1
|
Peng Z, Yang Z. Optical blood glucose non-invasive detection and its research progress. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 39246261 DOI: 10.1039/d4an01048e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Blood glucose concentration is an important index for the diagnosis of diabetes, its self-monitoring technology is the method for scientific diabetes management. Currently, the typical household blood glucose meters have achieved great success in diabetes management, but they are discrete detection methods, and involve invasive blood sampling procedures. Optical detection technologies, which use the physical properties of light to detect the glucose concentration in body fluids non-invasively, have shown great potential in non-invasive blood glucose detection. This article summarized and analyzed the basic principles, research status, existing problems, and application prospects of different optical glucose detection technologies. In addition, this article also discusses the problems of optical detection technology in wearable sensors and perspectives on the future of non-invasive blood glucose detection technology to improve blood glucose monitoring in diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Peng
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Pingxiang University, Pingxiang 330073, P.R. China.
| | - Zhuanqing Yang
- Big Data and Internet of Things School, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 402260, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yan T, Weng F, Ming Y, Zhu S, Zhu M, Wang C, Guo C, Zhu K. Luminescence Probes in Bio-Applications: From Principle to Practice. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:333. [PMID: 39056609 PMCID: PMC11274413 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Bioanalysis based on optical imaging has gained significant progress in the last few decades. Luminescence probes are capable of detecting, monitoring, and tracing particular biomolecules in complex biological systems to figure out the roles of these molecules in organisms. Considering the rapid development of luminescence probes for bio-applications and their promising future, we have attempted to explore the working principles and recent advances in bio-applications of luminescence probes, in the hope of helping readers gain a detailed understanding of luminescence probes developed in recent years. In this review, we first focus on the current widely used luminescence probes, including fluorescence probes, bioluminescence probes, chemiluminescence probes, afterglow probes, photoacoustic probes, and Cerenkov luminescence probes. The working principles for each type of luminescence probe are concisely described and the bio-application of the luminescence probes is summarized by category, including metal ions detection, secretion detection, imaging, and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (T.Y.); (F.W.); (Y.M.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Changfa Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (T.Y.); (F.W.); (Y.M.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.)
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (T.Y.); (F.W.); (Y.M.); (S.Z.); (M.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gupta J, Vaid PK, Priyadarshini E, Rajamani P. Nano-bio convergence unveiled: Systematic review on quantum dots-protein interaction, their implications, and applications. Biophys Chem 2024; 310:107238. [PMID: 38733645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals (2-10 nm) with unique optical and electronic properties due to quantum confinement effects. They offer high photostability, narrow emission spectra, broad absorption spectrum, and high quantum yields, making them versatile in various applications. Due to their highly reactive surfaces, QDs can conjugate with biomolecules while being used, produced, or unintentionally released into the environment. This systematic review delves into intricate relationship between QDs and proteins, examining their interactions that influence their physicochemical properties, enzymatic activity, ligand binding affinity, and stability. The research utilized electronic databases like PubMed, WOS, and Proquest, along with manual reviews from 2013 to 2023 using relevant keywords, to identify suitable literature. After screening titles and abstracts, only articles meeting inclusion criteria were selected for full text readings. This systematic review of 395 articles identifies 125 articles meeting the inclusion criteria, categorized into five overarching themes, encompassing various mechanisms of QDs and proteins interactions, including adsorption to covalent binding, contingent on physicochemical properties of QDs. Through a meticulous analysis of existing literature, it unravels intricate nature of interaction, significant influence on nanomaterials and biological entities, and potential for synergistic applications harnessing both specific and nonspecific interactions across various fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagriti Gupta
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Vaid
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Eepsita Priyadarshini
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Paulraj Rajamani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu Z, Zhou H, Li L, Chen Z, Zhang X, Feng Y, Wang J, Li Y, Wu Y. Immunoassay System Based on the Technology of Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1430. [PMID: 38474966 DOI: 10.3390/s24051430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
To enhance the specificity and sensitivity, cut the cost, and realize joint detection of multiple indicators, an immunoassay system based on the technology of time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) was studied. Due to the FRET of the reagent, the donor probe and acceptor probe emitted specific fluorescence to enhance specificity. Long-lifetime specific fluorescence from the acceptor probe was combined with time-resolved technology to enhance sensitivity. A xenon flash lamp and a photomultiplier tube (PMT) were selected as the light source and detector, respectively. A filter-switching mechanism was placed in the light path, so the fluorescence signal from the donor and acceptor was measured alternately. The instrument's design is given, and some specificI parts are described in detail. Key technical specifications of the instrument and procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6(IL-6) were tested, and the test results were presented subsequently. The CV value of the self-designed counting module is better than 0.01%, and the instrument noises for 620 nm and 665 nm are 41.44 and 10.59, respectively. When set at 37 °C, the temperature bias (B) is 0.06 °C, and the temperature fluctuation is 0.10 °C. The CV and bias are between ±3% and 5%, respectively, when pipetting volumes are between 10 μL and 100 μL. Within the concentration range of 0.01 nM to 10 nM, the luminescence values exhibit linear regression correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. For PCT detection, when the concentration ranges from 0.02 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL, the correlation coefficient of linear fitting exceeds 0.999, and the limit of quantification is 0.096 ng/mL. For CRP and IL-6, the detection concentration ranges from 0 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL and 0 ng/mL to 20 ng/mL, respectively, with limits of quantification of 2.70 ng/mL and 2.82 ng/mL, respectively. The experimental results confirm the feasibility of the technical and instrumental solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Li Li
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Zhang Chen
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yongtong Feng
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Chongqing Guoke Medical Innovation Technology Development Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401122, China
| | - Yanfan Wu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Patra S, Purohit SS, Swain SK. In vivo fluorescence non-enzymatic glucose sensing technique for diabetes management by CQDs incorporated dextran nanocomposites in human blood serums. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
|
6
|
Shoaib A, Darraj A, Khan ME, Azmi L, Alalwan A, Alamri O, Tabish M, Khan AU. A Nanotechnology-Based Approach to Biosensor Application in Current Diabetes Management Practices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:867. [PMID: 36903746 PMCID: PMC10005622 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is linked to both short-term and long-term health problems. Therefore, its detection at a very basic stage is of utmost importance. Research institutes and medical organizations are increasingly using cost-effective biosensors to monitor human biological processes and provide precise health diagnoses. Biosensors aid in accurate diabetes diagnosis and monitoring for efficient treatment and management. Recent attention to nanotechnology in the fast-evolving area of biosensing has facilitated the advancement of new sensors and sensing processes and improved the performance and sensitivity of current biosensors. Nanotechnology biosensors detect disease and track therapy response. Clinically efficient biosensors are user-friendly, efficient, cheap, and scalable in nanomaterial-based production processes and thus can transform diabetes outcomes. This article is more focused on biosensors and their substantial medical applications. The highlights of the article consist of the different types of biosensing units, the role of biosensors in diabetes, the evolution of glucose sensors, and printed biosensors and biosensing systems. Later on, we were engrossed in the glucose sensors based on biofluids, employing minimally invasive, invasive, and noninvasive technologies to find out the impact of nanotechnology on the biosensors to produce a novel device as a nano-biosensor. In this approach, this article documents major advances in nanotechnology-based biosensors for medical applications, as well as the hurdles they must overcome in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Shoaib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Darraj
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ehtisham Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, College of Applied Industrial Technology, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubna Azmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Abdulaziz Alalwan
- University Family Medicine Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 2925, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Alamri
- Consultant of Family Medicine, Ministry of Health, Second Health Cluster, Riyadh 2925, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tabish
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar Ulla Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, College of Applied Industrial Technology, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen L, Yang S, Dotzert M, Melling CWJ, Zhang J. Hybrid reduced graphene oxide nanosheets with negative magnetoresistance for the diagnosis of hypoglycemia. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:998-1007. [PMID: 36621800 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01927b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Few glucometers are available to easily and quickly measure low blood glucose levels (≤4 mmol L-1) from a small amount of blood samples. Here, a hybrid reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based magnetoresistance (MR) sensor has been developed to monitor blood glucose levels to quickly detect hypoglycemia. Hybrid rGO nanosheets, incorporating Fe50Co50 nanoparticles onto rGO nanosheets, with an unusual large negative MR (-5.7%) at room temperature under a small magnetic field (9.5 kOe) have been successfully fabricated through a one-pot reaction. To quickly detect the low concentration of glucose in a small amount of blood (1 μL), a two-step process has been further developed by using the "sandwich" structural MR sensor. The results show that the higher the negative MR value of the sensor, the lower the concentration of glucose that can be detected. A linear relationship between the MR and the concentration of the spiked plasma glucose taken from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats can be found when the concentration of glucose is in the range of 0-6 mmol L-1. The limit of detection (LOD) of this MR glucose sensor is 0.867 mmol L-1. The accuracy of the rGO-based MR sensor is improved in measuring low concentration of plasma glucose as compared to that of a commercialized glucometer. Furthermore, the selectivity of the rGO-based MR sensor has been studied. The results demonstrate that the rGO-based MR sensor is a flexible and sensitive detection platform and specifically suitable for monitoring low concentrations of plasma glucose to prevent from hypoglycemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longyi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Songlin Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Michelle Dotzert
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - C W James Melling
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Zhang J. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer-Based Aptasensor Made of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Detecting Lactoferrin at Low Concentrations. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37964-37970. [PMID: 36312380 PMCID: PMC9609055 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin in the saliva is recently considered a biomarker for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, a solution-based, user-friendly biosensing system has been developed to quickly measure lactoferrin at low concentrations. This aptasensor is applied to the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) quenching mechanism, in which carbon quantum dots (CDs) act as the FRET donor; the FRET quenching element is made of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets which show good quenching capability. CDs bioconjugated with a chosen aptamer (CDs-aptamer) have the strongest emission (λem) at 447 nm when excitation (λex) is 365 nm. Due to the interaction of the aptamer and GO through the π-π* interaction, GO can approach CDs, resulting in FRET quenching. In the presence of lactoferrin, the fluorescence intensity of CDs-aptamer is restored as the binding affinity between lactoferrin and the aptamer is stronger than the π-π* interaction between the aptamer and GO. A linear relationship between the restored fluorescence intensity and the concentration of lactoferrin in artificial saliva with a range from 4 to 16 μg/mL is observed. The limit of detection of the solution-based aptasensor is estimated at 2.48 μg/mL. In addition, the sensing performance of the aptasensor made of carbon nanomaterials has been evaluated to test different proteins including major salivary proteins. The results show that this aptasensor has a high selectivity to detect LF with a low concentration, <16 μg/mL.
Collapse
|
9
|
Todaro B, Begarani F, Sartori F, Luin S. Is Raman the best strategy towards the development of non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring devices for diabetes management? Front Chem 2022; 10:994272. [PMID: 36226124 PMCID: PMC9548653 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.994272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has no well-established cure; thus, its management is critical for avoiding severe health complications involving multiple organs. This requires frequent glycaemia monitoring, and the gold standards for this are fingerstick tests. During the last decades, several blood-withdrawal-free platforms have been being studied to replace this test and to improve significantly the quality of life of people with diabetes (PWD). Devices estimating glycaemia level targeting blood or biofluids such as tears, saliva, breath and sweat, are gaining attention; however, most are not reliable, user-friendly and/or cheap. Given the complexity of the topic and the rise of diabetes, a careful analysis is essential to track scientific and industrial progresses in developing diabetes management systems. Here, we summarize the emerging blood glucose level (BGL) measurement methods and report some examples of devices which have been under development in the last decades, discussing the reasons for them not reaching the market or not being really non-invasive and continuous. After discussing more in depth the history of Raman spectroscopy-based researches and devices for BGL measurements, we will examine if this technique could have the potential for the development of a user-friendly, miniaturized, non-invasive and continuous blood glucose-monitoring device, which can operate reliably, without inter-patient variability, over sustained periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Todaro
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
- Correspondence: Biagio Todaro, ; Stefano Luin,
| | - Filippo Begarani
- P.B.L. SRL, Solignano, PR, Italy
- Omnidermal Biomedics SRL, Solignano, PR, Italy
| | - Federica Sartori
- P.B.L. SRL, Solignano, PR, Italy
- Omnidermal Biomedics SRL, Solignano, PR, Italy
| | - Stefano Luin
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale SuperiorePisa, Italy
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR, Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: Biagio Todaro, ; Stefano Luin,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Y, Song J, Yang S, Ouyang J, Zhang J. Carbon Nanostructure-Based DNA Sensor Used for Quickly Detecting Breast Cancer-Associated Genes. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 17:93. [PMID: 36125561 PMCID: PMC9489825 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of breast cancer highly relies on the detection of mutant DNA at low concentrations. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) quenching may offer a solution to quickly detect a small amount of single-strand DNA (ssDNA) through the combination of nanomaterials with special luminescence and unique structures of DNA double helix structure. Here, carbon quantum dots (CDs) modified with Capture ssDNA act as the FRET donor which interact with the two-dimensional fluorescence quencher, i.e., graphene oxide nanosheets (GO), to detect breast cancer-associated Target ssDNA at a low concentration. CDs bioconjugated with the designed Capture ssDNA (named CDs-Capture ssDNA) have the maximum fluorescence intensity (Imax) at the emission (λem) = 510 nm. The fluorescence of CDs-Capture ssDNA is quenched, while they interact with GO due to the π-π* interaction between ssDNA and GO. In the presence of Target ssDNA, the Imax is restored because of the stronger interaction between Target ssDNA and CDs-Capture ssDNA through the hydrogen bond. The restored fluorescence intensity of CDs has a linear relationship with the concentration of Target ssDNA from 0.25 to 2.5 μM with a detection limit around 0.24 μM. The selectivity of the sensing system has been further evaluated by testing the 3-base mismatched and non-base matched in which efficient restoration of photoluminescence of the sensing system cannot be observed. This carbon nanostructure-based DNA sensing system offers a user-friendly and quick detection of single-strand DNA at lower concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Zhang
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jisu Song
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Songlin Yang
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jianying Ouyang
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jin Zhang
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Y, Tang H, Chen W, Zhang J. Nanomaterials Used in Fluorescence Polarization Based Biosensors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8625. [PMID: 35955779 PMCID: PMC9369394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization (FP) has been applied in detecting chemicals and biomolecules for early-stage diagnosis, food safety analyses, and environmental monitoring. Compared to organic dyes, inorganic nanomaterials such as quantum dots have special fluorescence properties that can enhance the photostability of FP-based biosensing. In addition, nanomaterials, such as metallic nanoparticles, can be used as signal amplifiers to increase fluorescence polarization. In this review paper, different types of nanomaterials used in in FP-based biosensors have been reviewed. The role of each type of nanomaterial, acting as a fluorescent element and/or the signal amplifier, has been discussed. In addition, the advantages of FP-based biosensing systems have been discussed and compared with other fluorescence-based techniques. The integration of nanomaterials and FP techniques allows biosensors to quickly detect analytes in a sensitive and cost-effective manner and positively impact a variety of different fields including early-stage diagnoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada; (Y.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Howyn Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada;
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada; (Y.Z.); (W.C.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada; (Y.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Grazon C, Chern M, Lally P, Baer RC, Fan A, Lecommandoux S, Klapperich C, Dennis AM, Galagan JE, Grinstaff MW. The quantum dot vs. organic dye conundrum for ratiometric FRET-based biosensors: which one would you chose? Chem Sci 2022; 13:6715-6731. [PMID: 35756504 PMCID: PMC9172442 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06921g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a widely used and ideal transduction modality for fluorescent based biosensors as it offers high signal to noise with a visibly detectable signal. While intense efforts are ongoing to improve the limit of detection and dynamic range of biosensors based on biomolecule optimization, the selection of and relative location of the dye remains understudied. Herein, we describe a combined experimental and computational study to systematically compare the nature of the dye, i.e., organic fluorophore (Cy5 or Texas Red) vs. inorganic nanoparticle (QD), and the position of the FRET donor or acceptor on the biomolecular components. Using a recently discovered transcription factor (TF)-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) biosensor for progesterone, we examine four different biosensor configurations and report the quantum yield, lifetime, FRET efficiency, IC50, and limit of detection. Fitting the computational models to the empirical data identifies key molecular parameters driving sensor performance in each biosensor configuration. Finally, we provide a set of design parameters to enable one to select the fluorophore system for future intermolecular biosensors using FRET-based conformational regulation in in vitro assays and new diagnostic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Grazon
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA .,University Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629 F-33600 Pessac France .,University Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 F-33400 Talence France
| | - Margaret Chern
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Patrick Lally
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - R. C. Baer
- Department of Microbiology, Boston UniversityBostonMA 02118USA,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston UniversityBostonMA 02118USA
| | - Andy Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | | | | | - Allison M. Dennis
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA
| | - James E. Galagan
- Department of Microbiology, Boston UniversityBostonMA 02118USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA,National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston UniversityBostonMA 02118USA
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry, Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA,Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston UniversityBostonMA 02215USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
![]()
Personalized and
point-of-care (POC) diagnoses are critical for
ocular physiology and disease diagnosis. Real-time monitoring and
continuous sampling abilities of tear fluid and user-friendliness
have become the key characteristics for the applied ophthalmic techniques.
Fluorescence technologies, as one of the most popular methods that
can fulfill the requirements of clinical ophthalmic applications for
optical sensing, have been raised and applied for tear sensing and
diagnostic platforms in recent decades. Wearable sensors in this case
have been increasingly developed for ocular diagnosis. Contact lenses,
as one of the commercialized and popular tools for ocular dysfunction,
have been developed as a platform for fluorescence sensing in tears
diagnostics and real-time monitoring. Numbers of biochemical analytes
have been examined through developed fluorescent contact lens sensors,
including pH values, electrolytes, glucose, and enzymes. These sensors
have been proven for monitoring ocular conditions, enhancing and detecting
medical treatments, and tracking efficiency of related ophthalmic
surgeries at POC settings. This review summarizes the applied ophthalmic
fluorescence sensing technologies in tears for ocular diagnosis and
monitoring. In addition, the cooperation of fabricated fluorescent
sensor with mobile phone readout devices for diagnosing ocular diseases
with specific biomarkers continuously is also discussed. Further perspectives
for the developments and applications of fluorescent ocular sensing
and diagnosing technologies are also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li MS, Wong HL, Ip YL, Peng Z, Yiu R, Yuan H, Wai Wong JK, Chan YK. Current and Future Perspectives on Microfluidic Tear Analytic Devices. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1300-1314. [PMID: 35579258 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most current invasive analytic devices for disease diagnosis and monitoring require the collection of blood, which causes great discomfort for patients and may potentially cause infection. This explains the great need for noninvasive devices that utilize other bodily fluids like sweat, saliva, tears, or urine. Among them, eye tears are easily accessible, less complex in composition, and less susceptible to dilution. Tears also contain valuable clinical information for the diagnosis of ocular and systemic diseases as the tear analyte level shows great correlation with the blood analyte level. These unique advantages make tears a promising platform for use in clinical settings. As the volume of tear film and the rate of tear flow are only microliters in size, the use of microfluidic technology in analytic devices allows minimal sample consumption. Hence, more and more microfluidic tear analytic devices have been proposed, and their working mechanisms can be broadly categorized into four main types: (a) electrochemical, (b) photonic crystals, (c) fluorescence, and (d) colorimetry. These devices are being developed toward the application of point-of-care tests with rapid yet accurate results. This review aims to provide a general overview of the recent developmental trend of microfluidic devices for tear analysis. Moreover, the fundamental principle behind each type of device along with their strengths and weaknesses will be discussed, especially in terms of their abilities and potential in being used in point-of-care settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Shek Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 000000
| | - Ho Lam Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 000000
| | - Yan Lam Ip
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 000000
| | - Zhiting Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 000000
| | - Rachel Yiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Grantham Hospital, Hong Kong West Cluster, Hong Kong SAR 000000
| | - Hao Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P R China
| | - Jasper Ka Wai Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 000000
- Department of Ophthalmology, Grantham Hospital, Hong Kong West Cluster, Hong Kong SAR 000000
| | - Yau Kei Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 000000
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Soldado A, Barrio LC, Díaz-Gonzalez M, de la Escosura-Muñiz A, Costa-Fernandez JM. Advances in quantum dots as diagnostic tools. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 107:1-40. [PMID: 35337601 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are crystalline inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles a few nanometers in size that possess unique optical electronic properties vs those of larger materials. For example, QDs usually exhibit a strong and long-lived photoluminescence emission, a feature dependent on size, shape and composition. These special optoelectronic properties make them a promising alternative to conventional luminescent dyes as optical labels in biomedical applications including biomarker quantification, biomolecule targeting and molecular imaging. A key parameter for use of QDs is to functionalize their surface with suitable (bio)molecules to provide stability in aqueous solutions and efficient and selective tagging biomolecules of interest. Researchers have successfully developed biocompatible QDs and have linked them to various biomolecule recognition elements, i.e., antibodies, proteins, DNA, etc. In this chapter, QD synthesis and characterization strategies are reviewed as well as the development of nanoplatforms for luminescent biosensing and imaging-guided targeting. Relevant biomedical applications are highlighted with a particular focus on recent progress in ultrasensitive detection of clinical biomarkers. Finally, key future research goals to functionalize QDs as diagnostic tools are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Soldado
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Cid Barrio
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Díaz-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Reddy VS, Agarwal B, Ye Z, Zhang C, Roy K, Chinnappan A, Narayan RJ, Ramakrishna S, Ghosh R. Recent Advancement in Biofluid-Based Glucose Sensors Using Invasive, Minimally Invasive, and Non-Invasive Technologies: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1082. [PMID: 35407200 PMCID: PMC9000490 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors have potentially revolutionized the biomedical field. Their portability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of operation have made the market for these biosensors to grow rapidly. Diabetes mellitus is the condition of having high glucose content in the body, and it has become one of the very common conditions that is leading to deaths worldwide. Although it still has no cure or prevention, if monitored and treated with appropriate medication, the complications can be hindered and mitigated. Glucose content in the body can be detected using various biological fluids, namely blood, sweat, urine, interstitial fluids, tears, breath, and saliva. In the past decade, there has been an influx of potential biosensor technologies for continuous glucose level estimation. This literature review provides a comprehensive update on the recent advances in the field of biofluid-based sensors for glucose level detection in terms of methods, methodology and materials used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vundrala Sumedha Reddy
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore; (V.S.R.); (Z.Y.); (C.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Bhawana Agarwal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, BITS Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India;
| | - Zhen Ye
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore; (V.S.R.); (Z.Y.); (C.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Chuanqi Zhang
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore; (V.S.R.); (Z.Y.); (C.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Kallol Roy
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore;
| | - Amutha Chinnappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore; (V.S.R.); (Z.Y.); (C.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Roger J. Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore; (V.S.R.); (Z.Y.); (C.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Rituparna Ghosh
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore; (V.S.R.); (Z.Y.); (C.Z.); (A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhao C, Lv B, Pan Z, Zhu Z, Li H, Li Z, Li Y, Wang Y, Mu H, Li W, Shi J. Highly sensitive gas sensor based on a parity-time-symmetric system. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2022; 39:227-232. [PMID: 35200957 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.443024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Achieving extremely high sensitivity is an important indicator in the development of novel and stable gas concentration sensors. In this paper, we present a gas concentration sensor with parity-time symmetry for high sensitivity at low concentrations. The proposed sensor can detect toxic gases, such as benzene, bromine, and acetone, by probing the faint changing of the permittivity. Furthermore, the level of the sensitivity can be adjusted by the resistance segment, which is realized by various metallic formations. Our proposed structure provides a novel idea for the development of future gas concentration sensors, showing an exciting prospect for gas sensing technologies.
Collapse
|
18
|
Synthesis, Characterization of NR@SiO2/PNIPAm-co-Ppa Composite Nanogel and Study On Its Application in Photodynamic Therapy. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:771-782. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
19
|
An interrelated CataFlower enzyme system for sensitively monitoring sweat glucose. Talanta 2021; 235:122799. [PMID: 34517657 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An accurate measurement of sweat glucose is a promising alternative to invasive finger prick blood test, and may provide effective self-monitoring of blood glucose with good patient compliance. Herein, an interrelated catalytic enzyme system has been developed, termed as CataFlower, which is composed of nanoflower MoS2 (peroxidase) decorated with GOx (glucose oxidase) and MnO2 (oxygen generator), and exhibits synergistic oxidative capability for sensitively monitoring sweat glucose. CataFlower can not only generate oxygen in situ to maximize GOx activity, but promote peroxidase-triggered H2O2 oxidation of methylene blue, resulting in sensitive colorimetric detection of glucose. We identify that CataFlower can precisely detect glucose with a detection limit of 10 μM, allowing for measuring glucose levels in different biological samples, such as blood and urine. Particularly, CataFlower is capable of monitoring dynamic changes in sweat glucose with high sensitivity and accuracy during exercise. Therefore, CataFlower provides a stepping stone to eliminate invasive blood tests, significantly improving the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
|
20
|
Gao Y, Huang Y, Chen J, Liu Y, Xu Y, Ning X. A Novel Luminescent "Nanochip" as a Tandem Catalytic System for Chemiluminescent Detection of Sweat Glucose. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10593-10600. [PMID: 34291923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate sweat glucose detection is a promising alternative to invasive finger-prick blood tests, allowing for self-monitoring of blood glucose with good patient compliance. In this study, we have developed a tandem catalytic system, termed as a luminescent "nanochip" (LAON), which was composed of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) (ABEI)-engineered oxygen-doped carbon nitride (O-g-C3N4), for chemiluminescent detection of sweat glucose. The LAON exhibits dual catalytic activity of glucose oxidase and peroxidase and can not only oxidize glucose to generate H2O2 but catalyze H2O2-mediated luminol chemiluminescence, resulting in sensitive detection of glucose. We identify that the LAON can precisely detect glucose with a detection limit of 0.1 μM, enabling us to measure glucose levels in different biological samples. Particularly, the LAON is capable of sensitively and accurately monitoring dynamic changes in sweat glucose during exercise. Therefore, the LAON provides an alternative approach to supersede invasive blood tests and may improve the management of diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yu Huang
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jianmei Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yurui Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xinghai Ning
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu L, Zhang X, Wang Z, Haidry AA, Yao Z, Haque E, Wang Y, Li G, Daeneke T, McConville CF, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Zavabeti A. Low dimensional materials for glucose sensing. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11017-11040. [PMID: 34152349 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02529e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are essential components for effective healthcare management. Since biological processes occur on molecular scales, nanomaterials and nanosensors intrinsically provide the most appropriate landscapes for developing biosensors. Low-dimensional materials have the advantage of offering high surface areas, increased reactivity and unique physicochemical properties for efficient and selective biosensing. So far, nanomaterials and nanodevices have offered significant prospects for glucose sensing. Targeted glucose biosensing using such low-dimensional materials enables much more effective monitoring of blood glucose levels, thus providing significantly better predictive diabetes diagnostics and management. In this review, recent advances in using low dimensional materials for sensing glucose are summarized. Sensing fundamentals are discussed, as well as invasive, minimally-invasive and non-invasive sensing methods. The effects of morphological characteristics and size-dependent properties of low dimensional materials are explored for glucose sensing, and the key performance parameters such as selectivity, stability and sensitivity are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities that low dimensional materials can offer for glucose sensing are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linling Xu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Xianfei Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Azhar Ali Haidry
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Zhengjun Yao
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Enamul Haque
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Yichao Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010 Australia.
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Chris F McConville
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010 Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang Z, Liu Y, Wang Z, Huang X, Huang W. Hydrogel‐based composites: Unlimited platforms for biosensors and diagnostics. VIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing China
| | - Yanlei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech) Nanjing China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun X, Li Y, Yang Q, Xiao Y, Zeng Y, Gong J, Wang Z, Tan X, Li H. Self-assembled all-inclusive organic-inorganic nanoparticles enable cascade reaction for the detection of glucose. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
24
|
Tang L, Chang SJ, Chen CJ, Liu JT. Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Technology: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6925. [PMID: 33291519 PMCID: PMC7731259 DOI: 10.3390/s20236925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, with the rise of global diabetes, a growing number of subjects are suffering from pain and infections caused by the invasive nature of mainstream commercial glucose meters. Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring technology has become an international research topic and a new method which could bring relief to a vast number of patients. This paper reviews the research progress and major challenges of non-invasive blood glucose detection technology in recent years, and divides it into three categories: optics, microwave and electrochemistry, based on the detection principle. The technology covers medical, materials, optics, electromagnetic wave, chemistry, biology, computational science and other related fields. The advantages and limitations of non-invasive and invasive technologies as well as electrochemistry and optics in non-invasives are compared horizontally in this paper. In addition, the current research achievements and limitations of non-invasive electrochemical glucose sensing systems in continuous monitoring, point-of-care and clinical settings are highlighted, so as to discuss the development tendency in future research. With the rapid development of wearable technology and transdermal biosensors, non-invasive blood glucose monitoring will become more efficient, affordable, robust, and more competitive on the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Tang
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Shwu Jen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Jung Chen
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, School of Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jen-Tsai Liu
- Research Center for Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, College of Materials Science and Opti-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
González-Fuentes FJ, Molina GA, Silva R, López-Miranda JL, Esparza R, Hernandez-Martinez AR, Estevez M. Developing a CNT-SPE Sensing Platform Based on Green Synthesized AuNPs, Using Sargassum sp. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6108. [PMID: 33121053 PMCID: PMC7662439 DOI: 10.3390/s20216108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of diverse analytes such as molecules, cells receptor and even particles and nanoparticles, play an important role in biomedical research, particularly in electrochemical sensing platform technologies. In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) prepared by green synthesis from Sargassum sp. were characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ζ) obtaining organic capped face-centered cubic 80-100 nm AuNPs with an excellent stability in a wide range of pH. The AuNPs were used to modify a carbon nanotubes-screen printed electrode (CNT-SPE), through the drop-casting method, to assemble a novel portable electrochemical sensing platform for glucose, using a novel combination of components, which together have not been employed. The ability to sense and measure glucose was demonstrated, and its electrochemical fundamentals was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) to glucose were 50 μM and 98 μM, respectively, and these were compared to those of other sensing platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny J. González-Fuentes
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (F.J.G.-F.); (J.L.L.-M.); (R.E.); (A.R.H.-M.)
| | - Gustavo A. Molina
- Posgrado en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Rodolfo Silva
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edificio 17, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, Mexico;
| | - José Luis López-Miranda
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (F.J.G.-F.); (J.L.L.-M.); (R.E.); (A.R.H.-M.)
| | - Rodrigo Esparza
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (F.J.G.-F.); (J.L.L.-M.); (R.E.); (A.R.H.-M.)
| | - Angel R. Hernandez-Martinez
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (F.J.G.-F.); (J.L.L.-M.); (R.E.); (A.R.H.-M.)
| | - Miriam Estevez
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, Mexico; (F.J.G.-F.); (J.L.L.-M.); (R.E.); (A.R.H.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen M, Grazon C, Sensharma P, Nguyen TT, Feng Y, Chern M, Baer RC, Varongchayakul N, Cook K, Lecommandoux S, Klapperich CM, Galagan JE, Dennis AM, Grinstaff MW. Hydrogel-Embedded Quantum Dot-Transcription Factor Sensors for Quantitative Progesterone Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:43513-43521. [PMID: 32893612 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Immobilization of biosensors in or on a functional material is critical for subsequent device development and translation to wearable technology. Here, we present the development and assessment of an immobilized quantum dot-transcription factor-nucleic acid complex for progesterone detection as a first step toward such device integration. The sensor, composed of a polyhistidine-tagged transcription factor linked to a quantum dot and a fluorophore-modified cognate DNA, is embedded within a hydrogel as an immobilization matrix. The hydrogel is optically transparent, soft, and flexible as well as traps the quantum dot-transcription factor DNA assembly but allows free passage of the analyte, progesterone. Upon progesterone exposure, DNA dissociates from the quantum dot-transcription factor DNA assembly resulting in an attenuated ratiometric fluorescence output via Förster resonance energy transfer. The sensor performs in a dose-dependent manner with a limit of detection of 55 nM. Repeated analyte measurements are similarly successful. Our approach combines a systematically characterized hydrogel as an immobilization matrix and a transcription factor-DNA assembly as a recognition/transduction element, offering a promising framework for future biosensor devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingfu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Chloé Grazon
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, Univ. Bordeaux, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Prerana Sensharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Thuy T Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Yunpeng Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Margaret Chern
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - R C Baer
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Nitinun Varongchayakul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Katherine Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | | | - Catherine M Klapperich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - James E Galagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Allison M Dennis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen L, Dotzert M, Melling CJ, Zhang J. Tunable Photoluminescence of Carbon Dots used for Homogeneous Glucose Sensing Assay. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
28
|
Quantum Dot Bioconjugates for Diagnostic Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2020; 378:35. [PMID: 32219574 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-0296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are a special type of engineered nanomaterials with outstanding optoelectronic properties that make them as a very promising alternative to conventional luminescent dyes in biomedical applications, including biomolecule (BM) targeting, luminescence imaging and drug delivery. A key parameter to ensure successful biomedical applications of QDs is the appropriate surface modification, i.e. the surface of the nanomaterials should be modified with the appropriate functional groups to ensure stability in aqueous solutions and it should be conjugated with recognition elements capable of ensuring an efficient tagging of the BMs of interest. In this review we summarize the most relevant strategies used for surface modification of QDs and for their conjugation to BMs in preparation of their application in nanoplatforms for luminescent BM sensing and imaging-guided targeting. The applications of conjugations of photoluminescent QDs with different BMs in both in vitro and in vivo chemical sensing, immunoassays or luminescence imaging are reviewed. Recent progress in the application of functionalized QDs in ultrasensitive detection in bioanalysis, diagnostics and imaging strategies are reported. Finally, some key future research goals in the progress of bioconjugation of QDs for diagnosis are identified, including novel synthetic approaches, the need for exhaustive characterization of bioconjugates and the design of signal amplification schemes.
Collapse
|
29
|
Fluorometric determination of the activity of alkaline phosphatase based on a system composed of WS 2 quantum dots and MnO 2 nanosheets. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:839. [PMID: 31760490 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A fluorometric method is described for the detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. It is based on the use of the product of hydrolysis of the drug amifostine (a thiophosphoester) by ALP. It is known that MnO2 nanosheets quench the blue fluorescence of tungsten disulfide quantum dots (WS2 QDs) which have excitation/emission wavelengths of 320/448 nm. However, in the presence of ALP and amifostine, the product of hydrolysis [2-(3-aminopropylamino)ethanethiol] triggers the decomposition of the MnO2 nanosheets. This results in the recovery of fluorescence. Based on this finding, an assay for ALP activity was developed that works in the 0.09-1.6 U L-1 range, with a 40 mU L-1 detection limit. The relative standard deviation is 1.87% for five repeated measurements of 0.8 U L-1 ALP. The method was applied to the analysis of ALP in real samples and gave satifactory results. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of a fluorometric method for determination of the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The fluorescence of a system composed of WS2 quantum dots and MnO2 nanosheets is quenched. Hydrolysis of the cytoprotective adjuvant amifostine (a phosphothioester) by ALP leads to a thiol that causes the decomposition of the MnO2 nanosheets. As a result, the blue fluorescence of the system becomes increasingly restored.
Collapse
|
30
|
Baek SH, Roh J, Park CY, Kim MW, Shi R, Kailasa SK, Park TJ. Cu-nanoflower decorated gold nanoparticles-graphene oxide nanofiber as electrochemical biosensor for glucose detection. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 107:110273. [PMID: 31761219 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrospinning approach is proposed for the fabrication of copper (Cu)-nanoflower decorated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-graphene oxide (GO) nanofiber (NF) as an electrochemical biosensor for the glucose detection. In this study, GO was mixed with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and used as a fiber precursor, which greatly improves the electrochemical properties. The above solution was uniformly coated onto the surfaces of gold chip to form GO NFs via electrospinning. AuNPs were coated onto the surface of GO NFs and then incorporated organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflower [Cu nanoflower-glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)]. The electrochemical experiments revealed that Cu-nanoflower@AuNPs-GO NFs exhibited outstanding electrochemical catalytic nature, and selectivity for the conversion of glucose to gluconic acid in the presence of GOx-HRP-Cu nanoflower. The Cu-nanoflower@AuNPs-GO NFs coated Au chip exhibited good linear range 0.001-0.1 mM, with a detection limit of 0.018 μM. The Cu-nanoflower@AuNPs-GO NFs modified Au chip exhibited higher catalytic properties, which are attributed to the coating of unique organic-inorganic nanostructured materials on the surfaces of Au chip. These results indicate that the nano-bio hybrid materials can be applied as a promising electrochemical biosensor to monitor glucose levels in biofluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Baek
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeok Roh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Woo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Rongjia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Suresh Kumar Kailasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Song J, Zhang J. Self-illumination of Carbon Dots by Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13796. [PMID: 31551471 PMCID: PMC6760201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-dots (CDs), the emerging fluorescent nanoparticles, show special multicolor properties, chemical stability, and biocompatibility, and are considered as the new and advanced imaging probe in replacement of molecular fluorophores and semiconductor quantum dots. However, the requirement of external high power light source limits the application of fluorescent nanomaterials in bio-imaging. The present study aims to take advantage of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer mechanism (BRET) in creating self-illuminating C-dots. Renilla luciferase (Rluc) is chosen as the BRET donor molecule. Conjugation of Renilla luciferase and C-dots is necessary to keep their distance close for energy transfer. The optimal condition for achieving BRET is investigated by studying the effects of different factors on the performance of BRET, including the type of conjugation, concentration of carbon dots, and conjugation time. The linear relationship of BRET efficiency as a function of the amount of C-dots in the range of 0.20–0.80 mg/mL is observed. The self-illuminating carbon dots could be applied in bioimaging avoiding the tissue damage from the external high power light source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Song
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada. .,Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Juan CG, García H, Ávila-Navarro E, Bronchalo E, Galiano V, Moreno Ó, Orozco D, Sabater-Navarro JM. Feasibility study of portable microwave microstrip open-loop resonator for non-invasive blood glucose level sensing: proof of concept. Med Biol Eng Comput 2019; 57:2389-2405. [PMID: 31473945 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-019-02030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Self-management of blood glucose level is part and parcel of diabetes treatment, which involves invasive, painful, and uncomfortable methods. A proper non-invasive blood glucose monitor (NIBGM) is therefore desirable to deal better with it. Microwave resonators can potentially be used for such a purpose. Following the positive results from an in vitro previous work, a portable device based upon a microwave resonator was developed and assessed in a multicenter proof of concept. Its electrical response was analyzed when an individual's tongue was placed onto it. The study was performed with 352 individuals during their oral glucose tolerance tests, having four measurements per individual. The findings revealed that the accuracy must be improved before the diabetes community can make real use of the device. However, the relationship between the measuring parameter and the individual's blood glucose level is coherent with that from previous works, although with higher data dispersion. This is reflected in correlation coefficients between glycemia and the measuring magnitude consistently negative, although small, for the different datasets analyzed. Further research is proposed, focused on system improvements, individual calibration, and multitechnology approach. The study of the influence of other blood components different to glucose is also advised. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Juan
- Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Héctor García
- Department of Materials Science, Optics and Electronic Technology, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Ernesto Ávila-Navarro
- Department of Materials Science, Optics and Electronic Technology, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Enrique Bronchalo
- Department of Communications Engineering, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Vicente Galiano
- Department of Computer Engineering, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Óscar Moreno
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Domingo Orozco
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Glucose Concentration Measurement in Human Blood Plasma Solutions with Microwave Sensors. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19173779. [PMID: 31480415 PMCID: PMC6749577 DOI: 10.3390/s19173779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three microwave sensors are used to track the glucose level of different human blood plasma solutions. In this paper, the sensors are evaluated as glucose trackers in a context close to real human blood. Different plasma solutions sets were prepared from a human blood sample at several added glucose concentrations up to 10 wt%, adding also ascorbic acid and lactic acid at different concentrations. The experimental results for the different sensors/solutions combinations are presented in this work. The sensors show good performance and linearity as glucose level retrievers, although the sensitivities change as the rest of components vary. Different sensor behaviors depending upon the concentrations of glucose and other components are identified and characterized. The results obtained in terms of sensitivity are coherent with previous works, highlighting the contribution of glucose to the dielectric losses of the solution. The results are also consistent with the frequency evolution of the electromagnetic signature of glucose found in the literature, and are helpful for selecting frequency bands for sensing purposes and envisioning future approaches to the challenging measurement in real biological contexts. Discussion of the implications of the results and guidelines for further research and development of more accurate sensors is offered.
Collapse
|
34
|
Tan EK, Au YZ, Moghaddam GK, Occhipinti LG, Lowe CR. Towards Closed-Loop Integration of Point-of-Care Technologies. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:775-788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
35
|
Mai HH, Tran DH, Janssens E. Non-enzymatic fluorescent glucose sensor using vertically aligned ZnO nanotubes grown by a one-step, seedless hydrothermal method. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:245. [PMID: 30879198 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive non-enzymatic fluorescent glucose sensor, consisting of vertically aligned ZnO nanotubes (NTs) grown on low-cost printed circuit board substrates, is described. The ZnO NTs were synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method without using a seed layer. The sensor function is based on the photoluminescence (PL) quenching of ZnO NTs treated with different concentrations of glucose. The UV emission (emission maximum at 384 nm under 325 nm excitation) decreases linearly with increasing glucose concentration. The sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 3.5%·mM-1 (defined as percentage change of the PL peak intensity per mM) and a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 70 μM. This is better than previously reported work based on the use of ZnO nanostructures. The detection range is 0.1-15 mM which makes the sensor suitable for practical uses in glucose sensing. The sensor was successfully applied to the analysis of human blood serum samples. It is not interfered by common concentrations of ascorbic acid, uric acid, bovine serum albumin, maltose, fructose, and sucrose. Graphical abstract Schematic of the one-step, seedless hydrothermal method utilized for synthesizing vertically aligned ZnO nanotubes on printed circuit board substrates (PCBs). The ZnO nanotubes were used to monitor glucose concentrations in a non-enzymatic fluorescent sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Hong Mai
- Faculty of Physics, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Dinh Hoang Tran
- Faculty of Physics, VNU University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism and Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Villena Gonzales W, Mobashsher AT, Abbosh A. The Progress of Glucose Monitoring-A Review of Invasive to Minimally and Non-Invasive Techniques, Devices and Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E800. [PMID: 30781431 PMCID: PMC6412701 DOI: 10.3390/s19040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current glucose monitoring methods for the ever-increasing number of diabetic people around the world are invasive, painful, time-consuming, and a constant burden for the household budget. The non-invasive glucose monitoring technology overcomes these limitations, for which this topic is significantly being researched and represents an exciting and highly sought after market for many companies. This review aims to offer an up-to-date report on the leading technologies for non-invasive (NI) and minimally-invasive (MI) glucose monitoring sensors, devices currently available in the market, regulatory framework for accuracy assessment, new approaches currently under study by representative groups and developers, and algorithm types for signal enhancement and value prediction. The review also discusses the future trend of glucose detection by analyzing the usage of the different bands in the electromagnetic spectrum. The review concludes that the adoption and use of new technologies for glucose detection is unavoidable and closer to become a reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert Villena Gonzales
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Ahmed Toaha Mobashsher
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Amin Abbosh
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Akaishi Y, Pramata AD, Tominaga S, Kawashima S, Fukaminato T, Kida T. Reversible ON/OFF switching of photoluminescence from CsPbX3 quantum dots coated with silica using photochromic diarylethene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8060-8063. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03797g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly luminescent silica-coated CsPbX3 quantum dots (QDs) with good photostability were synthesized and coupled with photochromic diarylethene to modulate the QDs’ photoluminescence (PL).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Akaishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Azzah Dyah Pramata
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Shuhei Tominaga
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Shimpei Kawashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Tuyoshi Fukaminato
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kida
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology
- Kumamoto University
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
A Fluorescent Biosensors for Detection Vital Body Fluids' Agents. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18082357. [PMID: 30042294 PMCID: PMC6111579 DOI: 10.3390/s18082357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The clinical applications of sensing tools (i.e., biosensors) for the monitoring of physiologically important analytes are very common. Nowadays, the biosensors are being increasingly used to detect physiologically important analytes in real biological samples (i.e., blood, plasma, urine, and saliva). This review focuses on biosensors that can be applied to continuous, time-resolved measurements with fluorescence. The material presents the fluorescent biosensors for the detection of neurotransmitters, hormones, and other human metabolites as glucose, lactate or uric acid. The construction of microfluidic devices based on fluorescence uses a variety of materials, fluorescent dyes, types of detectors, excitation sources, optical filters, and geometrical systems. Due to their small size, these devices can perform a full analysis. Microfluidics-based technologies have shown promising applications in several of the main laboratory techniques, including blood chemistries, immunoassays, nucleic-acid amplification tests. Of the all technologies that are used to manufacture microfluidic systems, the LTCC technique seems to be an interesting alternative. It allows easy integration of electronic and microfluidic components on a single ceramic substrate. Moreover, the LTCC material is biologically and chemically inert, and is resistant to high temperature and pressure. The combination of all these features makes the LTCC technology particularly useful for implementation of fluorescence-based detection in the ceramic microfluidic systems.
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen Y, Ding M, Li J, Sheng W, Liu B, Zhang Y, Wang S. Fluorescence Quenching Immunoaffinity Test Column with Quantum Dots as Fluorescence Donors for the Quick Detection of Malachite Green and Crystal Violet in Aquatic Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Chen L, Hwang E, Zhang J. Fluorescent Nanobiosensors for Sensing Glucose. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18051440. [PMID: 29734744 PMCID: PMC5982147 DOI: 10.3390/s18051440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucose sensing in diabetes diagnosis and therapy is of great importance due to the prevalence of diabetes in the world. Furthermore, glucose sensing is also critical in the food and drug industries. Sensing glucose has been accomplished through various strategies, such as electrochemical or optical methods. Novel transducers made with nanomaterials that integrate fluorescent techniques have allowed for the development of advanced glucose sensors with superior sensitivity and convenience. In this review, glucose sensing by fluorescent nanobiosensor systems is discussed. Firstly, typical fluorescence emitting/interacting nanomaterials utilized in various glucose assays are discussed. Secondly, strategies for integrating fluorescent nanomaterials and biological sensing elements are reviewed and discussed. In summary, this review highlights the applicability of fluorescent nanomaterials, which makes them ideal for glucose sensing. Insight on the future direction of fluorescent nanobiosensor systems is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longyi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Eugene Hwang
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Popow-Stellmaszyk J, Bajorowicz B, Malankowska A, Wysocka M, Klimczuk T, Zaleska-Medynska A, Lesner A. Design, Synthesis, and Enzymatic Evaluation of Novel ZnO Quantum Dot-Based Assay for Detection of Proteinase 3 Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1576-1583. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tomasz Klimczuk
- Department of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
This review is devoted to the analytical application of carbohydrate-binding proteins called lectins. The nature of lectins and the regularities of their specificity with respect to simple sugars and complex carbohydrate-containing biomolecules are discussed. The main areas of the modern analytical application of lectins are described. Lectin-affinity chromatography, histo- and cytochemical approaches, lectin blotting, microarray, and biosensor technologies as well as microplate analysis are considered in detail. Data on the use of lectins for the detection of cells and microorganisms as well as the study of protein glycosylation are summarized. The large potential of lectins as components of analytical systems used for the identification of glycans and the characteristics of their structure are substantiated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O D Hendrickson
- a A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect , Moscow , Russia
| | - A V Zherdev
- a A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect , Moscow , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wan H, Yin H, Lin L, Zeng X, Mason AJ. Miniaturized Planar Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Electrochemical Gas Sensor for Rapid Multiple Gas Pollutants Monitoring. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2018. [PMID: 29255341 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing impact of airborne pollutants and explosive gases on human health and occupational safety has escalated the demand of sensors to monitor hazardous gases. This paper presents a new miniaturized planar electrochemical gas sensor for rapid measurement of multiple gaseous hazards. The gas sensor features a porous polytetrafluoroethylene substrate that enables fast gas diffusion and room temperature ionic liquid as the electrolyte. Metal sputtering was utilized for platinum electrodes fabrication to enhance adhesion between the electrodes and the substrate. Together with carefully selected electrochemical methods, the miniaturized gas sensor is capable of measuring multiple gases including oxygen, methane, ozone and sulfur dioxide that are important to human health and safety. Compared to its manually-assembled Clark-cell predecessor, this sensor provides better sensitivity, linearity and repeatability, as validated for oxygen monitoring. With solid performance, fast response and miniaturized size, this sensor is promising for deployment in wearable devices for real-time point-of-exposure gas pollutant monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A
| | - Heyu Yin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, U.S.A
| | - Xiangqun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, U.S.A
| | - Andrew J Mason
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mao G, Cai Q, Wang F, Luo C, Ji X, He Z. One-Step Synthesis of Rox-DNA Functionalized CdZnTeS Quantum Dots for the Visual Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide and Blood Glucose. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11628-11635. [PMID: 29019392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As the blood glucose concentration is an important clinical parameter of diabetes, the rapid and effective detection of blood glucose is very significant for monitoring and managing diabetes. Here, a facile method to prepare Rox-DNA functionalized CdZnTeS quantum dots (QDs) was developed. The Rox-DNA functionalized CdZnTeS QDs were prepared by a one-pot hydrothermal method through phosphorothioate DNA bound to QDs, which were employed as a ratiometric fluorescent probe for the rapid and sensitive detection of H2O2 and glucose. Compared with the traditional multistep construction of ratiometric fluorescent probes, this presented approach is simpler and more effective without chemical modification and complicated separation. The CdZnTeS QDs with green fluorescence is specifically sensitive to H2O2, while the red fluorescence of Rox is invariable. H2O2 is the product from the oxidation of glucose catalyzed by glucose oxidase (GOx). Therefore, a facile method to detect H2O2 and glucose with a detection limit of 0.075 μM for H2O2 and 0.042 μM for glucose was developed. In addition, this proposed probe has been employed for the detection of glucose in human serum with a satisfactory result. Moreover, this probe has been used for visual detection, and the health and diabetics can be distinguished by the naked eye. Meanwhile, this nanoprobe is also generalizable and can be extended to the detection of many other H2O2-mediated analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Fubing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Changliang Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xinghu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhike He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Determination of glucose by using fluorescent silicon nanoparticles and an inner filter caused by peroxidase-induced oxidation of o-phenylenediamine by hydrogen peroxide. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
46
|
Chen L, Chen L, Dotzert M, Melling CWJ, Zhang J. Nanostructured biosensor using bioluminescence quenching technique for glucose detection. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:59. [PMID: 28830447 PMCID: PMC5567885 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most methods for monitoring glucose level require an external energy source which may limit their application, particularly in vivo test. Bioluminescence technique offers an alternative way to provide emission light without external energy source by using bioluminescent proteins found from firefly or marine vertebrates and invertebrates. For quick and non-invasive detection of glucose, we herein developed a nanostructured biosensor by applying the bioluminescence technique. Results Luciferase bioluminescence protein (Rluc) is conjugated with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The bioluminescence intensity of Rluc can be quenched by 8 ± 3 nm gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) when Au NPs covalently bind to β-CD. In the presence of glucose, Au NPs are replaced and leave far from Rluc through a competitive reaction, which results in the restored bioluminescence intensity of Rluc. A linear relationship is observed between the restored bioluminescence intensity and the logarithmic glucose concentration in the range of 1–100 µM. In addition, the selectivity of this designed sensor has been evaluated. The performance of the senor for determination of the concentration of glucose in the blood of diabetic rats is studied for comparison with that of the concentration of glucose in aqueous. Conclusions This study demonstrates the design of a bioluminescence sensor for quickly detecting the concentration of glucose sensitively. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0294-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longyan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Longyi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Michelle Dotzert
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - C W James Melling
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ruan JL, Chen C, Shen JH, Zhao XL, Qian SH, Zhu ZG. A Gelated Colloidal Crystal Attached Lens for Noninvasive Continuous Monitoring of Tear Glucose. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9040125. [PMID: 30970805 PMCID: PMC6432312 DOI: 10.3390/polym9040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients of diabetes mellitus urgently need noninvasive and continuous glucose monitoring in daily point-of-care. As the tear glucose concentration has a positive correlation with that in blood, the hydrogel colloidal crystal integrated into contact lens possesses promising potential for noninvasive monitoring of glucose in tears. This paper presents a new glucose-responsive sensor, which consists a crystalline colloidal array (CCA) embedded in hydrogel matrix, attached onto a rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lens. This novel sensing lens is able to selectively diffract visible light, whose wavelength shifts between 567 and 468 nm according to the alternation of the glucose concentration between 0 and 50 mM and its visible color change between reddish yellow, green, and blue. The detection limit of responsive glucose concentration can be reduced to 0.05 mM. Its combination with a contact lens endows it with excellent biocompatibility and portability, which shows great possibility for it to push the development of glucose-detecting devices into new era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, EENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Shen
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xue-Ling Zhao
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China.
| | - Shao-Hong Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, EENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhu
- School of Environmental and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China.
| |
Collapse
|