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Boegner DJ, Na M, Harris AD, Christenson RH, Damcott CM, King B, Stubbs L, Rock P, White IM. Sample-to-Answer Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Viremia Using Thermally Responsive Alkane Partitions. Anal Chem 2024; 96:12049-12056. [PMID: 38975928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The diagnosis of bloodborne viral infections (viremia) is currently relegated to central laboratories because of the complex procedures required to detect viruses in blood samples. The development of point-of-care diagnostics for viremia would enable patients to receive a diagnosis and begin treatment immediately instead of waiting days for results. Point-of-care systems for viremia have been limited by the challenges of integrating multiple precise steps into a fully automated (i.e., sample-to-answer), compact, low-cost system. We recently reported the development of thermally responsive alkane partitions (TRAPs), which enable the complete automation of diagnostic assays with complex samples. Here we report the use of TRAPs for the sample-to-answer detection of viruses in blood using a low-cost portable device and easily manufacturable cassettes. Specifically, we demonstrate the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in spiked blood samples, and we show that our system detects viremia in COVID-19 patient samples with good agreement to conventional RT-qPCR. We anticipate that our sample-to-answer system can be used to rapidly diagnose SARS-CoV-2 viremia at the point of care, leading to better health outcomes for patients with severe COVID-19 disease, and that our system can be applied to the diagnosis of other life-threatening bloodborne viral diseases, including Hepatitis C and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Boegner
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Miso Na
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Anthony D Harris
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Robert H Christenson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Colleen M Damcott
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Brent King
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - LaToya Stubbs
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Peter Rock
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Ian M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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2
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Wang X, Li X, Pu A, Shun HB, Chen C, Ai L, Tan Z, Zhang J, Liu K, Gao J, Ban K, Yao X. On-chip droplet analysis and cell spheroid screening by capillary wrapping enabled shape-adaptive ferrofluid transporters. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1782-1793. [PMID: 38358122 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00906h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Non-invasive droplet manipulation with no physical damage to the sample is important for the practical value of manipulation tools in multidisciplinary applications from biochemical analysis and diagnostics to cell engineering. It is a challenge to achieve this for most existing photothermal, electric stimuli, and magnetic field-based technologies. Herein, we present a droplet handling toolbox, the ferrofluid transporter, for non-invasive droplet manipulation in an oil environment. It involves the transport of droplets with high robustness and efficiency owing to low interfacial friction. This capability caters to various scenarios including droplets with varying components and solid cargo. Moreover, we fabricated a droplet array by transporter positioning and achieved droplet gating and sorting for complex manipulation in the droplet array. Benefiting from the ease of scale-up and high biocompatibility, the transporter-based droplet array can serve as a digital microfluidic platform for on-chip droplet-based bioanalysis, cell spheroid culture, and downstream drug screening tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Aoyang Pu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Ho Bak Shun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Cien Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Liqing Ai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Zhaoling Tan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Jilin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Gao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
| | - Kiwon Ban
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518075, P. R. China
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3
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Lan Y, Zhou Y, Wu M, Jia C, Zhao J. Microfluidic based single cell or droplet manipulation: Methods and applications. Talanta 2023; 265:124776. [PMID: 37348357 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of single cell or droplet is first and crucial step to single-cell analysis, which is important for cancer research and diagnostic methods. This review provides an overview of technologies that are currently used or in development to realize the isolation. Microfluidic based manipulation is an emerging technology with the distinct advantages of miniaturization and low cost. Therefore, recent developments in microfluidic isolated methods have attracted extensive attention. We introduced herein five strategies based on microfluid: trap, microfluidic discrete manipulation, bioprinter, capillary and inertial force. For every technology, their basic principles and features were discussed firstly. Then some modified approaches and applications were listed as the extension. Finally, we compared the advantages and drawbacks of these methods, and analyzed the trend of the manipulation based on microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
| | - Chunping Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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4
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Son C, Yang Z, Kim S, Ferreira PM, Feng J, Kim S. Bidirectional Droplet Manipulation on Magnetically Actuated Superhydrophobic Ratchet Surfaces. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37856876 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Droplet manipulation has garnered significant attention in various fields due to its wide range of applications. Among many different methods, magnetic actuation has emerged as a promising approach for remote and instantaneous droplet manipulation. In this study, we present the bidirectional droplet manipulation on a magnetically actuated superhydrophobic ratchet surface. The surface consists of silicon strips anchored on elastomer ridges with superhydrophobic black silicon structures on the top side and magnetic layers on the bottom side. The soft magnetic properties of the strips enable their bidirectional tilting to form a ratchet surface and thus bidirectional droplet manipulation upon varying external magnetic field location and strength. Computational multiphysics models were developed to predict the tilting of the strips, demonstrating the concept of bidirectional tilting along with a tilting angle hysteresis theory. Experimental results confirmed the soft magnetic hysteresis and consequential bidirectional tilting of the strips. The superhydrophobic ratchet surface formed by the tilting strips induced the bidirectional self-propulsion of dispensed droplets through the Laplace pressure gradient, and the horizontal acceleration of the droplets was found to be positively correlated with the tilting angle of the strips. Additionally, a finite element analysis was conducted to identify the critical conditions for dispensed droplet penetration through the gaps between the strips, which hinder the droplet's self-propulsion. The models and findings here provide substantial insights into the design and optimization of magnetically actuated superhydrophobic ratchet surfaces to manipulate droplets in the context of digital microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChangHee Son
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zhengyu Yang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Seungbeom Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Placid M Ferreira
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Seok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
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5
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Wu M, Huang Y, Huang Y, Wang H, Li M, Zhou Y, Zhao H, Lan Y, Wu Z, Jia C, Feng S, Zhao J. Droplet magnetic-controlled microfluidic chip integrated nucleic acid extraction and amplification for the detection of pathogens and tumor mutation sites. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1271:341469. [PMID: 37328249 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditional nucleic acid extraction and detection is based on open operation, which may cause cross-contamination and aerosol formation. This study developed a droplet magnetic-controlled microfluidic chip integrated nucleic acid extraction, purification and amplification. The reagent is sealed in oil to form a droplet, and the nucleic acid is extracted and purified by controlling the movement of the magnetic beads (MBs) through a permanent magnet, ensuring a closed environment. This chip can automatically extract nucleic acid from multiple samples within 20 min, and can be directly placed in the in situ amplification instrument for amplification without further transfer of nucleic acid, characterized by simple, fast, time-saving and labor-saving. The results showed that the chip was able to detect <10 copies/test SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and EGFR exon 21 L858R mutations were detected in H1975 cells as low as 4 cells. In addition, on the basis of the droplet magnetic-controlled microfluidic chip, we further developed a multi-target detection chip, which used MBs to divide the nucleic acid of the sample into three parts. And the macrolides resistance mutations A2063G and A2064G, and the P1 gene of mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) were successfully detected in clinical samples by the multi-target detection chip, providing the possibility for future application in the detection of multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuhang Huang
- Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yaru Huang
- Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, China
| | - Min Li
- Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuwei Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunping Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Shilun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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6
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Politza AJ, Liu T, Guan W. Programmable magnetic robot (ProMagBot) for automated nucleic acid extraction at the point of need. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3882-3892. [PMID: 37551930 PMCID: PMC11218199 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00545c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Upstream sample preparation remains the bottleneck for point-of-need nucleic acid testing due to its complexity and time-consuming nature. Sample preparation involves extracting, purifying, and concentrating nucleic acids from various matrices. These processes are critical for ensuring the accuracy and sensitivity of downstream nucleic acid amplification and detection. However, current sample preparation methods are often laboratory-based, requiring specialized equipment, trained personnel, and several hours of processing time. As a result, sample preparation often limits the speed, portability, and cost-effectiveness of point-of-need nucleic acid testing. A universal, field-deployable sample preparation device is highly desirable for this critical need and unmet challenge. Here we reported a handheld, battery-powered, reconfigurable, and field-deployable nucleic acid sample preparation device. A programmable electromagnetic actuator was developed to drive a magnetic robot (ProMagBot) in X/Y 2D space, such that various magnetic bead-based sample preparations can be readily translated from the laboratory to point-of-need settings. The control of the electromagnetic actuator requires only a 3-phase unipolar voltage in X and Y directions, and therefore, the motion space is highly scalable. We validated the ProMagBot device with a model application by extracting HIV viral RNAs from plasma samples using two widely used magnetic bead kits: ChargeSwitch and MagMAX beads. In both cases, the ProMagBot could successfully extract viral RNAs from 50 μL plasma samples containing as low as 102 copies of viral RNAs in 20 minutes. Our results demonstrated the ability of ProMagBot to prepare samples from complex mediums at the point of need. We believe such a device would enable rapid and robust sample preparation in various settings, including resource-limited or remote environments, and accelerate the development of next-generation point-of-need nucleic acid testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Politza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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7
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Lin JL, Hsu PP, Kuo JN. Magnetic Beads inside Droplets for Agitation and Splitting Manipulation by Utilizing a Magnetically Actuated Platform. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1349. [PMID: 37512660 PMCID: PMC10384566 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
We successfully developed a platform for the magnetic manipulation of droplets containing magnetic beads and examined the washing behaviors of the droplets, including droplet transportation, magnetic bead agitation inside droplets, and separation from parent droplets. Magnetic field gradients were produced with two layers of 6 × 1 planar coils fabricated by using printed circuit board technology. We performed theoretical analyses to understand the characteristics of the coils and successfully predicted the magnetic field and thermal temperature of a single coil. We then investigated experimentally the agitation and splitting kinetics of the magnetic beads inside droplets and experimentally observed the washing performance in different neck-shaped gaps. The performance of the washing process was evaluated by measuring both the particle loss ratio and the optical density. The findings of this work will be used to design a magnetic-actuated droplet platform, which will separate magnetic beads from their parent droplets and enhance washing performance. We hope that this study will provide digital microfluidics for application in point-of-care testing. The developed microchip will be of great benefit for genetic analysis and infectious disease detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Lung Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Pei Hsu
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Nan Kuo
- Department of Automation Engineering, National Formosa University, No. 64, Wenhua Rd., Yunlin 63201, Taiwan
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8
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Huang Y, Gao Z, Ma C, Sun Y, Huang Y, Jia C, Zhao J, Feng S. An integrated microfluidic chip for nucleic acid extraction and continued cdPCR detection of pathogens. Analyst 2023. [PMID: 37194305 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00271c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces an enclosed microfluidic chip that integrates sample preparation and the chamber-based digital polymerase chain reaction (cdPCR). The sample preparation of the chip includes nucleic acid extraction and purification based on magnetic beads, which adsorb nucleic acids by moving around the reaction chambers to complete the reactions including lysis, washing, and elution. The cdPCR area of the chip consists of tens of thousands of regularly arranged microchambers. After the sample preparation processes are completed, the purified nucleic acid can be directly introduced into the microchambers for amplification and detection on the chip. The nucleic acid extraction performance and digital quantification performance of the system were examined using synthetic SARS-CoV-2 plasmid templates at concentrations ranging from 101-105 copies per μL. Further on, a simulated clinical sample was used to test the system, and the integrated chip was able to accurately detect SARS-CoV-2 virus particle samples doped with interference (saliva) with a detection limit of 10 copies per μL. This integrated system could provide a promising tool for point-of-care testing of pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, China
| | - Zehang Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Cong Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
- School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yimeng Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yuhang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, China
| | - Chunping Jia
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Xiangfu Laboratory, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314102, China
| | - Shilun Feng
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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9
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Cai G, Yang Z, Chen YC, Huang Y, Liang L, Feng S, Zhao J. Magnetic Bead Manipulation in Microfluidic Chips for Biological Application. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2023; 4:0023. [PMID: 37287460 PMCID: PMC10243203 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic beads manipulation in microfluidic chips is a promising research field for biological application, especially in the detection of biological targets. In this review, we intend to present a thorough and in-depth overview of recent magnetic beads manipulation in microfluidic chips and its biological application. First, we introduce the mechanism of magnetic manipulation in microfluidic chip, including force analysis, particle properties, and surface modification. Then, we compare some existing methods of magnetic manipulation in microfluidic chip and list their biological application. Besides, the suggestions and outlook for future developments in the magnetic manipulation system are also discussed and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaozhe Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Zixin Yang
- School of Communication and Information Engineering,
Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave., Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yaru Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Life Sciences,
Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Shilun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Xiangfu Laboratory, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314102, China
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10
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Rodriguez-Mateos P, Ngamsom B, Iles A, Pamme N. Microscale immiscible phase magnetic processing for bioanalytical applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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11
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Yen SH, Chin PC, Hsu JY, Lin JL. Characterization of a Droplet Containing the Clustered Magnetic Beads Manipulation by Magnetically Actuated Chips. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1622. [PMID: 36295975 PMCID: PMC9610654 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A magnetically actuated chip was successfully developed in this study to perform the purpose of transportation for a droplet containing clustered magnetic beads. The magnetic field gradient is generated by the chip of the two-layer 4 × 4 array micro-coils, which was commercially fabricated by printing circuit board (PCB) technology. A numerical model was first established to investigate the magnetic field and thermal field for such a micro-coil. Consequently, the numerical simulations were in reasonable agreement with the experimental results. Moreover, a theoretical analysis was derived to predict the dynamic behaviors of the droplets. This analysis will offer the optimal operation for such a magnetically actuated chip. This study aims to successfully implement the concept of "digital microfluidics" in "point-of-care testing" (POCT). In the future, the micro-coil chip will be of substantial benefit to genetic analysis and infectious disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jr-Lung Lin
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-6577-711 (ext. 3320); Fax:+886-7-6578-853
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12
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Liu T, Choi G, Tang Z, Kshirsagar A, Politza AJ, Guan W. Fingerpick Blood-Based Nucleic Acid Testing on A USB Interfaced Device towards HIV self-testing. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 209:114255. [PMID: 35429770 PMCID: PMC9110109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV self-testing is an emerging innovative approach that allows individuals who want to know their HIV status to collect their own specimen, perform a test, and interpret the results privately. Existing HIV self-testing methods rely on rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to detect the presence of HIV-1/2 antibodies, which could miss a significant portion of asymptomatic carriers during the window period. In this work, we present a fully integrated nucleic acid testing (NAT) device towards streamlined HIV self-testing using 100 μL finger-prick whole blood. The device consists of a ready-to-use microfluidic reagent cartridge and an ultra-compact NAT-on-USB analyzer. The test requires simple steps from the user to drop the finger-prick blood sample into a collection tube with lysis buffer and load the lysate onto the microfluidic cartridge, and the testing result can be easily read out by a custom-built graphical user interface (GUI). The microfluidic cartridge and the analyzer automatically handle the complexity of sample preparation, purification, and real-time reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). With a turnaround time of ∼60 min, we achieved a limit of detection (LoD) of 214 viral RNA copies/mL of whole blood at a 95% confidence level. Due to its ease of use and high sensitivity, we anticipate the HIV NAT-on-USB device would be particularly useful for the high-risk populations seeking private self-testing at the early stages of exposure.
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13
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Lee PW, Totten M, Chen L, Chen FE, Trick AY, Shah K, Ngo HT, Jin M, Hsieh K, Zhang SX, Wang TH. A Portable Droplet Magnetofluidic Device for Point-of-Care Detection of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:826694. [PMID: 35425764 PMCID: PMC9003015 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.826694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that can cause severe and deadly infections. To date, C. auris has spurred outbreaks in healthcare settings in thirty-three countries across five continents. To control and potentially prevent its spread, there is an urgent need for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics that can rapidly screen patients, close patient contacts, and surveil environmental sources. Droplet magnetofluidics (DM), which leverages nucleic acid-binding magnetic beads for realizing POC-amenable nucleic acid detection platforms, offers a promising solution. Herein, we report the first DM device—coined POC.auris—for POC detection of C. auris. As part of POC.auris, we have incorporated a handheld cell lysis module that lyses C. auris cells with 2 min hands-on time. Subsequently, within the palm-sized and automated DM device, C. auris and control DNA are magnetically extracted and purified by a motorized magnetic arm and finally amplified via a duplex real-time quantitative PCR assay by a miniaturized rapid PCR module and a miniaturized fluorescence detector—all in ≤30 min. For demonstration, we use POC.auris to detect C. auris isolates from 3 major clades, with no cross reactivity against other Candida species and a limit of detection of ∼300 colony forming units per mL. Taken together, POC.auris presents a potentially useful tool for combating C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wei Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marissa Totten
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexander Y. Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kushagra Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hoan Thanh Ngo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mei Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Kuangwen Hsieh, ; Sean X. Zhang, ; Tza-Huei Wang,
| | - Sean X. Zhang
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Kuangwen Hsieh, ; Sean X. Zhang, ; Tza-Huei Wang,
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Kuangwen Hsieh, ; Sean X. Zhang, ; Tza-Huei Wang,
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14
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Boegner DJ, Everitt ML, White IM. Thermally Responsive Alkane Partitions for Assay Automation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:8865-8875. [PMID: 35147027 PMCID: PMC10044609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
For point-of-care diagnostic tools to be impactful, they must be inexpensive, equipment-free, and sample-to-answer (i.e., require no user intervention). Here, we report a new approach to enable sample-to-answer diagnostics that utilizes thermally responsive alkane partitions (TRAPs) as automated pseudo-valves. When combined with the magnetic manipulation of microbeads, TRAPs enable the pumpless automation of all steps in complex assays. We demonstrate that in relatively narrow channel geometries, liquified alkane partitions continue to separate reagents on each side of the partition while enabling the transition of magnetic beads from one reagent to the next, replacing manual pipetting steps in conventional assays. In addition, we show that in relatively broader geometries, liquified partitions breach, enabling the addition/mixing of preloaded reagents. Through calculation and experimentation, we determine the geometric design rules for implementing the stationary and removable partitions in fluidic channels. In addition, we demonstrate that magnetic microbeads can be pulled through liquified stationary TRAPs without disrupting partition integrity and without disrupting bound protein complexes attached at the microbead surface. The TRAP technology introduced here can enable a new low-cost and equipment-free approach for fully automated sample-to-answer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Boegner
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Micaela L Everitt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ian M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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15
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Hsieh K, Melendez JH, Gaydos CA, Wang TH. Bridging the gap between development of point-of-care nucleic acid testing and patient care for sexually transmitted infections. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:476-511. [PMID: 35048928 PMCID: PMC9035340 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00665g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The incidence rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including the four major curable STIs - chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis and, syphilis - continue to increase globally, causing medical cost burden and morbidity especially in low and middle-income countries (LMIC). There have seen significant advances in diagnostic testing, but commercial antigen-based point-of-care tests (POCTs) are often insufficiently sensitive and specific, while near-point-of-care (POC) instruments that can perform sensitive and specific nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are technically complex and expensive, especially for LMIC. Thus, there remains a critical need for NAAT-based STI POCTs that can improve diagnosis and curb the ongoing epidemic. Unfortunately, the development of such POCTs has been challenging due to the gap between researchers developing new technologies and healthcare providers using these technologies. This review aims to bridge this gap. We first present a short introduction of the four major STIs, followed by a discussion on the current landscape of commercial near-POC instruments for the detection of these STIs. We present relevant research toward addressing the gaps in developing NAAT-based STI POCT technologies and supplement this discussion with technologies for HIV and other infectious diseases, which may be adapted for STIs. Additionally, as case studies, we highlight the developmental trajectory of two different POCT technologies, including one approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Finally, we offer our perspectives on future development of NAAT-based STI POCT technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Johan H Melendez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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16
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Stark A, Trick A, Pisanic TR, Wang TH. Droplet Magnetofluidic Assay Platform for Quantitative Methylation-Specific PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2394:199-209. [PMID: 35094330 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1811-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Early cancer detection requires identification of cellular changes resulting from oncogenesis. Abnormal DNA methylation patterns occurring early in tumor development have been widely identified as early biomarkers for multiple types of cancer tumors. Methylation-Specific PCR (MSP) has permitted highly sensitive detection of these methylation changes at known biomarker locations. MSP requires multiple sample preparation steps including protein digestion, DNA isolation, and bisulfite conversion prior to detection. In this work, we present a streamlined assay platform and instrumentation for integration of all sample processing steps required to obtain quantitative MSP signal from raw biological samples through the use of droplet magnetofluidic principles. In conjunction with this platform, we present a streamlined protocol for solid-phase DNA extraction from cells and bisulfite conversion of genomic DNA, minimizing the processing steps and reagent volume for implementation on a compact assay platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Stark
- Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Trick
- Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas R Pisanic
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Mechanical & Biomedical Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Zhang Y, Zhou A, Chen S, Lum GZ, Zhang X. A perspective on magnetic microfluidics: Towards an intelligent future. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:011301. [PMID: 35069962 PMCID: PMC8769766 DOI: 10.1063/5.0079464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic microfluidics has been gradually recognized as an area of its own. Both conventional microfluidic platforms have incorporated magnetic actuation for microfluidic operation and microscale object manipulation. Nonetheless, there is still much room for improvement after decades of development. In this Perspective, we first provide a quick review of existing magnetic microfluidic platforms with a focus on the magnetic tools and actuation mechanisms. Next, we discuss several emerging technologies, including magnetic microrobots, additive manufacture, and artificial intelligence, and their potential application in the future development of magnetic microfluidics. We believe that these technologies can eventually inspire highly functional magnetic tools for microfluidic manipulation and coordinated microfluidic control at the system level, which eventually drives magnetic microfluidics into an intelligent system for automated experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ;
and
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Songlin Chen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Guo Zhan Lum
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ;
and
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ;
and
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18
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Chen FE, Lee PW, Trick AY, Park JS, Chen L, Shah K, Mostafa H, Carroll KC, Hsieh K, Wang TH. Point-of-care CRISPR-Cas-assisted SARS-CoV-2 detection in an automated and portable droplet magnetofluidic device. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113390. [PMID: 34171821 PMCID: PMC8170879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against COVID-19, there remains an unmet need for point-of-care (POC) diagnostic testing tools that can rapidly and sensitively detect the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus to control disease transmission and improve patient management. Emerging CRISPR-Cas-assisted SARS-CoV-2 detection assays are viewed as transformative solutions for POC diagnostic testing, but their lack of streamlined sample preparation and full integration within an automated and portable device hamper their potential for POC use. We report herein POC-CRISPR - a single-step CRISPR-Cas-assisted assay that incoporates sample preparation with minimal manual operation via facile magnetic-based nucleic acid concentration and transport. Moreover, POC-CRISPR has been adapted into a compact thermoplastic cartridge within a palm-sized yet fully-integrated and automated device. During analytical evaluation, POC-CRISPR was able detect 1 genome equivalent/μL SARS-CoV-2 RNA from a sample volume of 100 μL in < 30 min. When evaluated with 27 unprocessed clinical nasopharyngeal swab eluates that were pre-typed by standard RT-qPCR (Cq values ranged from 18.3 to 30.2 for the positive samples), POC-CRISPR achieved 27 out of 27 concordance and could detect positive samples with high SARS-CoV-2 loads (Cq < 25) in 20 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Pei-Wei Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Joon Soo Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kushagra Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Heba Mostafa
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Karen C Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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19
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Chen L, Wen K, Chen FE, Trick AY, Liu H, Shao S, Yu W, Hsieh K, Wang Z, Shen J, Wang TH. Portable Magnetofluidic Device for Point-of-Need Detection of African Swine Fever. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10940-10946. [PMID: 34319068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With a nearly 100% mortality rate, African swine fever (ASF) has devastated the pork industry in many countries. Without a vaccine in sight, mitigation rests on rapid diagnosis and immediately depopulating infected or exposed animals. Unfortunately, current tests require centralized laboratories with well-trained personnel, take days to report the results, and thus do not meet the need for such rapid diagnosis. In response, we developed a portable, sample-to-answer device that allows for ASF detection at the point of need in <30 min. The device employs droplet magnetofluidics to automate DNA purification from blood, tissue, or swab samples and utilizes fast thermal cycling to perform real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), all within an inexpensive disposable cartridge. We evaluated its diagnostic performance at six farms and slaughter facilities. The device exhibits high diagnostic accuracy with a positive percent agreement of 92.2% and a negative percent agreement of 93.6% compared with a lab-based reference qPCR test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kai Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hebin Liu
- Beijing Mingrida Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100095, China
| | - Shibei Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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20
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Portable Molecular Diagnostics Device for Identification of Asini Corii Colla by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification. INVENTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/inventions6030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Asini Corii Colla (ACC; donkey-hide glue) is one of the most valuable tonic traditional Chinese medicines. Because of the large demand for gelatinous Chinese medicines, bovine or swine skin was sometimes used to make adulterated gelatine in recent decades. Food chemicals can greatly harm people’s health, and detecting chemicals in foods is extremely important. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) device with smartphone detection is demonstrated in this study for detecting the DNA of Asini Corii Colla. The complete system is composed of a hand-held box equipped with a smartphone, a cartridge heater, an ultraviolet LED, a disposable reaction tube, and a homemade thermal module. All the processes are powered by a set of rechargeable batteries. Comprehensive experiments of measuring temperature profiles are presented, which showed the accuracy of temperature under thermal control is less than 0.5 °C. By implementing one heating module with an ATmega328p-au microcontroller in the device, the DNA mixture is heated directly up to the reaction temperature within 5 min. Next, a DNA segment of Asini Corii Colla is utilized to evaluate the sensitivity of the DNA amplification in the portable device. A limit of detection to a concentration of 10−4 ng/μL is achieved. Real-time detection of Asini Corii Colla by a smartphone camera can be achieved using this portable device. The unique architecture utilized in this device is ideal for a low-cost DNA analysis system.
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21
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Trick AY, Melendez JH, Chen FE, Chen L, Onzia A, Zawedde A, Nakku-Joloba E, Kyambadde P, Mande E, Matovu J, Atuheirwe M, Kwizera R, Gilliams EA, Hsieh YH, Gaydos CA, Manabe YC, Hamill MM, Wang TH. A portable magnetofluidic platform for detecting sexually transmitted infections and antimicrobial susceptibility. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/593/eabf6356. [PMID: 33980576 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf6356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is limited by diagnostics that cannot deliver results rapidly while the patient is still in the clinic. The gold standard methods for identification of STIs are nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), which are too expensive for widespread use and have lengthy turnaround times. To address the need for fast and affordable diagnostics, we have developed a portable, rapid, on-cartridge magnetofluidic purification and testing (PROMPT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. We show that it can detect Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the pathogen causing gonorrhea, with simultaneous genotyping of the pathogen for resistance to the antimicrobial drug ciprofloxacin in <15 min. The duplex test was integrated into a low-cost thermoplastic cartridge with automated processing of penile swab samples from patients using magnetic beads. A compact instrument conducted DNA extraction, PCR, and analysis of results while relaying data to the user via a smartphone app. This platform was tested on penile swab samples from sexual health clinics in Baltimore, MD, USA (n = 66) and Kampala, Uganda (n = 151) with an overall sensitivity and specificity of 97.7% (95% CI, 94.7 to 100%) and 97.6% (95% CI, 94.1 to 100%), respectively, for N. gonorrhoeae detection and 100% concordance with culture results for ciprofloxacin resistance. This study paves the way for delivering accessible PCR diagnostics for rapidly detecting STIs at the point of care, helping to guide treatment decisions and combat the rise of antimicrobial resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Johan H Melendez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fan-En Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Liben Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Annet Onzia
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Aidah Zawedde
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Peter Kyambadde
- AIDS Control Program, Division of Sexually Transmitted Infections, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Mande
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joshua Matovu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maxine Atuheirwe
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Kwizera
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elizabeth A Gilliams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Sexual Health Clinics, Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Matthew M Hamill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Sexual Health Clinics, Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Institute for NanoBiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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22
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Cheng H, Liu H, Li W, Li M. Recent advances in magnetic digital microfluidic platforms. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2329-2346. [PMID: 34196022 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic Digital microfluidics (DMF), which enables the manipulation of droplets containing different types of samples and reagents by permanent magnets or electromagnet arrays, has been used as a promising platform technology for bioanalytical and preparative assays. This is due to its unique advantages such as simple and "power free" operation, easy assembly, great compatibility with auto control systems, and dual functionality of magnetic particles (actuation and target attachment). Over the past decades, magnetic DMF technique has gained a widespread attention in many fields such as sample-to-answer molecular diagnostics, immunoassays, cell assays, on-demand chemical synthesis, and single-cell manipulation. In the first part of this review, we summarised features of magnetic DMF. Then, we introduced the actuation mechanisms and fabrication of magnetic DMF. Furthermore, we discussed five main applications of magnetic DMF, namely drug screening, protein assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cell manipulation, and chemical analysis and synthesis. In the last part of the review, current challenges and limitations with magnetic DMF technique were discussed, such as biocompatibility, automation of microdroplet control systems, and microdroplet evaporation, with an eye on towards future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Laboratoire de Thermique et Energie de Nantes (LTEN), UMR CNRS 6607, Polytech' Nantes-Université de Nantes, Nantes Cedex 03, France.,School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Hangrui Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Ming Li
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Biomolecular Discovery Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Kanitthamniyom P, Hon PY, Zhou A, Abdad MY, Leow ZY, Yazid NBM, Xun VLW, Vasoo S, Zhang Y. A 3D-printed magnetic digital microfluidic diagnostic platform for rapid colorimetric sensing of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:47. [PMID: 34567760 PMCID: PMC8433351 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are a group of drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens that are classified as a critical threat by the World Health Organization (WHO). Conventional methods of detecting antibiotic-resistant pathogens do not assess the resistance mechanism and are often time-consuming and laborious. We have developed a magnetic digital microfluidic (MDM) platform, known as MDM Carba, for the identification of CPE by measuring their ability to hydrolyze carbapenem antibiotics. MDM Carba offers the ability to rapidly test CPE and reduce the amount of reagents used compared with conventional phenotypic testing. On the MDM Carba platform, tests are performed in droplets that function as reaction chambers, and fluidic operations are accomplished by manipulating these droplets with magnetic force. The simple droplet-based magnetic fluidic operation allows easy system automation and simplified hands-on operation. Because of the unique "power-free" operation of MDM technology, the MDM Carba platform can also be operated manually, showing great potential for point-of-care testing in resource-limited settings. We tested 27 bacterial isolates on the MDM Carba platform, and the results showed sensitivity and specificity that were comparable to those of the widely used Carba NP test. MDM Carba may shorten the overall turnaround time for CPE identification, thereby enabling more timely clinical decisions for better clinical outcomes. MDM Carba is a technological platform that can be further developed to improve diagnostics for other types of antibiotic resistance with minor modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pojchanun Kanitthamniyom
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Pei Yun Hon
- National Center for Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Yazid Abdad
- National Center for Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Zhi Yun Leow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
| | | | - Vanessa Lim Wei Xun
- National Center for Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Shawn Vasoo
- National Center for Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Yi Zhang
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, Singapore
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24
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Sharma S, Bhatia V. Magnetic nanoparticles in microfluidics-based diagnostics: an appraisal. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1329-1342. [PMID: 34027677 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in microfluidics based diagnostics is a classic case of micro-, nano- and bio-technology coming together to design extremely controllable, reproducible, and scalable nano and micro 'on-chip bio sensing systems.' In this review, applications of MNPs in microfluidics ranging from molecular diagnostics and immunodiagnostics to clinical uses have been examined. In addition, microfluidic mixing and capture of analytes using MNPs, and MNPs as carriers in microfluidic devices has been investigated. Finally, the challenges and future directions of this upcoming field have been summarized. The use of MNP-based microfluidic devices, will help in developing decentralized or 'point of care' testing globally, contributing to affordable healthcare, particularly, for middle- and low-income developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, India
| | - Vinayak Bhatia
- ICARE Eye Hospital & Postgraduate Institute, Noida, U.P., India
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Hassan MR, Zhang J, Wang C. Digital Microfluidics: Magnetic Transportation and Coalescence of Sessile Droplets on Hydrophobic Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5823-5837. [PMID: 33961445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic digital microfluidics is advantageous over other existing droplet manipulation methods, which exploits magnetic forces for actuation and offers the flexibility of implementation in resource-limited point-of-care applications. This article discusses the dynamic behavior of a pair of sessile droplets on a hydrophobic surface under the presence of a permanent magnetic field. A phase field method-based solver is employed in a two-dimensional computational domain to numerically capture the dynamic evolution of the droplet interfaces, which again simultaneously solves the magnetic and flow fields. On a superhydrophobic surface (i.e., θc = 150°), the nonuniform magnetic field forces the pair of sessile droplets to move toward each other, which eventually leads to a jumping off phenomenon of the merged droplet from the solid surface after coalescence. Also, there exists a critical magnetic Bond number Bomcr, beyond which no coalescence event between droplets is observed. Moreover, on a less hydrophobic surface (θc ≤ 120°), the droplets still coalesce under a magnetic field, although the merged droplet does not experience any upward flight after coalescence. Also, the merging phenomenon at lower contact angle values (i.e., θc = 90°) appears significantly different than at higher contact angle values (i.e., θc = 120°). Additionally, if the pair of sessile droplets is dispersed to a different surrounding medium, the viscosity ratio plays a significant role in the upward flight of the merged droplet, where the coalesced droplet exhibits increased vertical migration at higher viscosity ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rifat Hassan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W. 13th Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W. 13th Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 W. 13th Street, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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Paul R, Ostermann E, Wei Q. Advances in point-of-care nucleic acid extraction technologies for rapid diagnosis of human and plant diseases. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112592. [PMID: 32942143 PMCID: PMC7476893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Global health and food security constantly face the challenge of emerging human and plant diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens. Disease outbreaks such as SARS, MERS, Swine Flu, Ebola, and COVID-19 (on-going) have caused suffering, death, and economic losses worldwide. To prevent the spread of disease and protect human populations, rapid point-of-care (POC) molecular diagnosis of human and plant diseases play an increasingly crucial role. Nucleic acid-based molecular diagnosis reveals valuable information at the genomic level about the identity of the disease-causing pathogens and their pathogenesis, which help researchers, healthcare professionals, and patients to detect the presence of pathogens, track the spread of disease, and guide treatment more efficiently. A typical nucleic acid-based diagnostic test consists of three major steps: nucleic acid extraction, amplification, and amplicon detection. Among these steps, nucleic acid extraction is the first step of sample preparation, which remains one of the main challenges when converting laboratory molecular assays into POC tests. Sample preparation from human and plant specimens is a time-consuming and multi-step process, which requires well-equipped laboratories and skilled lab personnel. To perform rapid molecular diagnosis in resource-limited settings, simpler and instrument-free nucleic acid extraction techniques are required to improve the speed of field detection with minimal human intervention. This review summarizes the recent advances in POC nucleic acid extraction technologies. In particular, this review focuses on novel devices or methods that have demonstrated applicability and robustness for the isolation of high-quality nucleic acid from complex raw samples, such as human blood, saliva, sputum, nasal swabs, urine, and plant tissues. The integration of these rapid nucleic acid preparation methods with miniaturized assay and sensor technologies would pave the road for the "sample-in-result-out" diagnosis of human and plant diseases, especially in remote or resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Emily Ostermann
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA; Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Gaddes DE, Lee PW, Trick AY, Athamanolap P, O'Keefe CM, Puleo C, Hsieh K, Wang TH. Facile Coupling of Droplet Magnetofluidic-Enabled Automated Sample Preparation for Digital Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing and Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13254-13261. [PMID: 32869628 PMCID: PMC8549765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Digital nucleic acid amplification testing (dNAAT) and analysis techniques, such as digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have become useful clinical diagnostic tools. However, nucleic acid (NA) sample preparation preceding dNAAT is generally laborious and performed manually, thus creating the need for a simple sample preparation technique and a facile coupling strategy for dNAAT. Therefore, we demonstrate a simple workflow which automates magnetic bead-based extraction of NAs with a one-step transfer to dNAAT. Specifically, we leverage droplet magnetofluidics (DM) to automate the movement of magnetic beads between small volumes of reagents commonly employed for NA extraction and purification. Importantly, the buffer typically used to elute the NAs off the magnetic beads is replaced by a carefully selected PCR solution, enabling direct transfer from sample preparation to dNAAT. Moreover, we demonstrate the potential for multiplexing using a digital high-resolution melt (dHRM) after the digital PCR (dPCR). The utility of this workflow is demonstrated with duplexed detection of bacteria in a sample imitating a coinfection. We first purify the bacterial DNA into a PCR solution using our DM-based sample preparation. We then transfer the purified bacterial DNA to our microfluidic nanoarray to amplify 16S rRNA using dPCR and then perform dHRM to identify the two bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Gaddes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Pei-Wei Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Pornpat Athamanolap
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Christine M O'Keefe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Chris Puleo
- Electronics Organization, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, New York 12309, United States
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Kanitthamniyom P, Zhou A, Feng S, Liu A, Vasoo S, Zhang Y. A 3D-printed modular magnetic digital microfluidic architecture for on-demand bioanalysis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:48. [PMID: 34567660 PMCID: PMC8433373 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic digital microfluidics (MDM) manipulates fluids in the form of droplets on an open substrate, and incorporates surface energy traps (SETs) to facilitate the droplet manipulation. Conventional MDM devices are fabricated monolithically, which makes it difficult to modify the device configuration without completely overhauling the original design. In this paper, we present a modular MDM architecture that enables rapid on-demand configuration and re-configuration of MDM platforms for customized bioanalyses. Each modular component contains a SET and a Lego-like antistud that fits onto a base board with Lego-like studs. We illustrate the versatility of the modular MDM architecture in biomarker sensing, pathogen identification, antibiotic resistance determination, and biochemical quantification by demonstrating immunoassays, phenotypical assays and enzymatic assays on various modular MDM platforms configured on demand to accomplish the fluidic operations required by assorted bioanalytical assays. The modular MDM architecture promises great potential for point-of-care diagnostics by offering on-demand customization of testing platforms for various categories of diagnostic assays. It also provides a new avenue for microfluidic assay development with its high configurability which would significantly reduce the time and cost of the development cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pojchanun Kanitthamniyom
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shilun Feng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aiqun Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shawn Vasoo
- National Center for Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Zhang
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Shi Y, Ping J, Wu J, Chen H. Magnetic particles for integrated nucleic acid purification, amplification and detection without pipetting. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 127:115912. [PMID: 32382202 PMCID: PMC7202819 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification based detection plays an important role in food safety, environmental monitoring and clinical diagnosis. However, traditional nucleic acid detection process involves transferring liquid from one tube to another by pipetting. It requires trained persons, equipped labs and consumes lots of time. The ideal nucleic acid detection is integrated, closed, simplified and automated. Magnetic particles actuated by magnetic fields can efficiently adsorb nucleic acids and promote integrated nucleic acid assays without pipetting driven by pumps and centrifuges. We will comprehensively review magnetic particles assisted integrated system for nucleic acid detection and hope it can inspire further related study.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- FMR, ferromagnetic resonance
- GTC, guanidinium thiocyanate
- ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
- IFAST, immiscible filtration assisted by surface tension
- Immiscible interface
- Integrated detection
- LAMP, loop-mediated isothermal amplification
- Magnetic particles
- Nucleic acid
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- POCT, point-of-care testing
- RPA, recombinase polymerase amplification
- SQUID, superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- XRD, X-Ray diffraction
- qPCR, quantitative PCR
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbiol Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Microbiology, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Ya Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microbiol Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Microbiology, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of on Site Processing Equipment for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbiol Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Microbiology, Hangzhou, 310012, China
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Ruvalcaba-Cardenas AD, Gomez RAR, Khoshmanesh K, Tovar-Lopez FJ. Magnetic actuation and deformation of a soft shuttle. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:034103. [PMID: 32477442 PMCID: PMC7237223 DOI: 10.1063/5.0008176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe the magnetic actuation of soft shuttles for open-top microfluidic applications. The system is comprised of two immiscible liquids, including glycerol as the soft shuttle and a suspension of iron powder in sucrose solution as the magnetic drop. Permanent magnets assembled on 3D printed motorized actuators were used for the actuation of the magnetic drop, enabling the glycerol shuttle to be propelled along customized linear, circular, and sinusoidal paths. The dynamics of the hybrid shuttle-magnetic drop system was governed by the magnetic force, the friction at the interface of the shuttle and the substrate, and the surface tension at the interface of the shuttle and the magnetic drop. Increasing the magnetic force leads to the localized deformation of the shuttle and eventually the full extraction of the magnetic drop. The versatility of the system was demonstrated through the propelling of the shuttle across a rough surface patterned with microfabricated barriers as well as taking advantage of the optical properties of the shuttle for the magnification and translation of microscale characters patterned on a planar surface. The integration of the system with current electrowetting actuation mechanisms enables the highly controlled motion of the magnetic drop on the surface of a moving shuttle. The simplicity, versatility, and controllability of the system provide opportunities for various fluid manipulation, sample preparation, and analysis for a range of chemical, biochemical, and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Daysi Ruvalcaba-Cardenas
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
| | | | - Khashayar Khoshmanesh
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
| | - Francisco J. Tovar-Lopez
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed:; ; and
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Yu W, Lin H, Wang Y, He X, Chen N, Sun K, Lo D, Cheng B, Yeung C, Tan J, Di Carlo D, Emaminejad S. A ferrobotic system for automated microfluidic logistics. Sci Robot 2020; 5:5/39/eaba4411. [DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aba4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Automated technologies that can perform massively parallelized and sequential fluidic operations at small length scales can resolve major bottlenecks encountered in various fields, including medical diagnostics, -omics, drug development, and chemical/material synthesis. Inspired by the transformational impact of automated guided vehicle systems on manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution industries, we devised a ferrobotic system that uses a network of individually addressable robots, each performing designated micro-/nanofluid manipulation-based tasks in cooperation with other robots toward a shared objective. The underlying robotic mechanism facilitating fluidic operations was realized by addressable electromagnetic actuation of miniature mobile magnets that exert localized magnetic body forces on aqueous droplets filled with biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles. The contactless and high-strength nature of the actuation mechanism inherently renders it rapid (~10 centimeters/second), repeatable (>10,000 cycles), and robust (>24 hours). The robustness and individual addressability of ferrobots provide a foundation for the deployment of a network of ferrobots to carry out cross-collaborative logistics efficiently. These traits, together with the reconfigurability of the system, were exploited to devise and integrate passive/active advanced functional components (e.g., droplet dispensing, generation, filtering, and merging), enabling versatile system-level functionalities. By applying this ferrobotic system within the framework of a microfluidic architecture, the ferrobots were tasked to work cross-collaboratively toward the quantification of active matrix metallopeptidases (a biomarker for cancer malignancy and inflammation) in human plasma, where various functionalities converged to achieve a fully automated assay.
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Lu PH, Ma YD, Fu CY, Lee GB. A structure-free digital microfluidic platform for detection of influenza a virus by using magnetic beads and electromagnetic forces. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:789-797. [PMID: 31956865 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01126a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
H1N1, a subtype of influenza A virus, has emerged as a global threat in the past decades. Due to its highly infectious nature, an accurate and rapid detection assay is urgently required. Therefore, this study presents a new type of digital microfluidic platform for H1N1 virus detection by utilizing a one-aptamer/two-antibodies assay on magnetic beads. The droplets containing magnetic beads were driven by electromagnetic forces on a structure-free, super-hydrophobic surface to automate the entire assay within 40 min. With different levels of hydrophobic modification, the droplets could be easily controlled and positioned without any assisted microstructure. The tunable electromagnetic forces could be adjusted for three kinds of operating modes for the manipulations of beads and droplets, including movement of droplets containing magnetic beads, mixing of two droplets and beads extraction out of droplets. When compared with previous studies, the manipulations of droplets and magnetic particles in this study are more flexible as they can be easily adjusted by fine-tuning the magnetic flux density. Furthermore, the magnetic beads also served as three-dimensional substrates for the new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-like assay. The magnetic beads were conjugated with aptamers, which have high specificity towards H1N1 viruses such that they could be specifically captured and detected. The horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody was then used to activate tyramide-tetramethylrhodamine (TTMR) such that fluorescent signals could be amplified. With this approach, the limit of detection was experimentally found to be 0.032 hemagglutination units/reaction, which is sensitive enough for clinical diagnostics. This kind of digital microfluidic platform with the ELISA-like assay could effectively reduce the consumption of samples and reagents such that the volume of all droplets including the H1N1 sample, antibodies, TTMR and wash buffers was only 20 μL. This is the first time that a digital microfluidic platform was demonstrated such that the entire diagnostic process for influenza A H1N1 viruses could be performed by using electromagnetic forces, which could be promising for rapid and accurate diagnosis of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsien Lu
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Dong Ma
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yu Fu
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Gwo-Bin Lee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. and Institute of NanoEngineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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Liu H, Zheng S, Yang X, Liao W, Wang C, Miao W, Tang J, Wang D, Tian Y. Magnetic Actuation Multifunctional Platform Combining Microdroplets Delivery and Stirring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47642-47648. [PMID: 31765117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional droplets manipulation devices are in urgent need for various laboratory operations such as chemical reaction and biological analysis. However, most current techniques that achieved a controllable droplet transport system mainly rely on passive diffusion for mixing, limiting their practical applications. Here, we develop a magnetic controlled dimple on slippery surface (MCDSS) that enables arbitrary direction or even uphill droplet transport through the synergy between gravitational force and asymmetrical droplet deformation. Further experiments demonstrate that our system could also be used for stirring microdroplets and accelerating the mixing speed by more than one hundred times. In addition, the microstir strategy could help to avoid locally uneven production of precipitation or gas in heterogeneous reactions. This combination of droplet delivery and agitation may have a promising future for application in various fields, for example, laboratory-on-a-chip platforms and microengines.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Xuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Liao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
| | - Can Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Weining Miao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Jiayue Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
| | - Dianyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science , Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
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Shin DJ, Andini N, Hsieh K, Yang S, Wang TH. Emerging Analytical Techniques for Rapid Pathogen Identification and Susceptibility Testing. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:41-67. [PMID: 30939033 PMCID: PMC7369001 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the face of looming threats from multi-drug resistant microorganisms, there is a growing need for technologies that will enable rapid identification and drug susceptibility profiling of these pathogens in health care settings. In particular, recent progress in microfluidics and nucleic acid amplification is pushing the boundaries of timescale for diagnosing bacterial infections. With a diverse range of techniques and parallel developments in the field of analytical chemistry, an integrative perspective is needed to understand the significance of these developments. This review examines the scope of new developments in assay technologies grouped by key enabling domains of research. First, we examine recent development in nucleic acid amplification assays for rapid identification and drug susceptibility testing in bacterial infections. Next, we examine advances in microfluidics that facilitate acceleration of diagnostic assays via integration and scale. Lastly, recentdevelopments in biosensor technologies are reviewed. We conclude this review with perspectives on the use of emerging concepts to develop paradigm-changing assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;
| | - Nadya Andini
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Kuangwen Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;
| | - Samuel Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA;
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Kanitthamniyom P, Zhang Y. Magnetic digital microfluidics on a bioinspired surface for point-of-care diagnostics of infectious disease. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1178-1185. [PMID: 30770588 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic digital microfluidics uses magnetic force to manipulate droplets on a Teflon-coated substrate through the added magnetic particles. To achieve a wide range of droplet manipulation, hydrophilic patterns, known as surface energy traps, are introduced onto the Teflon-coated hydrophobic substrate. However, the Teflon-coated substrate is difficult to modify because it is nonwettable, and existing techniques for patterning surface energy traps have many limitations. Inspired by the mussel adhesion mechanism, we use polydopamine, a bioinspired substance that adheres strongly to almost any materials, to pattern surface energy traps on the Teflon-coated substrate with a great ease. We have optimized the polydopamine coating protocol and characterized the surface properties of the polydopamine surface energy traps. Droplet operations including particle extraction, liquid dispensing, liquid shaping, and cross-platform transfer have been demonstrated on the polydopamine surface energy trap-enabled magnetic digital microfluidic platform in both single-plate and two-plate configurations. Furthermore, the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen using ELISA has been demonstrated on the new magnetic dgitial microfluidic platform. This new bioinspired magnetic digital microfluidic platform is easy to fabricate and operate, showing a great potential for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pojchanun Kanitthamniyom
- Singapore 3D Printing Center, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yi Zhang
- Singapore 3D Printing Center, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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36
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Lee J, Mena SE, Burns MA. Micro-Particle Operations Using Asymmetric Traps. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1278. [PMID: 30718531 PMCID: PMC6362267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-particle operations in many lab-on-a-chip devices require active-type techniques that are accompanied by complex fabrication and operation. The present study describes an alternative method using a passive microfluidic scheme that allows for simpler operation and, therefore, potentially less expensive devices. We present three practical micro-particle operations using our previously developed passive mechanical trap, the asymmetric trap, in a non-acoustic oscillatory flow field. First, we demonstrate size-based segregation of both binary and ternary micro-particle mixtures using size-dependent trap-particle interactions to induce different transport speeds for each particle type. The degree of segregation, yield, and purity of the binary segregations are 0.97 ± 0.02, 0.96 ± 0.06, and 0.95 ± 0.05, respectively. Next, we perform a solution exchange by displacing particles from one solution into another in a trap array. Lastly, we focus and split groups of micro-particles by exploiting the transport polarity of asymmetric traps. These operations can be implemented in any closed fluidic circuit containing asymmetric traps using non-acoustic oscillatory flow, and they open new opportunities to flexibly control micro-particles in integrated lab-on-a-chip platforms with minimal external equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Sarah E Mena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
| | - Mark A Burns
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA.
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37
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Zhang Y, Wang TH. Rapid generation of chemical combinations on a magnetic digital microfluidic array. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21741-21747. [PMID: 35518867 PMCID: PMC9066432 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03469b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial screening is frequently used to identify chemicals with synergistic effects by measuring the response of biological entities exposed to various chemical-dose combinations. Conventional microwell-based combinatorial screening is resource-demanding, and the closed microfluidics-based screening requires sophisticated fluidic control systems. In this work, we present a novel combinatorial screening platform based on the surface energy trap (SET)-assisted magnetic digital microfluidics. This platform, known as FlipDrop, rapidly generates chemical combinations by coupling two droplet arrays with orthogonal chemical concentration gradients with a simple flip. We have illustrated the working principle of FlipDrop by generating combinations of quantum dots. We have also successfully demonstrated the screening of quantum dot fluorescence resonance energy transfer (QD-FRET) on the FlipDrop platform by measuring the FRET response. This report demonstrates that FlipDrop is capable of rapidly generating chemical combinations with unprecedented ease for combinatorial screening. FlipDrop is a combinatorial screening platform. It enables rapid generation of chemical combinations by flipping and coupling two droplet arrays generated by surface energy traps on the magnetic digital microfluidic platform.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
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38
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Athamanolap P, Hsieh K, Wang ATH. Integrated Bacterial Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Polymicrobial Infections Using Digital PCR and Digital High-Resolution Melt in a Microfluidic Array Platform. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2018; 2018:5346-5349. [PMID: 30441544 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8513472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In diagnosing bacterial infection, rapid bacterial identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) are critical to clinicians in order to provide an effective treatment in a timely manner. The gold standard, culture-based approach provides both ID and antimicrobial susceptibility but requires several days of turnaround time. Especially in polymicrobial infections, where there are more than one organisms interacting collectively that can complicate the treatment. Here, we demonstrate a rapid bacterial diagnostic approach that is capable of bacterial ID/AST in heterogeneous samples within less than 4 hours by using digital PCR (dPCR) and digital high-resolution melt via microfluidic devices. By utilizing dPCR, we are able to quantify amount of nucleic acid, which correlates to phenotypic responses of {\bf individual pathogens in a mixed sample and also shorten the required time of antibiotic exposure. In addition, we employ a machine learning algorithm to automatically identify bacterial species based on melt profiles of 16S rRNA gene.
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39
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Abstract
A mechanical flip-flop actuator has been developed that allows for the facile re-routing and distribution of liquid marbles (LMs) in digital microfluidic devices. Shaped loosely like a triangle, the actuating switch pivots from one bistable position to another, being actuated by the very low mass and momentum of a LM rolling under gravity (~4 × 10−6 kg ms−1). The actuator was laser-cut from cast acrylic, held on a PTFE coated pivot, and used a PTFE washer. Due to the rocking motion of the switch, sequential LMs are distributed along different channels, allowing for sequential LMs to traverse parallel paths. This distributing effect can be easily cascaded, for example to evenly divide sequential LMs down four different paths. This lightweight, cheap and versatile actuator has been demonstrated in the design and construction of a LM-operated mechanical multiplication device — establishing its effectiveness. The actuator can be operated solely by gravity, giving it potential use in point-of-care devices in low resource areas.
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40
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Uehara M. Development of a Novel and Rapid Fully Automated Genetic Testing System. ANAL SCI 2018; 32:1375-1379. [PMID: 27941272 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid genetic testing system integrating nucleic acid extraction, purification, amplification, and detection in a single cartridge. The system performs real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after nucleic acid purification in a fully automated manner. RNase P, a housekeeping gene, was purified from human nasal epithelial cells using silica-coated magnetic beads and subjected to real-time PCR using a novel droplet-real-time-PCR machine. The process was completed within 13 min. This system will be widely applicable for research and diagnostic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Uehara
- Core Technology Development Center, Corporate Research and Development Div., Seiko Epson Corporation
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41
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Shin DJ, Trick AY, Hsieh YH, Thomas DL, Wang TH. Sample-to-Answer Droplet Magnetofluidic Platform for Point-of-Care Hepatitis C Viral Load Quantitation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9793. [PMID: 29955160 PMCID: PMC6023859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold standard quantitative nucleic acid tests for diagnosis of viral diseases are currently limited to implementation in laboratories outside of the clinic. An instrument for conducting nucleic acid testing at the point-of-care (POC) that is easily operable by the clinician would reduce the required number of visits to the clinic and improve patient retention for proper treatment. Here we present a droplet magnetofluidic (DM) platform, which leverages functionalized magnetic particles to miniaturize and automate laboratory assays for use in the clinic at the POC. Our novel thermoformed disposable cartridge coupled to a portable multiaxial magnetofluidic instrument enables real-time PCR assays for quantitative and sensitive detection of nucleic acids from crude biosamples. Instead of laborious benchtop sample purification techniques followed by elution and spiking into PCR buffer, the user simply injects the biosample of interest into a cartridge with magnetic particles and loads the cartridge into the instrument. We demonstrate the utility of our platform with hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA viral load quantitation from blood serum in approximately 1 hour. Clinical serum samples (n = 18) were directly processed on cartridges with no false positives and a limit of detection of 45 IU per 10 µl sample injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexander Y Trick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yu-Hsiang Hsieh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David L Thomas
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Infectious Disease Center for Viral Hepatitis, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States. .,Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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42
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Shu B, Li Z, Yang X, Xiao F, Lin D, Lei X, Xu B, Liu D. Active droplet-array (ADA) microfluidics enables multiplexed complex bioassays for point of care testing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2232-2235. [PMID: 29431774 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09377b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a novel and versatile microfluidic technology that allows parallel and multi-step bioanalytical procedures to be simply implemented by switching reagent-containing droplet arrays among alternative interaction zones for intended mass or energy transport in a programmable manner. This enables multiplexed complex bioassays for point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Shu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
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43
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Ngo HT, Freedman E, Odion RA, Strobbia P, De Silva Indrasekara AS, Vohra P, Taylor SM, Vo-Dinh T. Direct Detection of Unamplified Pathogen RNA in Blood Lysate using an Integrated Lab-in-a-Stick Device and Ultrabright SERS Nanorattles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4075. [PMID: 29511216 PMCID: PMC5840326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct detection of genetic biomarkers in body fluid lysate without target amplification will revolutionize nucleic acid-based diagnostics. However, the low concentration of target sequences makes this goal challenging. We report a method for direct detection of pathogen RNA in blood lysate using a bioassay using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based detection integrated in a "lab-in-a-stick" portable device. Two levels of signal enhancement were employed to achieve the sensitivity required for direct detection. Each target sequence was tagged with an ultrabright SERS-encoded nanorattle with ultrahigh SERS signals, and these tagged target sequences were concentrated into a focused spot for detection using hybridization sandwiches with magnetic microbeads. Furthermore, the washing process was automated by integration into a "lab-in-a-stick" portable device. We could directly detect synthetic target with a limit of detection of 200 fM. More importantly, we detected plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite RNA directly in infected red blood cells lysate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SERS-based direct detection of pathogen nucleic acid in blood lysate without nucleic acid extraction or target amplification. The results show the potential of our integrated bioassay for field use and point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoan T Ngo
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, International University, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCMC), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Elizabeth Freedman
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Medicine & Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ren Abelard Odion
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Pietro Strobbia
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Agampodi Swarnapali De Silva Indrasekara
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Priya Vohra
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Division of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Steve M Taylor
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Medicine & Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Tuan Vo-Dinh
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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44
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Lee J, Burns MA. One-Way Particle Transport Using Oscillatory Flow in Asymmetric Traps. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:10.1002/smll.201702724. [PMID: 29377529 PMCID: PMC6324199 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One challenge of integrating of passive, microparticles manipulation techniques into multifunctional microfluidic devices is coupling the continuous-flow format of most systems with the often batch-type operation of particle separation systems. Here, a passive fluidic technique-one-way particle transport-that can conduct microparticle operations in a closed fluidic circuit is presented. Exploiting pass/capture interactions between microparticles and asymmetric traps, this technique accomplishes a net displacement of particles in an oscillatory flow field. One-way particle transport is achieved through four kinds of trap-particle interactions: mechanical capture of the particle, asymmetric interactions between the trap and the particle, physical collision of the particle with an obstacle, and lateral shift of the particle into a particle-trapping stream. The critical dimensions for those four conditions are found by numerically solving analytical mass balance equations formulated using the characteristics of the flow field in periodic obstacle arrays. Visual observation of experimental trap-particle dynamics in low Reynolds number flow (<0.01) confirms the validity of the theoretical predictions. This technique can transport hundreds of microparticles across trap rows in only a few fluid oscillations (<500 ms per oscillation) and separate particles by their size differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 3074 H. H. Dow, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mark A Burns
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 3074 H. H. Dow, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1107 Carl A. Gerstacker, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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45
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Basha IHK, Ho ETW, Yousuff CM, Hamid NHB. Towards Multiplex Molecular Diagnosis-A Review of Microfluidic Genomics Technologies. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E266. [PMID: 30400456 PMCID: PMC6190060 DOI: 10.3390/mi8090266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and specific pathogen diagnosis is essential for correct and timely treatment of infectious diseases, especially virulent strains, in people. Point-of-care pathogen diagnosis can be a tremendous help in managing disease outbreaks as well as in routine healthcare settings. Infectious pathogens can be identified with high specificity using molecular methods. A plethora of microfluidic innovations in recent years have now made it increasingly feasible to develop portable, robust, accurate, and sensitive genomic diagnostic devices for deployment at the point of care. However, improving processing time, multiplexed detection, sensitivity and limit of detection, specificity, and ease of deployment in resource-limited settings are ongoing challenges. This review outlines recent techniques in microfluidic genomic diagnosis and devices with a focus on integrating them into a lab on a chip that will lead towards the development of multiplexed point-of-care devices of high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Hussain Kamal Basha
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Eric Tatt Wei Ho
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Caffiyar Mohamed Yousuff
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Hisham Bin Hamid
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
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46
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Abstract
Since the Human Genome Project completed in 2000, the sequencing of the first genome, massive progress has been made by medical science in the early diagnosis and personalized therapies based on nucleic acids (NA) analysis. To allow the extensive use of these molecular methods in medical practice, scientific research is nowadays strongly focusing on the development of new miniaturized and easy-to-use technologies and devices allowing fast and low cost NA analysis in decentralized environments. It is now the era of so-called genetic "Point-of-Care" (PoC). These systems must integrate and automate all steps necessary for molecular analysis such as sample preparation (extraction and purification of NA) and detection based on PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technology in order to perform, by unskilled personnel, in vitro genetic analysis near the patient (in hospital, in the physician office, clinic, or home), with rapid answers and low cost. In this review, the recent advances in genetic PoC technologies are discussed, including the extraction and PCR amplification chemistry suitable for PoC use and the new frontiers of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- STMicroelectronics, Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy
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47
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Hutama TJ, Oleschuk RD. Magnetically manipulated droplet splitting on a 3D-printed device to carry out a complexometric assay. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2640-2649. [PMID: 28685782 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00629b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A method for performing droplet actuation, splitting, and dispensing using only magnetic force and physical confinement is reported. The combination of low-friction superhydrophobic surfaces and droplets containing superparamagnetic particles is demonstrated to reliably dispense droplets with a precision (≤6%) similar to standard air-displacement pipettes. The 3D printed microfluidic chips incorporate individual wells, a weir structure and differential channel depths to facilitate droplet splitting in differing ratios. Both empirical observations and numerical simulations show that the splitting is a combination of wetting and pressure differences. The method enables a parent drop to be dispensed and split into droplets ranging in size from 5-20 μL using different well volumes. Once dispensed/split the droplets can be further actuated, merged and mixed. An EDTA-based complexometric colorimetric titration for water hardness is conducted on-chip. The degree of colour change is then determined utilizing a cell phone camera and image analysis and used to calculate water hardness; this measurement was found to agree with the traditional, larger scale method. The simple, robust dispensing method is adaptable to other digital microfluidic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Hutama
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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48
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Digital Microfluidics for Nucleic Acid Amplification. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17071495. [PMID: 28672827 PMCID: PMC5539496 DOI: 10.3390/s17071495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Digital Microfluidics (DMF) has emerged as a disruptive methodology for the control and manipulation of low volume droplets. In DMF, each droplet acts as a single reactor, which allows for extensive multiparallelization of biological and chemical reactions at a much smaller scale. DMF devices open entirely new and promising pathways for multiplex analysis and reaction occurring in a miniaturized format, thus allowing for healthcare decentralization from major laboratories to point-of-care with accurate, robust and inexpensive molecular diagnostics. Here, we shall focus on DMF platforms specifically designed for nucleic acid amplification, which is key for molecular diagnostics of several diseases and conditions, from pathogen identification to cancer mutations detection. Particular attention will be given to the device architecture, materials and nucleic acid amplification applications in validated settings.
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49
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Kim C, Hoffmann G, Searson PC. Integrated Magnetic Bead-Quantum Dot Immunoassay for Malaria Detection. ACS Sens 2017; 2:766-772. [PMID: 28723116 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria persists as a disease of high morbidity and mortality due to improper diagnosis, overuse of drugs, rapidly evolving drug resistant parasites, and poor disease monitoring. The two common tests used in developing countries, microscopic examination of Glemsa slides and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), have limitations associated with variability in specificity and sensitivity, and qualitative outcome. Here we report on an immunoassay using magnetic beads for capture and quantum dots for detection of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2). Conventional immunoassays, such as ELISA, and molecular analysis tools, such as PCR, are difficult to implement in low resource settings. Therefore, to provide a proof-of-principle of translation of this assay to low resource settings, we demonstrate HRP2 detection in an automated droplet-based microfluidic device. Droplet-based platforms have the potential to allow translation of molecular detection assays to point-of-care use in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Gwendolyn Hoffmann
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Peter C. Searson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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50
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Abstract
A digital microfluidic platform manipulates droplets on an open surface. Magnetic digital microfluidics utilizes magnetic forces for actuation and offers unique advantages compared to other digital microfluidic platforms. First, the magnetic particles used in magnetic digital microfluidics have multiple functions. In addition to serving as actuators, they also provide a functional solid substrate for molecule binding, which enables a wide range of applications in molecular diagnostics and immunodiagnostics. Second, magnetic digital microfluidics can be manually operated in a "power-free" manner, which allows for operation in low-resource environments for point-of-care diagnostics where even batteries are considered a luxury item. This review covers research areas related to magnetic digital microfluidics. This paper first summarizes the current development of magnetic digital microfluidics. Various methods of droplet manipulation using magnetic forces are discussed, ranging from conventional magnetic particle-based actuation to the recent development of ferrofluids and magnetic liquid marbles. This paper also discusses several new approaches that use magnetically controlled flexible substrates for droplet manipulation. In addition, we emphasize applications of magnetic digital microfluidics in biosensing and medical diagnostics, and identify the current limitations of magnetic digital microfluidics. We provide a perspective on possible solutions to close these gaps. Finally, the paper discusses the future improvement of magnetic digital microfluidics to explore potential new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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