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Shi W, Li K, Zhang Y. The Advancement of Nanomaterials for the Detection of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus. Molecules 2023; 28:7201. [PMID: 37894681 PMCID: PMC10608909 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a global health concern mostly caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). The late diagnosis and delayed treatment of HBV and HCV infections can cause irreversible liver damage and the occurrence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Detecting the presence and activity of HBV and HCV is the cornerstone of the diagnosis and management of related diseases. However, the traditional method shows limitations. The utilization of nanomaterials has been of great significance in the advancement of virus detection technologies due to their unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. Here, we categorized and illustrated the novel approaches used for the diagnosis of HBV and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Shi
- Interventional Therapy Center of Liver Disease, Beijing You’An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
| | - Kang Li
- Biomedical Information Center, Beijing You’An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Interventional Therapy Center of Liver Disease, Beijing You’An Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
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2
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Nader K, Shetta A, Saber S, Mamdouh W. The potential of carbon-based nanomaterials in hepatitis C virus treatment: a review of carbon nanotubes, dendrimers and fullerenes. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:116. [PMID: 37715929 PMCID: PMC10505122 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
HCV, hepatitis C virus, is a virus that causes damage to the liver. Both chronic infection or lack of treatment increase morbidity except if it is an acute infection, as the body clears the virus without any intervention. Also, the virus has many genotypes, and until now, there has yet to be a single treatment capable of affecting and treating all these genotypes at once. This review will discuss the main and most used old treatments, IFN-a, PEG IFN-a, Ribavirin, Celgosvir, and sofosbuvir alone and with the combination of other drugs and their drawbacks. They should be given in combination to improve the effect on the virus compared with being administrated independently, as in the case of sofosbuvir. For these reasons, the need for new treatments and diagnostic tools arises, and the rule of nanotechnology comes here. The role of carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, and fullerenes will be discussed. CNTs, carbon nanotubes, are one-dimensional structures composed of a cylindrical sheet of graphite and are mainly used for diagnostic purposes against HCV. Dendrimers, three-dimensional highly branched structures, are macromolecules that provide better drug delivery and treatment options due to their unique structure that can be modified, producing versatile types; each has unique properties. Fullerenes which are cage like structures derived and closely related to CNTs, and composed of carbon atoms that can be substituted by other atoms which in return open unlimited usage for these carbon based materials. Fullerenes rule is unique since it has two mechanisms that prevent the virus from binding and acting on the virus-replicating enzyme. However, their charge needs to be determined; otherwise, it will lead to cytotoxicity. Lastly, no review has been done on the role of nanotechnology against HCV yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Nader
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Amro Shetta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, 11152, Egypt
| | - Wael Mamdouh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
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Pilvenyte G, Ratautaite V, Boguzaite R, Ramanavicius S, Chen CF, Viter R, Ramanavicius A. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:620. [PMID: 37366985 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of biological molecules, so-called biomarkers in body fluids at abnormal concentrations, is considered a good tool for detecting disease. Biomarkers are usually looked for in the most common body fluids, such as blood, nasopharyngeal fluids, urine, tears, sweat, etc. Even with significant advances in diagnostic technology, many patients with suspected infections receive empiric antimicrobial therapy rather than appropriate treatment, which is driven by rapid identification of the infectious agent, leading to increased antimicrobial resistance. To positively impact healthcare, new tests are needed that are pathogen-specific, easy to use, and produce results quickly. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based biosensors can achieve these general goals and have enormous potential for disease detection. This article aimed to overview recent articles dedicated to electrochemical sensors modified with MIP to detect protein-based biomarkers of certain infectious diseases in human beings, particularly the biomarkers of infectious diseases, such as HIV-1, COVID-19, Dengue virus, and others. Some biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) found in blood tests, are not specific for a particular disease but are used to identify any inflammation process in the body and are also under consideration in this review. Other biomarkers are specific to a particular disease, e.g., SARS-CoV-2-S spike glycoprotein. This article analyzes the development of electrochemical sensors using molecular imprinting technology and the used materials' influence. The research methods, the application of different electrodes, the influence of the polymers, and the established detection limits are reviewed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Pilvenyte
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Ratautaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Raimonda Boguzaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Simonas Ramanavicius
- Department of Electrochemical Material Science, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Chien-Fu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Roman Viter
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Center for Collective Use of Scientific Equipment, Sumy State University, 31, Sanatornaya st., 40018 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Gholami A, Mousavi SM, Masoumzadeh R, Binazadeh M, Bagheri Lankarani K, Omidifar N, Arjmand O, Chiang WH, Moghadami M, Pynadathu Rumjit N. Advanced Theranostic Strategies for Viral Hepatitis Using Carbon Nanostructures. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1185. [PMID: 37374770 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
There are several treatment protocols for acute viral hepatitis, and it is critical to recognize acute hepatitis in its earliest stages. Public health measures to control these infections also rely on rapid and accurate diagnosis. The diagnosis of viral hepatitis remains expensive, and there is no adequate public health infrastructure, while the virus is not well-controlled. New methods for screening and detecting viral hepatitis through nanotechnology are being developed. Nanotechnology significantly reduces the cost of screening. In this review, the potential of three-dimensional-nanostructured carbon substances as promising materials due to fewer side effects, and the contribution of these particles to effective tissue transfer in the treatment and diagnosis of hepatitis due to the importance of rapid diagnosis for successful treatment, were extensively investigated. In recent years, three-dimensional carbon nanomaterials such as graphene oxide and nanotubes with special chemical, electrical, and optical properties have been used for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis due to their high potential. We expect that the future position of nanoparticles in the rapid diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis can be better determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Reza Masoumzadeh
- Department of Medical, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Binazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz 71557-13876, Iran
| | - Kamran Bagheri Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Health Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran
| | - Omid Arjmand
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14687-63785, Iran
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Mohsen Moghadami
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran
| | - Nelson Pynadathu Rumjit
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Level 3, Block A, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Li S, Zhang H, Zhu M, Kuang Z, Li X, Xu F, Miao S, Zhang Z, Lou X, Li H, Xia F. Electrochemical Biosensors for Whole Blood Analysis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37262362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole blood, as one of the most significant biological fluids, provides critical information for health management and disease monitoring. Over the past 10 years, advances in nanotechnology, microfluidics, and biomarker research have spurred the development of powerful miniaturized diagnostic systems for whole blood testing toward the goal of disease monitoring and treatment. Among the techniques employed for whole-blood diagnostics, electrochemical biosensors, as known to be rapid, sensitive, capable of miniaturization, reagentless and washing free, become a class of emerging technology to achieve the target detection specifically and directly in complex media, e.g., whole blood or even in the living body. Here we are aiming to provide a comprehensive review to summarize advances over the past decade in the development of electrochemical sensors for whole blood analysis. Further, we address the remaining challenges and opportunities to integrate electrochemical sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Man Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhujun Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siyuan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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Pusomjit P, Teengam P, Chuaypen N, Tangkijvanich P, Thepsuparungsikul N, Chailapakul O. Electrochemical immunoassay for detection of hepatitis C virus core antigen using electrode modified with Pt-decorated single-walled carbon nanotubes. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:339. [PMID: 35982360 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pt nanoparticles deposited on single-walled carbon nanotubes (PtSWCNTs), synthesized via the deposition precipitation (DP) method, were introduced as a substrate for immobilizing antibodies on an electrode surface and then enhancing the electrochemical sensitivity. A PtSWCNT-modified paper-based screen-printed graphene electrode was successfully developed to diagnose hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The hepatitis C virus core antigen (HCV-cAg) level was determined by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a redox solution. In the presence of HCV-cAg, the DPV current response decreased with increasing HCV-cAg concentration. Under the optimal conditions, the change in current response provides a good linear correlation with the logarithm of HCV-cAg concentration in the range 0.05 to 1000 pg mL-1 (RSD < 5%), and the limit of detection was 0.015 pg mL-1 (or 0.71 fmol L-1). Furthermore, the proposed immunosensor has been utilized to quantify HCV-cAg in human serum samples with reliable results compared with standard immunoassays (% relative error < 10%). This sensor offers a simple, sensitive, selective, disposable, and inexpensive means for determination of HCV-cAg in human serum samples. The paper-based label-free immunosensor is versatile and feasible for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pannaporn Pusomjit
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prinjaporn Teengam
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthaya Chuaypen
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pisit Tangkijvanich
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nichanan Thepsuparungsikul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Amphoe Muang, 73000, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence On Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
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7
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Ovais M, You M, Ahmad J, Djellabi R, Ali A, Akhtar MH, Abbas M, Chen C. Engineering carbon nanotubes for sensitive viral detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 153:116659. [PMID: 35527799 PMCID: PMC9054723 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections have been proven a severe threat to human beings, and the pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a societal health concern, including mental distress and morbidity. Therefore, the early diagnosis and differentiation of viral infections are the prerequisite for curbing the local and global spread of viruses. To this end, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based virus detection strategies are developed that provide feasible alternatives to conventional diagnostic techniques. Here in this review, an overview of the design and engineering of CNTs-based sensors for virus detection is summarized, followed by the nano-bio interactions used in developing biosensors. Then, we classify the viral sensors into covalently engineered CNTs, non-covalently engineered CNTs, and size-tunable CNTs arrays for viral detection, based on the type of CNTs-based nano-bio interfaces. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of CNTs-based sensors for virus detection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ovais
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, PR China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Min You
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, PR China,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jalal Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Ridha Djellabi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Gogi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Arbab Ali
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Mahmood Hassan Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, National University of Technology, Islamabad, 42000, Pakistan
| | - Manzar Abbas
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, PR China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China,GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou, 510700, PR China,Corresponding author. CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, PR China
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Antipchik M, Reut J, Ayankojo AG, Öpik A, Syritski V. MIP-based electrochemical sensor for direct detection of hepatitis C virus via E2 envelope protein. Talanta 2022; 250:123737. [PMID: 35850055 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is the most common liver disease caused by Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and can evolve into serious health problems e.g. cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nowadays, the initial stage of the disease cannot be practically diagnosed, representing thus an extremely important problem of modern public health care. This study is aimed at the development of a sensor for direct detection of HCV. The sensor utilizes a synthetic recognition element prepared by the technology of molecular imprinting and representing a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) having molecular recognition sites of HCV envelope protein E2 (E2-MIP). E2-MIP integrated into an electrochemical sensor platform allows quantitative evaluation of binding of free E2 protein as well as HCV-mimetic particles (HCV-MPs) in human plasma with LOD value of 4.6 × 10-4 ng/mL (for HCV-MPs). The developed electrochemical HCV sensor represents a simple, fast and inexpensive alternative for the existing methods of HCV detection and paves the way for the point-of care diagnostics of Hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Antipchik
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jekaterina Reut
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Akinrinade George Ayankojo
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Andres Öpik
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Vitali Syritski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia.
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Zia TUH, Shah AUHA. Label-free photoelectrochemical immunosensor based on sensitive photocatalytic surface of Sn doped ZnO for detection of hepatitis C (HCV) anticore mAbs 19D9D6. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Bajpai VK, Haldorai Y, Khan I, Sonwal S, Singh MP, Yadav S, Paray BA, Jan BL, Kang SM, Huh YS, Han YK, Shukla S. Au@Zr-based metal-organic framework composite as an immunosensing platform for determination of hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:365. [PMID: 34613481 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor has been prepared using an immunofunctionalized zirconium (Zr)-based metal-organic framework (MOF) with gold (Au) decoration Au@UiO-66(NH2) composite-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the determination of infectious hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). We fabricated GCE with specific composite via immune-functionalization using anti-HBsAg with Au nanoparticles embedded in UiO-66(NH2). The electrochemical sensing performance of the immunofunctionalized Au@UiO-66(NH2)/GCE with HBsAg was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimized conditions, there was a linear dynamic relationship in the buffer system between the electrical signal and HBsAg levels over the range 1.13 fg mL-1-100 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.999) with a detection limit of 1.13 fg mL-1. The total analysis time was 15 min per sample. Further validations were performed with HBsAg-spiked human serum samples, and similar detection limits as in the buffer system were observed with reduced signal intensities at lower concentrations of HBsAg (1, 10, and 100 fg mL-1) and minimal interference. The HBsAg electrochemical immunosensing assay had good selectivity and excellent reproducibility, thereby indicating its significant potential in the super-fast diagnosis of hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuvraj Haldorai
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Imran Khan
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Sonam Sonwal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano-Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seema Yadav
- Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Basit Latief Jan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sung-Min Kang
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano-Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shruti Shukla
- TERI-Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gwal Pahari, Gurugram, Haryana, 122003, India.
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Zia TUH, Ali Shah AUH. Understanding the adsorption of 1 NLB antibody on polyaniline nanotubes as a function of zeta potential and surface charge density for detection of hepatitis C core antigen: A label-free impedimetric immunosensor. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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An electrochemical biosensor for direct detection of hepatitis C virus. Anal Biochem 2021; 624:114196. [PMID: 33848501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper is aimed at the development of a biosensor for direct detection of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) surface antigen: envelope protein (E2). A recombinant LEL fragment of biological cell receptor CD81 and two short synthetic peptides imitating the fragment of LEL sequence of CD81 (linear and loop-like peptides) capable of specific binding to E2 were tested as molecular recognition elements of the biosensor. For this purpose the selected ligands were immobilized to the surface of a screen-printed electrode utilized as an electrochemical sensor platform. The immobilization parameters such as the ligand concentration and the immobilization time were carefully optimized for each ligand. Differential pulse voltammetry used to evaluate quantitatively binding of E2 to the ligands revealed their similar binding affinity towards E2. Thus, the linear peptide was selected as a less expensive and easily prepared ligand for the HCV biosensor preparation. The resulting HCV biosensor demonstrated selectivity towards E2 in the presence of interfering protein, conalbumin. Moreover, it was found that the prepared biosensor effectively detected E2 bound to hepatitis C virus-mimetic particles (HC VMPs) at LOD value of 2.1∙10-5 mg/mL both in 0.01 M PBS solution (pH 7.4) and in simulated blood plasma.
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Kasturi S, Eom Y, Torati SR, Kim C. Highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor based on naturally reduced rGO/Au nanocomposite for the detection of miRNA-122 biomarker. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Nanowire Aptamer-Sensitized Biosensor Chips with Gas Plasma-Treated Surface for the Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10080753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have demonstrated highly sensitive real-time biospecific detection of a protein marker of hepatitis C—the core antigen of hepatitis C virus (HCVcoreAg)—using a nanowire (NW) biosensor. The primary element of the NW-biosensor is a chip with p-type conductance, bearing silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanowire structures on its surface. The nanowire structures are fabricated by gas-plasma treatment and electron beam lithography. The detection specificity was provided by sensitization of the sensor surface with aptamers against HCVcoreAg. The influence of buffer pH on the sensor response signal was studied. The effect of reverse polarity of the biosensor response signal with change from the acidic buffer pH to the neutral one was found. The lowest detectable HCVcoreAg concentration was determined to be 2.0 × 10−15 M in both acidic (pH 5.1) and neutral (pH 7.4) buffer solution. The proposed aptamer-sensitized sensor was also successfully applied to detect HCVcoreAg in serum samples of hepatitis C patients.
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Abstract
Infectious diseases are caused from pathogens, which need a reliable and fast diagnosis. Today, expert personnel and centralized laboratories are needed to afford much time in diagnosing diseases caused from pathogens. Recent progress in electrochemical studies shows that biosensors are very simple, accurate, precise, and cheap at virus detection, for which researchers find great interest in this field. The clinical levels of these pathogens can be easily analyzed with proposed biosensors. Their working principle is based on affinity between antibody and antigen in body fluids. The progress still continues on these biosensors for accurate, rapid, reliable sensors in future.
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Developments in the HCV Screening Technologies Based on the Detection of Antigens and Antibodies. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19194257. [PMID: 31575036 PMCID: PMC6806196 DOI: 10.3390/s19194257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) accounts for 15%-20% of cases of acute infection, and chronic HCV infection is developed in about 50%-80% of HCV patients. Unfortunately, due to the lack of proper medical care, difficulty in screening for HCV infection, and lack of awareness resulted in chronic HCV infection in 71 million people on a global scale, and about 399,000 deaths in 2016. It is crucial to recognize that the effective use of antiviral medicines can cure more than 95% of HCV infected people. The Global Health Sector Strategy (GHSS) aim is to reduce the new HCV infections and the HCV associated mortality by 90% and 65%, respectively. Therefore, the methods that are simple, yet powerful enough to detect HCV infections with high sensitivity, specificity, and a shorter window period are crucial to restrain the global burden of HCV healthcare. This article focuses on the technologies used for the detection of HCV in clinical specimens.
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Plasmonic nanoplatform for point-of-care testing trace HCV core protein. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 147:111488. [PMID: 31350137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is still urgently desired as there is a global healthy burden and no vaccine available. In this work, a plasmonic nanoplatform was engineered with catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) amplification reaction specifically of HCV core protein (HCVcp), G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme and nanofibrous membrane together. HCVcp was detected in whole serum at the ultralow concentration of 1.0 × 10-4 pg/mL with naked eye. By testing serum samples from 30 donors with different viral loads, detection sensitivity of the plasmonic nanoplatform turned out to be much better than that of the commercial ELISA kit. In addition, the plasmonic nanoplatform exhibited high specificity, excellent reusability and long-term stability. Naked-eye detection based on the plasmonic nanoplatform is expected to have potential applications in point-of-care testing (POCT) and early diagnosis of hepatitis C and other infectious diseases.
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Oliveira DA, Silva JV, Flauzino JM, Sousa HS, Castro AC, Moço AC, Soares MM, Madurro JM, Brito-Madurro AG. Carbon nanomaterial as platform for electrochemical genosensor: A system for the diagnosis of the hepatitis C in real sample. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Hassanpour S, Baradaran B, de la Guardia M, Baghbanzadeh A, Mosafer J, Hejazi M, Mokhtarzadeh A, Hasanzadeh M. Diagnosis of hepatitis via nanomaterial-based electrochemical, optical or piezoelectrical biosensors: a review on recent advancements. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:568. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-3088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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A glassy carbon immunoelectrode modified with vanadium oxide nanobelts for ultrasensitive voltammetric determination of the core antigen of hepatitis C virus. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Mandli J, Attar A, Ennaji MM, Amine A. Indirect competitive electrochemical immunosensor for hepatitis A virus antigen detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Farka Z, Juřík T, Kovář D, Trnková L, Skládal P. Nanoparticle-Based Immunochemical Biosensors and Assays: Recent Advances and Challenges. Chem Rev 2017; 117:9973-10042. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Farka
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Juřík
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Kovář
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libuše Trnková
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skládal
- Central
European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), ‡Department of Biochemistry, Faculty
of Science, and §Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Zhang H, Zhang S, Liu N. Prevention and control of emergent infectious disease with high specific antigen sensor. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 45:1298-1303. [PMID: 28521528 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2016.1161638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the application of a new type of high specificity antigen sensor in detecting the viruses in sudden infectious diseases. Influenza A (H1N1) virus immunosensor was used for the respective determination of the six kinds of antigens of H1N1, H3N2 viral protein, HA protein of H7N9, influenza B virus, adenovirus, and EV71 virus of same dilution degree on the Screen Printed Carbon Electrode (SPCE), so as to test the specificity of the detection method. In addition, various batches of chick embryo allantoic saliva dilution simulation samples were also detected on their recovery (accuracy), repeatability (precision), and stability. The results were as follows: the linear equation was y = 121.33x + 168; the slope of the linear equation was 121.33 nA/HA unit, representing the sensitivity; correlation coefficient was R2=0.9921 > 0.90. Using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software, we found that: the W values of seven sets of data after Shapiro-Wilk detection were 0.853, 0.991, 0.901, 0.906, 0.825, 0.974, and 0.992, respectively; P values were 0.247, 0.831, 0.386, 0.405, 0.174, 0.691, and 0.821, respectively, all of which were greater than 0.05, suggesting that normality was met. The results of homogeneity test for variance were as follows: F = 2.44, P = 0.0775 > 0.05, suggesting that homogeneity of variance was met. The parametric test results were as follows: F = 19114.0, P < 0.0001, suggesting that there were obvious differences between testing data of the seven groups. The determination recovery rate of electrochemical immunosensor was 80-110%. Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) values of repeatability (precision) test of H1N1 influenza virus electrochemical immunosensor were 7.74%, 3.54%, and 2.01%, all of which were smaller than 10%. The signal response of H1N1 electrochemical immune biological sensor could still maintain more than 85% of the original signal within 30 days of storage. In conclusion, H1N1 electrochemical immune biosensor has good specificity and the test results are not affected by other viruses of the same type. Besides, it has good accuracy which can realize the accurate determination of A (H1N1) influenza virus in actual detection. Thus, the requirement of precision measurement of A (H1N1) flu virus detection can be met. Therefore, H1N1 electrochemical immune biosensors can be used in actual detection with good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Zhang
- a School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of technology , Harbin , China.,b College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Harbin University of Science and Technology , Harbin , China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- a School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of technology , Harbin , China
| | - Nan Liu
- b College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Harbin University of Science and Technology , Harbin , China
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Singhal C, Ingle A, Chakraborty D, PN AK, Pundir C, Narang J. Impedimetric genosensor for detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV1) DNA using viral probe on methylene blue doped silica nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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TiO2 nanoparticles doped with Celestine Blue as a label in a sandwich immunoassay for the hepatitis C virus core antigen using a screen printed electrode. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Using silver nanoparticle and thiol graphene quantum dots nanocomposite as a substratum to load antibody for detection of hepatitis C virus core antigen: Electrochemical oxidation of riboflavin was used as redox probe. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 89:946-951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Justino CI, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos TA. Critical overview on the application of sensors and biosensors for clinical analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2016; 85:36-60. [PMID: 32287540 PMCID: PMC7112812 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensors and biosensors have been increasingly used for clinical analysis due to their miniaturization and portability, allowing the construction of diagnostic devices for point-of-care testing. This paper presents an up-to-date overview and comparison of the analytical performance of sensors and biosensors recently used in clinical analysis. This includes cancer and cardiac biomarkers, hormones, biomolecules, neurotransmitters, bacteria, virus and cancer cells, along with related significant advances since 2011. Some methods of enhancing the analytical performance of sensors and biosensors through their figures of merit are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine I.L. Justino
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- ISEIT/Viseu, Instituto Piaget, Estrada do Alto do Gaio, Galifonge, 3515-776 Lordosa, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Armando C. Duarte
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa A.P. Rocha-Santos
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Abstract
The application of simple, cost-effective, rapid, and accurate diagnostic technologies for detection and identification of cardiac and cancer biomarkers has been a central point in the clinical area. Biosensors have been recognized as efficient alternatives for the diagnostics of various diseases due to their specificity and potential for application on real samples. The role of nanotechnology in the construction of immunological biosensors, that is, immunosensors, has contributed to the improvement of sensitivity, since they are based in the affinity between antibody and antigen. Other analytes than biomarkers such as hormones, pathogenic bacteria, and virus have also been detected by immunosensors for clinical point-of-care applications. In this chapter, we first introduced the various types of immunosensors and discussed their applications in clinical diagnostics over the recent 6 years, mainly as point-of-care technologies for the determination of cardiac and cancer biomarkers, hormones, pathogenic bacteria, and virus. The future perspectives of these devices in the field of clinical diagnostics are also evaluated.
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Liu L, Song C, Zhang Z, Yang J, Zhou L, Zhang X, Xie G. Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of microRNA-21 combining layered nanostructure of oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes and nanodiamonds by hybridization chain reaction. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 70:351-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Uliana CV, Riccardi CS, Yamanaka H. Diagnostic tests for hepatitis C: Recent trends in electrochemical immunosensor and genosensor analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15476-15491. [PMID: 25400433 PMCID: PMC4229514 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a liver disease that is transmitted through contact with the blood of an infected person. An estimated 150 million individuals worldwide have been chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C shows significant genetic variation in the global population, due to the high rate of viral RNA mutation. There are six variants of the virus (HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6), with 15 recorded subtypes that vary in prevalence across different regions of the world. A variety of devices are used to diagnose hepatitis C, including HCV antibody test, HCV viral load test, HCV genotype test and liver biopsy. Rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and robust analytical devices are therefore essential for effective diagnosis and monitoring of disease treatment. This review provides an overview of current electrochemical immunosensor and genosensor technologies employed in HCV detection. There are a limited number of publications showing electrochemical biosensors being used for the detection of HCV. Due to their simplicity, specificity, and reliability, electrochemical biosensor devices have potential clinical applications in several viral infections.
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Wang Q, Song Y, Chai Y, Pan G, Li T, Yuan Y, Yuan R. Electrochemical immunosensor for detecting the spore wall protein of Nosema bombycis based on the amplification of hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme concatamers functionalized Pt@Pd nanowires. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 60:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Song C, Xie G, Wang L, Liu L, Tian G, Xiang H. DNA-based hybridization chain reaction for an ultrasensitive cancer marker EBNA-1 electrochemical immunosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 58:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Graphene sheets, polyaniline and AuNPs based DNA sensor for electrochemical determination of BCR/ABL fusion gene with functional hairpin probe. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 51:201-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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