Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
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Moazampour M, Zare HR, Shekari Z. Femtomolar determination of an ovarian cancer biomarker (miR-200a) in blood plasma using a label free electrochemical biosensor based on L-cysteine functionalized ZnS quantum dots. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2021-2029. [PMID: 33956002 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00330e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a label-free electrochemical genosensor was designed based on ZnS quantum dots functionalized with l-cysteine (Cys-ZnS-QDs) to detect miR-200a, as a special ovarian cancer biomarker. The Cys-ZnS-QD genosensor was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence methods. Cys-ZnS-QDs are electrodeposited on the glassy carbon electrode surface and act as a suitable substrate for immobilization of the DNA probe. The effective parameters in the preparation of the genosensor are optimized to improve its analytical performance. The analytical performance of the genosensor has been investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Under optimal conditions, the linear range and the detection limit of miR-200a were found to be 1.0 × 10-14 to 1.0 × 10-6 M and 8.4 fM. In addition, the genosensor is used to detect the target complementary miRNA strand from a single-base mismatch miRNA strand. Finally, this label-free electrochemical biosensor was used to detect miR-200a in human plasma without using any amplification method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobe Moazampour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, 89195-741, Iran.
| | - Hamid R Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, 89195-741, Iran.
| | - Zahra Shekari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, 89195-741, Iran.
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He Y, Liu Y, Cheng L, Yang Y, Qiu B, Guo L, Wang Y, Lin Z, Hong G. Highly Reproducible and Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors for HPV Detection Based on Bovine Serum Albumin Carrier Platforms and Hyperbranched Rolling Circle Amplification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:298-305. [PMID: 33382593 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most DNA-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors are established through the self-assembly of thiolated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) probes on the Au electrode surface. Because of this random assembly process, a significant discrepancy exists in the distribution of a modified DNA film on different electrodes, which greatly affects the reproducibility of a biosensor. In this study, a porous bovine serum albumin (BSA) layer was first modified on the electrode surface, which can improve the position distribution and spatial orientation of the self-assembly ssDNA probe. It was then coupled with hyperbranched rolling circle amplification to develop the high-reproducibility-and-sensitivity ECL biosensor for human papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 oncogene detection. In the presence of the target DNA, the surface of the electrode accumulates abundant amplified products through reaction, which contain double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) fragments of different lengths, followed by plentiful dichlorotris (1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium(II) hydrate (Ru(phen)32+, acting as an ECL indicator) insertion into grooves of dsDNA fragments, and a strong signal can be detected. There is a linear relationship between the signal and the target concentration range from 10 fM to 15 pM, and the detection limit is 7.6 fM (S/N = 3). After the BSA modification step, the relative standard deviation was reduced from 9.20 to 3.96%, thereby achieving good reproducibility. The proposed ECL strategy provides a new method for constructing high-reproducibility-and-sensitivity ECL biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhuan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350007, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Longhua Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolin Hong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Genetic Testing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
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Hu X, Guiseppi-Elie A, Dinu CZ. Biomolecular interfaces based on self-assembly and self-recognition form biosensors capable of recording molecular binding and release. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4987-4998. [PMID: 30839012 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10090j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This research proposed to create the next generation of versatile electrochemical-based biosensors capable of monitoring target capture and release as dictated by molecular binding or unbinding. The biosensor integrates cellular machines (i.e., microtubules, structural elements of cells and kinesin molecular motors involved in cellular transport) as functional units; its assembly is based on molecular self-assembly and self-recognition. Our results demonstrate that the designed biosensor was capable of allowing detection of binding and unbinding events based on redox reactions at user-controlled electrode interfaces. The analysis also showed that the sensitivity of the designed biosensor or its ability to record such events could be user-controlled at any given time by adjusting the energy source that "fuels" the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, WV, USA.
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Shariati M, Ghorbani M, Sasanpour P, Karimizefreh A. An ultrasensitive label free human papilloma virus DNA biosensor using gold nanotubes based on nanoporous polycarbonate in electrical alignment. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1048:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mousavi Nodoushan S, Nasirizadeh N, Amani J, Halabian R, Imani Fooladi AA. An electrochemical aptasensor for staphylococcal enterotoxin B detection based on reduced graphene oxide and gold nano-urchins. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 127:221-228. [PMID: 30622036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) as a bacterial toxin causing severe food poisoning is of great importance. Herein, we developed an electrochemical aptasensor for SEB detection using a screen printed electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and gold nano-urchins (AuNUs). Afterward, the single-stranded DNA probe was attached to the surface of AuNUs on the modified electrode and then the specific aptamer was attached to the probe. In the presence of SEB molecules, the aptamer detached from the electrode surface and after applying the electrochemical signal generator, hematoxylin and the peak current of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were recorded. Due to the intercalation mechanism of hematoxylin-DNA interaction, the detachment of aptamer from electrode surface decreased the DPV peak current and the calibration graph (peak current vs SEB concentration) can be used for quantification of SEB. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and also field emission scanning electron microscope imaging were used for electrode characterization. Selectivity experiments of the developed aptasensor showed a very distinct difference between SEB and other nonspecific molecules. A wide linear range from 5.0 to 500.0 fM was achieved and the detection limit was calculated as 0.21 fM. The performance of the aptasensor was checked in spiked food samples as simulated real samples and the results showed no significant difference compared to the synthetic samples. Results of selectivity and repeatability of the aptasensor were satisfactory. In addition, better recovery percentages and also lower standard deviation of aptasensor compared to a commercial ELISA kit of SEB detection proved the superior performance of the proposed aptasensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Mousavi Nodoushan
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14359-44711, Iran
| | - Navid Nasirizadeh
- Department of Textile and Polymer Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd 8916871967, Iran.
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14359-44711, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14359-44711, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14359-44711, Iran.
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14
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Rasouli E, Shahnavaz Z, Basirun WJ, Rezayi M, Avan A, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Khandanlou R, Johan MR. Advancements in electrochemical DNA sensor for detection of human papilloma virus - A review. Anal Biochem 2018; 556:136-144. [PMID: 29981317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted disease, transmitted through intimate skin contact or mucosal membrane. The HPV virus consists of a double-stranded circular DNA and the role of HPV virus in cervical cancer has been studied extensively. Thus it is critical to develop rapid identification method for early detection of the virus. A portable biosensing device could give rapid and reliable results for the identification and quantitative determination of the virus. The fabrication of electrochemical biosensors is one of the current techniques utilized to achieve this aim. In such electrochemical biosensors, a single-strand DNA is immobilized onto an electrically conducting surface and the changes in electrical parameters due to the hybridization on the electrode surface are measured. This review covers the recent developments in electrochemical DNA biosensors for the detection of HPV virus. Due to the several advantages of electrochemical DNA biosensors, their applications have witnessed an increased interest and research focus nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rasouli
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Zohreh Shahnavaz
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Jefrey Basirun
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amir Avan
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Roshanak Khandanlou
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, 3350, Ballarat, Australia.
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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15
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Seifati SM, Nasirizadeh N, Azimzadeh M. Nano-biosensor based on reduced graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles, for detection of phenylketonuria-associated DNA mutation. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:417-422. [PMID: 29768223 PMCID: PMC8676255 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU)-associated DNA mutation in newborn children can be harmful to his health and early detection is the best way to inhibit consequences. A novel electrochemical nano-biosensor was developed for PKU detection, based on signal amplification using nanomaterials, e.g. gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) decorated on the reduced graphene oxide sheet on the screen-printed carbon electrode. The fabrication steps were checked by field emission scanning electron microscope imaging as well as cyclic voltammetry analysis. The specific alkanethiol single-stranded DNA probes were attached by self-assembly methodology on the AuNPs surface and Oracet blue was used as an intercalating electrochemical label. The results showed the detection limit of 21.3 fM and the dynamic range of 80-1200 fM. Moreover, the selectivity results represented a great specificity of the nano-biosensor for its specific target DNA oligo versus other non-specific sequences. The real sample simulation was performed successfully with almost no difference than a synthetic buffer solution environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Morteza Seifati
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, Ashkezar Branch, Islamic Azad University, 8941673155 Ashkezar, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Navid Nasirizadeh
- Department of Textile and Polymer Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, 8916871967 Yazd, Iran
| | - Mostafa Azimzadeh
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 8916188635 Yazd, Iran
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16
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Aghili Z, Nasirizadeh N, Divsalar A, Shoeibi S, Yaghmaei P. A highly sensitive miR-195 nanobiosensor for early detection of Parkinson’s disease. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:32-40. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1411930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aghili
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Nasirizadeh
- Department of Textile and Polymer Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Adeleh Divsalar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Shoeibi
- Food and Drug Reference Control Laboratories Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOH), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehreh Yaghmaei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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17
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A nanobiosensor composed of Exfoliated Graphene Oxide and Gold Nano-Urchins, for detection of GMO products. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 95:72-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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A voltammetric study on the interaction between isoproterenol and cardiomyocyte DNA by using a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon nanotubes, polyaniline and gold nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Karimizefreh A, Mahyari FA, VaezJalali M, Mohammadpour R, Sasanpour P. Impedimetic biosensor for the DNA of the human papilloma virus based on the use of gold nanosheets. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Sezgin HV, Dilgin Y, Gökçel Hİ. Adsorption and deposition-assisted anodic stripping voltammetry for determination of antimony(III) in presence of hematoxylin on glassy carbon electrode. Talanta 2017; 164:677-683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Avelino KY, Frias IA, Lucena-Silva N, Gomes RG, de Melo CP, Oliveira MD, Andrade CA. Attomolar electrochemical detection of the BCR/ABL fusion gene based on an amplifying self-signal metal nanoparticle-conducting polymer hybrid composite. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 148:576-584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Shekari Z, Zare HR, Falahati A. An ultrasensitive aptasensor for hemin and hemoglobin based on signal amplification via electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. Anal Biochem 2016; 518:102-109. [PMID: 27902920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims at the fabrication of a novel electrochemical aptasensor, Ap-GA-AMSN-GCE, for the label-free determination of hemin and hemoglobin (Hb). Basically, the electrochemical reduction current of hemin or Hb incubated on Ap-GA-AMSN-GCE in the presence of oxygen serves as an excellent signal for quantitative determination of these analytes. By differential pulse voltammetry, the calibration plot was linear in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10-19-1.0 × 10-6 M of hemin and Hb. Also, the detection limits, DL, of hemin and Hb were found to be 7.5 × 10-20 M and 6.5 × 10-20 M respectively. According to the experimental results, using the proposed aptasensor in the absence of any oxygen molecule in the analytical solution, the DL value of hemin was 1.0 × 10-12 M. The very low DL obtained in the presence of oxygen is due to the excellent electrocatalytic activity of hemin and Hb incubated on the aptasensor for oxygen reduction. This electrocatalytic activity has a key role in bringing about excellent low detection limits, DL, and wide linear concentration ranges of analytes. Finally, this aptasensor was satisfactorily used for the determination of Hb in human blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shekari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, 89195-741, Iran
| | - Hamid R Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, 89195-741, Iran.
| | - Ali Falahati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, 89195-741, Iran
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23
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Use of 3,3',5,5' tetramethylbenzidine as new electrochemical indicator of DNA hybridization and its application in genossensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:226-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Hajihosseini S, Nasirizadeh N, Hejazi MS, Yaghmaei P. An electrochemical DNA biosensor based on Oracet Blue as a label for detection of Helicobacter pylori. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:911-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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e Silva TDS, de Castro ACH, de Rezende Rodovalho V, Madurro JM, Madurro AGB. Development of electrochemical genosensor for MYCN oncogene detection using rhodamine B as electroactive label. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Hajihosseini S, Nasirizadeh N, Hejazi MS, Yaghmaei P. A sensitive DNA biosensor fabricated from gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide on a glassy carbon electrode. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 61:506-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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An electrochemical nanobiosensor for plasma miRNA-155, based on graphene oxide and gold nanorod, for early detection of breast cancer. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Wang Z, Fan Y, Chen J, Guo Y, Wu W, He Y, Xu L, Fu F. A microfluidic chip-based fluorescent biosensor for the sensitive and specific detection of label-free single-base mismatch via magnetic beads-based “sandwich” hybridization strategy. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2177-84. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- ZongWen Wang
- Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; Fujian; P.R. China
| | - YingWei Fan
- Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; Fujian; P.R. China
| | - JinFa Chen
- Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; Fujian; P.R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; Fujian; P.R. China
| | - WeiHua Wu
- Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; Fujian; P.R. China
| | - Ye He
- Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; Fujian; P.R. China
| | - LiangJun Xu
- Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; Fujian; P.R. China
| | - FengFu Fu
- Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety; Department of Chemistry Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; Fujian; P.R. China
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29
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Gao H, Jiang X, Dong YJ, Tang WX, Hou C, Zhu NN. Dendrimer-encapsulated copper as a novel oligonucleotides label for sensitive electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 48:210-5. [PMID: 23685561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of a novel electrochemical label for sensitive electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization based on dendrimer-encapsulated copper. The generation 4.5 (G 4.5) carboxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimer with a trimesyl core was used as a template for synthesis of Cu²⁺/dendrimer nanocomposites (Cu-DNCs). Ratios of Cu²⁺/dendrimer were optimized in order to obtain stable nanocomposites with maximal copper loading in the interior of a polymeric shell. Cu-DNCs labeled DNA probe was employed for determining a target ssDNA immobilized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) based on a specific hybridization reaction. The hybridization events were monitored by electrochemical detection of Cu anchored on the hybrids after the release in a diluted nitric acid by anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry (ASDPV). The results showed that only a complementary sequence could form a dsDNA with the Cu-DNCs DNA probe and give an obvious electrochemical signal. The non-complementary sequence exhibited negligible signal change compared with the blank measurement (means: the electrode containing no target DNA incubating in hybridization buffer solution containing Cu-DNCs DNA probe for a certain time). The use of Cu encapsulated-dendrimer as tags and ASDPV for the detection of the released Cu ions could enhance the hybridization signal, and result in the increase of the sensitivity for the target DNA. Under the conditions employed here, the detection limit for measuring the full complementary sequence is down to pM level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Guilin Road 100, Shanghai 200234, China
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30
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Samide A, Tutunaru B, Bratulescu G, Ionescu C. Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of new electrodes based on poly-hematoxylin films. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Wang Q, Ding Y, Wang L, Gao C, Gao F, Gao F. Highly selective DNA biosensor based on the long-range electron transfer of indigo carmine through DNA duplex. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Wang QX, Gao F, Gao F, Li SX, Weng W, Liu FQ, Jiao K. A novel hybridization indicator for the low-background detection of short DNA fragments based on an electrically neutral cobalt(II) complex. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 32:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Topkaya SN, Ozkan-Ariksoysal D, Kosova B, Ozel R, Ozsoz M. Electrochemical DNA biosensor for detecting cancer biomarker related to glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) hypermethylation in real samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 31:516-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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Electrochemical spectroscopic investigations on the interaction of an ytterbium complex with DNA and their analytical applications such as biosensor. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:1117-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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35
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Souza E, Nascimento G, Santana N, Ferreira D, Lima M, Natividade E, Martins D, Lima-Filho J. Label-free electrochemical detection of the specific oligonucleotide sequence of dengue virus type 1 on pencil graphite electrodes. SENSORS 2011; 11:5616-29. [PMID: 22163916 PMCID: PMC3231433 DOI: 10.3390/s110605616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor that relies on the adsorption immobilization of the 18-mer single-stranded nucleic acid related to dengue virus gene 1 on activated pencil graphite was developed. Hybridization between the probe and its complementary oligonucleotides (the target) was investigated by monitoring guanine oxidation by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The pencil graphite electrode was made of ordinary pencil lead (type 4B). The polished surface of the working electrode was activated by applying a potential of 1.8 V for 5 min. Afterward, the dengue oligonucleotides probe was immobilized on the activated electrode by applying 0.5 V to the electrode in 0.5 M acetate buffer (pH 5.0) for 5 min. The hybridization process was carried out by incubating at the annealing temperature of the oligonucleotides. A time of five minutes and concentration of 1 μM were found to be the optimal conditions for probe immobilization. The electrochemical detection of annealing between the DNA probe (TS-1P) immobilized on the modified electrode, and the target (TS-1T) was achieved. The target could be quantified in a range from 1 to 40 nM with good linearity and a detection limit of 0.92 nM. The specificity of the electrochemical biosensor was tested using non-complementary sequences of dengue virus 2 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Souza
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Professor Moraes s/n, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; E-Mails: (G.N.); (N.S.); (D.F.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +55-81-2126-8484; Fax: +55-81-2126-8485
| | - Gustavo Nascimento
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Professor Moraes s/n, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; E-Mails: (G.N.); (N.S.); (D.F.)
| | - Nataly Santana
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Professor Moraes s/n, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; E-Mails: (G.N.); (N.S.); (D.F.)
| | - Danielly Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Professor Moraes s/n, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; E-Mails: (G.N.); (N.S.); (D.F.)
| | - Manoel Lima
- Computer Science Institute, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Professor Moraes s/n, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; E-Mails: (M.L.); (E.N.)
| | - Edna Natividade
- Computer Science Institute, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Professor Moraes s/n, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; E-Mails: (M.L.); (E.N.)
| | - Danyelly Martins
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Professor Moraes s/n, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; E-Mails: (G.N.); (N.S.); (D.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.M.); (J.L.-F.)
| | - José Lima-Filho
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Professor Moraes s/n, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; E-Mails: (G.N.); (N.S.); (D.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE, Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.M.); (J.L.-F.)
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