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Romano-Munive AF, Moctezuma-Velázquez C, Sauma-Rodríguez J, Ramos-Martínez P, Torre-Delgadillo A. CD138 immunohistochemistry identifies more plasma cells compared with hematoxylin and eosin staining in autoimmune hepatitis. An observational study. Rev Gastroenterol Mex (Engl Ed) 2024; 89:52-56. [PMID: 36973120 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is associated with periportal infiltration by plasma cells. Plasma cell detection is routinely performed through hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The present study aimed to assess the utility of CD138, an immunohistochemical plasma cell marker, in the evaluation of AIH. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study was conducted, in which cases consistent with AIH, within the time frame of 2001 and 2011, were collected. Routine H&E-stained sections were used for evaluation. CD138 immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to detect plasma cells. RESULTS Sixty biopsies were included. In the H&E group, the median and interquartile range (IQR) was 6 (4-9) plasma cells/high power field (HPF) and was 10 (IQR 6-20) plasma cells/HPF in the CD138 group (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between the number of plasma cells determined by H&E and CD138 (p = 0.31, p = 0.01). No significant correlation was found between the number of plasma cells determined by CD138 and IgG level (p = 0.21, p = 0.09) or stage of fibrosis (p = 0.12, p = 0.35), or between IgG level and stage of fibrosis (p = 0.17, p = 0.17). No significant correlation was found between the treatment response and the number of plasma cells determined by H&E (p = 0.11, p = 0.38), CD138 (p = 0.07, p = 0.55), or stage of fibrosis (p = 0.16, p = 0.20). CD138 expression was different between the treatment response groups (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION CD138 increased the detection of plasma cells in liver biopsies of patients with AIH, when compared with routine H&E staining. However, there was no correlation between the number of plasma cells determined by CD138 and serum IgG levels, stage of fibrosis, or response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Romano-Munive
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - C Moctezuma-Velázquez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - P Ramos-Martínez
- Departamento de Patología, INCMNSZ, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Torre-Delgadillo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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Yin HH, Han YL, Yan X, Guan YX. Hematoxylin modulates tau-RD protein fibrillization and ameliorates Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms in a yeast model. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126140. [PMID: 37543268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most serious neurodegenerative diseases with no effective treatment options available. The formation of insoluble amyloid fibrils of the hyperphosphorylated tau protein is intimately associated with AD, hence the tau protein has been a key target for AD drug development. In this work, hematoxylin was discovered as a dual functional compound, that is, acting in the inhibition of repeat domain of tau (tau-RD) protein fibrillogenesis and remodeling of pre-formed tau-RD fibrils in vitro. Meanwhile, hematoxylin was able to reduce the accumulation of tau-RD aggregates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Experimental and computational studies indicated that hematoxylin directly interacts with tau-RD protein through hydrophobic forces, hydrogen bonds, π-cation interactions, and π-π stackings. In addition, cellular viability assays showed that hematoxylin greatly reduced cytotoxicity induced by tau-RD aggregates. In summary, hematoxylin might be a promising candidate for further development as a potential therapeutic drug for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Yin
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yin-Lei Han
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Yi-Xin Guan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Veldhuizen GP, Röcken C, Behrens HM, Cifci D, Muti HS, Yoshikawa T, Arai T, Oshima T, Tan P, Ebert MP, Pearson AT, Calderaro J, Grabsch HI, Kather JN. Deep learning-based subtyping of gastric cancer histology predicts clinical outcome: a multi-institutional retrospective study. Gastric Cancer 2023; 26:708-720. [PMID: 37269416 PMCID: PMC10361890 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-023-01398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Laurén classification is widely used for Gastric Cancer (GC) histology subtyping. However, this classification is prone to interobserver variability and its prognostic value remains controversial. Deep Learning (DL)-based assessment of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained slides is a potentially useful tool to provide an additional layer of clinically relevant information, but has not been systematically assessed in GC. OBJECTIVE We aimed to train, test and externally validate a deep learning-based classifier for GC histology subtyping using routine H&E stained tissue sections from gastric adenocarcinomas and to assess its potential prognostic utility. METHODS We trained a binary classifier on intestinal and diffuse type GC whole slide images for a subset of the TCGA cohort (N = 166) using attention-based multiple instance learning. The ground truth of 166 GC was obtained by two expert pathologists. We deployed the model on two external GC patient cohorts, one from Europe (N = 322) and one from Japan (N = 243). We assessed classification performance using the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC) and prognostic value (overall, cancer specific and disease free survival) of the DL-based classifier with uni- and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank test statistics. RESULTS Internal validation using the TCGA GC cohort using five-fold cross-validation achieved a mean AUROC of 0.93 ± 0.07. External validation showed that the DL-based classifier can better stratify GC patients' 5-year survival compared to pathologist-based Laurén classification for all survival endpoints, despite frequently divergent model-pathologist classifications. Univariate overall survival Hazard Ratios (HRs) of pathologist-based Laurén classification (diffuse type versus intestinal type) were 1.14 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.66-1.44, p-value = 0.51) and 1.23 (95% CI 0.96-1.43, p-value = 0.09) in the Japanese and European cohorts, respectively. DL-based histology classification resulted in HR of 1.46 (95% CI 1.18-1.65, p-value < 0.005) and 1.41 (95% CI 1.20-1.57, p-value < 0.005), in the Japanese and European cohorts, respectively. In diffuse type GC (as defined by the pathologist), classifying patients using the DL diffuse and intestinal classifications provided a superior survival stratification, and demonstrated statistically significant survival stratification when combined with pathologist classification for both the Asian (overall survival log-rank test p-value < 0.005, HR 1.43 (95% CI 1.05-1.66, p-value = 0.03) and European cohorts (overall survival log-rank test p-value < 0.005, HR 1.56 (95% CI 1.16-1.76, p-value < 0.005)). CONCLUSION Our study shows that gastric adenocarcinoma subtyping using pathologist's Laurén classification as ground truth can be performed using current state of the art DL techniques. Patient survival stratification seems to be better by DL-based histology typing compared with expert pathologist histology typing. DL-based GC histology typing has potential as an aid in subtyping. Further investigations are warranted to fully understand the underlying biological mechanisms for the improved survival stratification despite apparent imperfect classification by the DL algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Didem Cifci
- Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Sophie Muti
- Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Technical University Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Takaki Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Oshima
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Patrick Tan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Healthy Metabolism, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander T Pearson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Créteil, France
- Department of Pathology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier University Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Heike I Grabsch
- Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Admire L, Carson M, Crawford K, Nguyen E, Daniels T. Hair root staining with Hematoxylin: Increasing the rate of obtaining DNA profiles in forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 343:111544. [PMID: 36592528 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hair evidence collected during a forensic investigation has the potential to provide valuable sourcing information through DNA analysis of its root. Over time, hair examiners at the North Carolina State Crime Laboratory observed hair roots being sent for DNA analysis were not yielding profiles as expected. Recent advancements in the Forensic Biology Section's detection limits prompted research into whether changes to the current root removal protocol could increase the likelihood of developing a DNA profile from a hair root. An internal validation was completed for the method of Hematoxylin staining to screen telogen roots for DNA analysis. Over 900 head hairs from approximately 15 living donors were examined for telogen roots. Those roots were stained using Hematoxylin and examined for nuclei. The roots were separated into groups based on nuclei present: Group I (1-10 nuclei), Group II (11-20 nuclei), Group III (21-30 nuclei), Group IV (31-40 nuclei), and Group V (41 or greater nuclei). A set of 64 roots, including a Negative Control (0 nuclei) and a Positive Control (anagen or catagen roots), were sent for quantitative DNA analysis. The data showed a clear separation between Groups I and II, where 36% of Group I verses 80% of Group II passed the quantification cutoff. All samples in the Negative Control, Group I, and the Positive Control were then amplified along with a representative sample in Groups II through V. After amplification, the delineation between Groups I and II maintained with 27% of Group I verses 89% of Group II obtaining DNA profiles. As a result, the nuclei required to obtain a potential DNA profile at our laboratory is eleven or more. Prior to Hematoxylin, anagen, catagen, or telogen roots with follicular tissue were sent for DNA analysis, resulting in 32% of roots yielding DNA results. Following implementation of Hematoxylin into casework in March 2019, the success rate has more than doubled to 69%, illustrating the utility of Hematoxylin root staining in improving casework efficiency. Through this methodology, only roots with the best potential to develop a DNA profile are sent for testing, thereby decreasing DNA caseload, cost, and time of analysis. In fact, Hematoxylin staining has resulted in a 14% reduction in the number of hair roots forwarded for DNA analysis, meaning hairs not meeting nuclear threshold are preserved for future examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Admire
- North Carolina State Crime Laboratory, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | | | | | - Evie Nguyen
- North Carolina State Crime Laboratory, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Abstract
Comparative gel electrophoretic analyses of normal versus pathological specimens can swiftly identify proteome-wide changes in the concentration of specific protein isoforms. The application of fluorescence two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) can be employed for the characterization of complex protein populations in health and disease. In order to verify pathoproteomic findings and correlate them to histopathological alterations, standardized histological and histochemical methodology can be applied for the cell biological analysis of normal versus pathological tissue samples. This chapter outlines the usage of histochemical ATPase staining of fast and slow fiber types in normal versus dystrophic skeletal muscles, as well as the application of hematoxylin and eosin staining of nuclei and the cellular body in kidney cells, and Sudan black staining of lipids in cryo-sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Zweyer
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kay Ohlendieck
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Suryadinata RV, Wirjatmadi B. The Molecular Pathways of Lung Damage by E-Cigarettes in Male Wistar Rats. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2021; 21:436-441. [PMID: 34522410 PMCID: PMC8407909 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.4.2021.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyse the stages of lung tissue damage caused by exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) smoke. The negative health effects of e-cigarettes remain debatable. Several studies have shown the adverse effects, but others opine that e-cigarettes are safer to use than their tobacco counterparts. There is, however, a possibility that the long-term health effects, such as respiratory and even kidney function impairment, are presently not obvious. The amounts of increased free radicals and pro-inflammatory cytokines from e-cigarettes result in various physiological disorders, which trigger cell damage and even cell death in the body. METHODS An experimental study was conducted between March and September 2019 in Airlangga University using a control and an experimental group of male Wistar rats to assess the levels of malondialdehyde, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, matrix metalloprotein-8 and type-2 collagen. The results were obtained using immunohistochemical staining methods on alveolar macrophages through Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. RESULTS The results showed that exposure to e-cigarette smoke caused an increase in free radicals, triggered an inflammatory process and degraded the type-2 collagen present in the lung tissue. CONCLUSION Exposure to e-cigarette smoke can cause cell damage in lung tissues.
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Al Abri S, Al Rawahi A, Rao L. Elastosis in Breast Cancer as a Surrogate Marker for Estrogen Receptor Positivity. Oman Med J 2021; 36:e247. [PMID: 33898059 PMCID: PMC8056149 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2021.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We sought to describe the occurrence of stromal elastosis in breast carcinoma among Omani female patients using semi-quantitative methods. We also sought to investigate the relationship between stromal elastosis and estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2/neu receptor tumor grade, and Ki-67 index. Furthermore, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain method in quantifying elastosis compared to Elastin van Gieson (EVG) stain and if elastosis can be used as prognostic marker for overall survival. Methods The content of elastic tissue in primary infiltrating carcinomas of the breast was assessed using semi-quantitative methods (H&E and EVG stains) in 80 female Omani patients by two independent pathologists. Data of primary breast cancer patients who were not treated with neoadjuvant therapy from 2009 to 2019 at the Armed Forces Hospital of Oman were collected from medical records. Demographic and clinical data, including age, menstrual status, tumor type and grade, ER, PR, HER2/neu status, and Ki-67 index were obtained. Follow-up data, including clinical remission, evidence of metastasis, death, or lost follow-up were traced from medical records. Results Among the 80 cases studied, 80.0% were diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified, while 12.6% were diagnosed with infiltrating lobular carcinoma. Interobserver agreement of grading elastosis on H&E and EVG was strong (Kappa coefficient = 0.858). Using EVG, absent elastosis, grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3 were observed in 12.5%, 37.5%, 30.0%, and 20.0%, respectively. A statistically significant relationship between high elastosis and ER positivity (p = 0.015) and negative HER2/neu receptor (p = 0.045) was observed. No statistically significant relationship between elastosis and other entities, including menopausal status, tumor type and grade, PR, Ki-67, and prognosis. The sensitivity and specificity of quantifying elastosis on H&E stained sections compared to EVG stain (the gold standard) were 68.75% and 96.88%, respectively. Conclusions Elastosis occurrence varies in different breast cancer populations. Elastosis can be considered a surrogate marker for estrogen positivity and HER2/neu negativity in breast cancer patients. In addition, H&E stain is considered an accurate method for quantifying elastosis compared to the EVG staining method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Al Abri
- Histopathology Residency Training Program, Oman Medical Specialty Board, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Lakshmi Rao
- Laboratory Department, Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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Hussain B, Yaseen H, Khalid-Al-Ghanim, Al-Misned F, Qasim M, Al-Mulhm N, Mahboob S. A study on risk assessment of effect of hematoxylin dye on cytotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in freshwater fish: Food and water security prospective research. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2267-71. [PMID: 33911941 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity in freshwater fishes due to different industrial dyes in industrial effluents is a major worldwide issue. Hematoxylin dye has a wide range of uses in textile industries and laboratories. This study was aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of hematoxylin's sublethal effect in vitro in Cirrhinus mrigala. The fish was exposed to different grading concentrations of dye in the aquarium. Fish were sacrificed and dissected to remove the kidney after exposure to hematoxylin dye for specific time intervals. Nephrotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by this dye were detected through histopathology by using the paraffin wax method. Immediate mortality of fish was noticed against the exposure to 0.08 g/L (LC50) concentration of dye, but at 0.008 mg/L and 0.018 mg/L, it showed tremendous tissue damage in the kidneys, significant reduction in fish growth. This dye induced many alterations in the kidney such as tubular degeneration, vacuolation, shrinkage of a glomerulus, reduced lumen, congestion in the kidney, glomerulonephritis, absence of Bowmen space, necrosis of the hematopoietic interstitial tissues, clogging of tubules, necrosis in the glomerulus and increased space between glomerulus and bowmen's capsule. Although this dye has a wide range of biological and industrial applications, a minute amount of hematoxylin released in effluents is quite toxic to aquatic fauna.
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Unal O, Ulukan MO, Bakuy V, Kaytaz B, Artan S, Aral E, Oztas DM, Beyaz MO, Ugurlucan M, Sevin B. Comparison of the Apoptotic Effects of Topically Applied Papaverine, Diltiazem, and Nitroprusside to Internal Thoracic Artery. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 35:626-633. [PMID: 33118726 PMCID: PMC7598950 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2019-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To detect and to compare the apoptotic effects of intraoperatively topically applied diltiazem, papaverine, and nitroprusside. Methods Internal thoracic artery segments of ten patients were obtained during coronary bypass grafting surgery. Each internal thoracic artery segment was divided into four pieces and immersed into four different solutions containing separately saline (Group S), diltiazem (Group D), papaverine (Group P), and nitroprusside (Group N). Each segment was examined with both hematoxylin-eosin and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method in order to determine and quantify apoptosis. Results Apoptotic cells were counted in 50 microscopic areas of each segment. No significant difference was observed among the four groups according to hematoxylin-eosin staining. However, the TUNEL method revealed a significant increase in mean apoptotic cells in the diltiazem group when compared with the other three groups (Group S=4.25±1.4; Group D=13.31±2.8; Group N=9.48±2.09; Group P=10.75±2.37). The differences between groups were significant (P=0.0001). No difference was observed between the samples of the diabetic and non-diabetic patients in any of the study groups. Conclusion The benefit of topically applied vasodilator drugs must outweigh the potential adverse effects. In terms of apoptosis, diltiazem was found to have the most deleterious effects on internal thoracic artery graft segments. Of the analyzed medical agents, nitroprusside was found to have the least apoptotic activity, followed by papaverine. Diabetes did not have significant effect on the occurrence of apoptosis in left internal thoracic artery grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orcun Unal
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Eskisehir Turkey Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey.,Yedikule Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Istanbul Turkey Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yedikule Hospital of Pulmonary Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ozer Ulukan
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Eskisehir Turkey Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey.,Istanbul Medipol University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Istanbul Turkey Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Medipol University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vedat Bakuy
- Baskent University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Ankara Turkey Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Baskent University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Behiye Kaytaz
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty Department of Genetics Eskisehir Turkey Department of Genetics, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Sevilhan Artan
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty Department of Genetics Eskisehir Turkey Department of Genetics, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Erinc Aral
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty Department of Histology and Embryology Eskisehir Turkey Department of Histology and Embryology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Didem Melis Oztas
- Bagcilar Education and Research Hospital Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic Istanbul Turkey Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, Bagcilar Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Metin Onur Beyaz
- Istanbul Medipol University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Istanbul Turkey Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Medipol University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Ugurlucan
- Istanbul Medipol University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Istanbul Turkey Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Medipol University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Behcet Sevin
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Eskisehir Turkey Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Sharma P, Narwal A, Kamboj M. Detection of Apoptosis in Leukoplakia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma using Methyl Green Pyronin and Hematoxylin and Eosin. Iran J Pathol 2020; 15:189-196. [PMID: 32754214 PMCID: PMC7354069 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2020.107263.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective: Cell population and turnover are controlled by a balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis. Detection of apoptosis in oral cancer contributes to its better prognosis and improved management. This study aimed to quantify apoptotic cells in leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using methyl green-pyronin (MGP) and hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining. Methods: The sample included a total of 130 subjects (comprising 108 males and 22 females). Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissues were used and categorized into three groups of normal oral mucosa (n=10), leukoplakia with dysplasia (n=60), and OSCC (n=60). The number of apoptotic cells and apoptotic index (AI) were calculated after staining with MGP and routine H & E stained slides. Results: MGP stained the condensed chromatin of apoptotic cells. Statistically significant difference (P≤0.001) was observed among various study groups in terms of numbers of AI and apoptotic cells. Also, AI increased with increasing grades of dysplasia, and it was the highest in well differentiated OSCC. Results were statistically significant in both H & E and MGP stained sections (P≤0.001). A good correlation was found between MGP and H & E staining results. Conclusion: MGP is more specific and can lead to intense staining for chromatin in apoptotic cells. Accordingly, it can provide a good alternative to H&E in identifying apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Anjali Narwal
- Department of Oral Pathology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Mala Kamboj
- Department of Oral Pathology, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Liu Y, Wang HC, Xiang HF, Jin CH, Chen BH. Expression of HSPA8 in Nucleus Pulposus of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc and Its Effect on Degree of Degeneration. Adv Ther 2020; 37:390-401. [PMID: 31755037 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-019-01136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the expression of a 70-kDa heat shock protein [heat shock 70-kDa protein 8 (HSPA8)/heat shock protein 70 (Hsc70)] in human degenerative lumbar intervertebral discs and its relationship with the degree of degeneration of human intervertebral discs. METHODS A total of 72 cases of lumbar intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus tissues were collected. Among these, 18 cases of nucleus pulposus tissue were assigned to the control group, while 54 cases of nucleus pulposus tissues were assigned to the experimental group. According to the preoperative MRI, cases in the experimental group were further divided into three groups: protrusion group (n = 18), extrusion group (n = 18), and sequestration group (n = 18). Western blot was performed to determine the relative expression of HSPA8 in the nucleus pulposus in each group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to determine the number of nucleus pulposus cells, morphological differences, and cell densities of the degenerated intervertebral discs and normal intervertebral discs. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression of HSPA8 in nucleus pulposus tissues in each group. RESULTS Hematoxylin and eosin staining results: There were significant differences in cell morphology and number between the control group and the experimental group. Furthermore, there were significant differences in cell density (F = 936.80, P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry results: HSPA8 was expressed in lumbar intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus tissues, and its expression of gradually decreased with the severity of the disease, and the differences were significant (F = 2110.43, P < 0.01). Western blot results: The expression of HSPA8 in human degenerative nucleus pulposus tissues gradually decreased, and the differences were significant (F = 1841.72, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION HSPA8 is stably expressed in human intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus tissues, and its expression is associated with the degree of intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Miura K, Yamashita K. Acoustic Histology with Specific Dyes and Antibodies. Ultrasound Med Biol 2019; 45:3279-3289. [PMID: 31563478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to identify specific staining methods for acoustic histology. We compared attenuation-of-sound (AOS) images from scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) with light microscopy (LM) images. Ethanol-fixed tissue or cytology samples and formalin-fixed surgical or autopsy specimens were examined. Nuclei, collagen, elastic fibers and polysaccharides and various antigens, including cell surface, cytoplasmic, nuclear and stromal substances, were observed. Samples with various fixation methods were used. Hematoxylin staining had significantly higher AOS values in accordance with staining duration. Specific staining for collagen, elastic fibers and polysaccharides increased the AOS values of the specific substance. Using diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride in NiCl2 solution as a substrate for horseradish peroxidase increased the AOS values to those suitable for acoustic immunostaining. Collagenase digestion after collagen staining decreased AOS values, reflecting collagen density and distribution. Staining with specific dyes or acoustic immunostaining enabled the histologic localization of specific substances by SAM, similar to LM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Miura
- Department of Health Science, Pathology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Kanna Yamashita
- Department of Health Science, Pathology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Ozawa A, Sakaue M. New decolorization method produces more information from tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain and masson-trichrome stain. Ann Anat 2019; 227:151431. [PMID: 31634560 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.151431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Histological analysis is a fundamental and principal method used in biological research and even for disease diagnosis. The result shows the status of cells and tissues in organs and enables us to infer the condition of the whole body. The tissue staining method known as hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE) is one of the most general methods of investigating the status of cells and tissues. Hematoxylin stains the nucleus violet and eosin stains cytosol pink. HE staining shows the unique morphologies of tissues and cells. However, after being stained with HE, tissues are very difficult to use in another histological analysis because hematoxylin is hard to remove from the sections due to its stain stability. Therefore, serial sections of the tissue are used to obtain more information through another staining, including immunohistochemistry. The adjacent tissue section is not the same as the HE-stained section, however, so the results from the adjacent sections can cause confusion or ambiguity. The present study showed that our decolorization solution can decolor the hematoxylin or iron hematoxylin stain from stained structures, including the nucleus, and the decolored section could be stained again in another staining, including immunohistochemistry. This decolorization method is very valuable, in that it can determine the accurate distribution of substances and features in cells and tissues, and thus it can improve the robustness of the resulting data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisa Ozawa
- Laboratory of Anatomy II, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Motoharu Sakaue
- Laboratory of Anatomy II, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
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Macáková K, Catapano MC, Tvrdý V, Klimková K, Karlíčková J, Mladěnka P. Hematoxylin assay of cupric chelation can give false positive results. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:29-36. [PMID: 30732895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Some compounds without apparent chelation sites have been shown to chelate cupric ions using the hematoxylin assay. Since these compounds also have reduction potential (direct antioxidant effect), the aim of this study was to determine the possible interference of reducing agents with the hematoxylin assay. Four different known reducing agents (hydroxylamine, vitamin C, trolox - a water-soluble form of vitamin E and reduced glutathione /GSH/) were selected for the study together with oxidized glutathione (GSSG) for comparison. All tested compounds behaved as cupric chelators in the spectrophotometric mildly competitive hematoxylin assay. In-depth analysis however showed that only GSH and GSSG were able to form complexes with both cupric and cuprous ions and only GSSG partly retained copper in its complexes in the more competitive bathocuproine assay. Further experiments showed that with the exception of GSSG, all other compounds reduce Cu2+ ions. Conclusion: Compounds reducing copper such as antioxidants can give false positive results in the hematoxylin-screening assay. GSSG is a stronger Cu chelator than GSH and does not reduce Cu, in contrast to the latter and thus may be a protective element after oxidation of GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Carmen Catapano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Tvrdý
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Klimková
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Karlíčková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Crowe AR, Yue W. Semi-quantitative Determination of Protein Expression using Immunohistochemistry Staining and Analysis: An Integrated Protocol. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3465. [PMID: 31867411 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Semi-quantitative IHC is a powerful method for investigating protein expression and localization within tissues. The semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) involves using software such as free software ImageJ Fiji to conduct deconvolution and downstream analysis. Currently, there is lack of an integrated protocol that includes a detailed procedure of how to measure or compare protein expression. Publications that use semi-quantification methods to quantify protein expression often don't provide enough details in their methods section, which makes it difficult for the reader to reproduce their data. The current protocol for the first time provides a detailed, step-by-step instruction of conducting semi-quantitative analysis of IHC images using ImageJ Fiji software so that researchers would be able to follow this single protocol to conduct their research. The protocol uses semi-quantitative IHC of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1) as an example, and gives detailed steps on how to deconvolute IHC images stained with hematoxylin and 3, 3 - diaminobenzidine (DAB) and how to quantify their expression using ImageJ Fiji. The protocol includes clear steps for a reader so that this method can be applied to many different proteins. We anticipate this method will provide a practical guidance to the reader and make semi-quantification of proteins an easier task to include in publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R Crowe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Wei Yue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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Kuşçulu NG, Aslan HG. Evaluation of an extract of the Punica granatum flower as a biological stain of rat tissues: a preliminary study. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:581-585. [PMID: 30519812 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural dyes and especially hematoxylin, which is herbal, are widely used in staining tissues. The aim of this study is to evaluate the staining status of different tissues taken from rats with pomegranate flower extract. For this reason, 2 Wistar albino rats, one male and one female, were used as stain biomaterial. A histological follow up procedure was applied to the lung, kidney, liver, and heart tissue samples taken from the rats and the unstained preparates of these tissues were prepared. As the source of the dye, the dry flowers of Punica granatum (PG) obtained from local markets of Kayseri were used. Each tissue sample underwent the same staining procedure with the same temperature, duration, and dye solution. Before and after the staining procedure, × 40 images of the tissue preparates were taken using a light microscope. Generally, different tones of staining were observed in the nuclei and cytoplasms of all cells and epithelium cells. Staining in parts specific to each tissue occurred. For example, there were light stains on the glomerular cells and the Bowman capsule in the kidney tissue Differences in staining can only be explained by molecular diversity differences in tissue. However, in order to improve the initial staining results obtained in this study, it is possible that working with different temperatures, pH values, mordant substances, and dye that the dye molecules in the extract will provide more vivid colors with different molecules in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgün Güler Kuşçulu
- Department of Chemistry Technology, Mustafa Çıkrıkçıoğlu Vocational School, Kayseri University, 38250, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Halime Güzin Aslan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
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Abstract
Background Faba bean is an important starch-based protein crop produced worldwide. Soil acidity and aluminium toxicity are major abiotic stresses affecting its production, so in regions where soil acidity is a problem, there is a gap between the potential and actual productivity of the crop. Hence, we set out to evaluate acidity and aluminium tolerance in a range of faba bean germplasm using solution culture and pot experiments. Methods A set of 30 accessions was collected from regions where acidity and aluminium are or are not problems. The accessions were grown in solution culture and a subset of 10 was grown first in peat and later in perlite potting media. In solution culture, morphological parameters including taproot length, root regrowth and root tolerance index were measured, and in the pot experiments the key measurements were taproot length, plant biomass, chlorophyll concentration and stomatal conductance. Result Responses to acidity and aluminium were apparently independent. Accessions Dosha and NC 58 were tolerant to both stress. Kassa and GLA 1103 were tolerant to acidity showing less than 3% reduction in taproot length. Aurora and Messay were tolerant to aluminium. Babylon was sensitive to both, with up to 40% reduction in taproot length from acidity and no detectable recovery from Al3+ challenge. Discussion The apparent independence of the responses to acidity and aluminium is in agreement with the previous research findings, suggesting that crop accessions separately adapt to H+ and Al3+ toxicity as a result of the difference in the nature of soil parent materials where the accession originated. Differences in rankings between experiments were minor and attributable to heterogeneity of seed materials and the specific responses of accessions to the rooting media. Use of perlite as a potting medium offers an ideal combination of throughput, inertness of support medium, access to leaves for detection of their stress responses, and harvest of clean roots for evaluation of their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiflemariam Y Belachew
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , South Finland , Finland
| | - Frederick L Stoddard
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
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Yoon WB, Kim H, Kim KG, Choi Y, Chang HJ, Sohn DK. Methods of Hematoxylin and Erosin Image Information Acquisition and Optimization in Confocal Microscopy. Healthc Inform Res 2016; 22:238-42. [PMID: 27525165 PMCID: PMC4981584 DOI: 10.4258/hir.2016.22.3.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We produced hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining-like color images by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), which can obtain the same or more information in comparison to conventional tissue staining. METHODS We improved images by using several image converting techniques, including morphological methods, color space conversion methods, and segmentation methods. RESULTS An image obtained after image processing showed coloring very similar to that in images produced by H&E staining, and it is advantageous to conduct analysis through fluorescent dye imaging and microscopy rather than analysis based on single microscopic imaging. CONCLUSIONS The colors used in CLSM are different from those seen in H&E staining, which is the method most widely used for pathologic diagnosis and is familiar to pathologists. Computer technology can facilitate the conversion of images by CLSM to be very similar to H&E staining images. We believe that the technique used in this study has great potential for application in clinical tissue analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Bae Yoon
- Biomedical Engineering Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Molecular Imaging & Therapy Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kwang Gi Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yongdoo Choi
- Molecular Imaging & Therapy Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Chang
- Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Dae Kyung Sohn
- Biomedical Engineering Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.; Colorectal Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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Pinna FDR, Ctenas B, Weber R, Saldiva PH, Voegels RL. Olfactory neuroepithelium in the superior and middle turbinates: which is the optimal biopsy site? Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 17:131-8. [PMID: 25992005 PMCID: PMC4423289 DOI: 10.7162/s1809-97772013000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Olfactory neuroepithelium (ON) biopsy has several therapeutic applications for both disorders of olfaction and neurodegenerative diseases. Successful collection of ON is still anything but routine due to a dearth of studies on the distribution of ON in the superior and middle turbinates. Aim: To determine the location in which ON is most likely to be present in endoscopically removed cadaver superior and middle turbinates as well as the influences of gender, age, and naris side on the presence of ON and the extent to which it is present. Methods: We conducted a prospective anatomical study. The superior and middle turbinates on both sides endoscopically removed from 25 fresh cadavers (less than 12 h post-mortem). The turbinates were halved into anterior and posterior segments for a total of 200 specimens, which were analyzed after hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides were subjected to blind examination by 3 independent pathologists, and the presence of ON was graded on a 5-point scale from 0 to 4. Kappa measurement was used to determine the agreement between pairs of observers. Results: ON was present in 82.9% of superior turbinate samples and in 17.1% of middle turbinate samples. Immunohistochemistry detected ON in superior turbinates only by S-100 staining and only in 15 fragments. Gender, age, and naris side had no statistically significant effects on the presence of ON. Conclusion: When biopsying ON, the posterior portion of the superior turbinate should be targeted whenever possible because it has the highest concentration of ON among the nasal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio de Rezende Pinna
- PhD. Faculty Member of Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ctenas
- MD (medical doctor). Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raimar Weber
- PhD. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hilario Saldiva
- PhD. Associate Professor in the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard Louis Voegels
- PhD. Associate Professor in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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