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Cheng G, Ding Q, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Li G. Electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer detection of HBsAg based on Co doped 3D porous luminol-based conjugates and quencher UiO-66-NH 2@Au. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 319:124574. [PMID: 38838601 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on ECL resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) was designed to sensitively detect hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). In this ECL-RET system, luminol was employed as ECL donor, and gold nanoparticles functionalized zirconium organoskeleton (UiO-66-NH2@Au) was prepared and served as ECL acceptor. The UiO-66-NH2@Au possessed an ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption between 400 nm and 500 nm, and the absorption spectra overlapped with the ECL spectrum of luminol. Furthermore, Graphene oxide-poly(aniline-luminol)-cobalt nanoparticles conjugates (GO-PALu-Co) was prepared to optimize the ECL behavior through the catalysis of Cobalt nanoparticles and served as a stable 3D porous film to load capture probe primary antibody (Ab1). Based on the ECL-RET biosensing method, the UiO-66-NH2@Au-labeled Ab2 and target HBsAg could pair with primary antibody Ab1 to form sandwich-type structure, and the ECL signal of GO-PALu-Co was quenched. Under optimized experimental conditions, the ECL-RET analytical method represented eminent analytical performance for HBsAg detection with a wide linear relationship from 2.2 × 10-13 to 2.2 × 10-5 mg/mL, and a detection limit of 9 × 10-14 mg/mL (S/N = 3), with spiked sample recoveries ranging from 97.27 % to 102.73 %. The constructed sensor has good stability, reproducibility, and specificity. It can be used to detect HBsAg in human serum and has the potential to be used for the sensitive detection of other disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxing Cheng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectrocatalytic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Qiaoyu Ding
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectrocatalytic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectrocatalytic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectrocatalytic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Wanwan Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectrocatalytic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Guixin Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Photoelectrocatalytic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China.
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Mobed A, Darvishi M, Tahavvori A, Alipourfard I, Kohansal F, Ghazi F, Alivirdiloo V. Nanobiosensors for procalcitonin (PCT) analysis. J Clin Lab Anal 2024; 38:e25006. [PMID: 38268233 PMCID: PMC10873684 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.25006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procalcitonin (PCT) is a critical biomarker that is released in response to bacterial infections and can be used to differentiate the pathogenesis of the infectious process. OBJECTIVE In this article, we provide an overview of recent advances in PCT biosensors, highlighting different approaches for biosensor construction, different immobilization methods, advantages and roles of different matrices used, analytical performance, and PCT biosensor construction. Also, we will explain PCT biosensors sensible limits of detection (LOD), linearity, and other analytical characteristics. Future prospects for the development of better PCT biosensor systems are also discussed. METHODS Traditional methods such as capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry are effective in analyzing PCT in the medical field, but they are complicated, time-consuming sample preparation, and require expensive equipment and skilled personnel. RESULTS In the past decades, PCT biosensors have emerged as simple, fast, and sensitive tools for PCT analysis in various fields, especially medical fields. CONCLUSION These biosensors have the potential to accompany or replace traditional analytical methods by simplifying or reducing sample preparation and making field testing easier and faster, while significantly reducing the cost per analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mobed
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Clinical Research InstituteTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mohammad Darvishi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center (IDTMRC), Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic MedicineAJA University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Amir Tahavvori
- Internal Department, Medical FacultyUrmia University of Medical SciencesUrmiaIran
| | - Iraj Alipourfard
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural SciencesTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fereshteh Kohansal
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Clinical Research InstituteTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Stem Cell Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Farhood Ghazi
- Ramsar CampusMazandaran University of Medical SciencesRamsarIran
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Wang C, Liu S, Ju H. Electrochemiluminescence nanoemitters for immunoassay of protein biomarkers. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 149:108281. [PMID: 36283193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The family of electrochemiluminescent luminophores has witnessed quick development since the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) phenomenon of silicon nanoparticles was first reported in 2002. Moreover, these developed ECL nanoemitters have extensively been applied in sensitive detection of protein biomarker by combining with immunological recognition. This review firstly summarized the origin and development of various ECL nanoemitters including inorganic and organic nanomaterials, with an emphasis on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-based ECL nanoemitters. Several effective strategies to amplify the ECL response of nanoemitters and improve the sensitivity of immunosensing were discussed. The application of ECL nanoemitters in immunoassay of protein biomarkers for diagnosis of cancers and other diseases, especially lung cancer and heart diseases, was comprehensively presented. The recent development of ECL imaging with the nanoemitters as ECL tags for detection of multiplex protein biomarkers on single cell membrane also attracted attention. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges in the ECL biosensing field were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Songqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Development of conducting cellulose paper for electrochemical sensing of procalcitonin. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 190:32. [PMID: 36534199 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical paper-based sensor was developed for the detection of bacterial infection (BI)-specific biomarker procalcitonin (PCT). Reduced graphene oxide-gold nanoparticles (rGO-AuNP) and poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) were synthesized and were fabricated to a disposable, portable, and inexpensive cellulose fiber paper (CFP) substrate. rGO-AuNP-PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite-modified conductive paper-based biosensing platform was efficaciously fabricated by a constant and simple coating procedure. rGO-AuNP-PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite-modified conductive paper electrode was found to provide a sensitive and conductive substrate for PCT detection. The presence of rGO-AuNP-PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite on CFP substate was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction studies. The electrochemical behavior of rGO-AuNP-PEDOT:PSS @CFP surface was studied with impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry techniques. This low-cost paper-based biosensor has a linear range for PCT of 1 × 103 to 6 × 107 fg mL-1. This developed sensor exhibited good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of about 3.7%. The proposed CFP-based biosensor has been proven as an accelerated simple point-of-care (POC) exploratory approach for early PCT diagnosis in inadequate areas with limited production facilities, computational techniques, and highly skilled experts.
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An Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Determination of Procalcitonin Using the Gold-Graphene Interdigitated Electrode. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100771. [PMID: 36290909 PMCID: PMC9599768 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Procalcitonin (PCT) is considered a sepsis and infection biomarker. Herein, an interdigitated electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of PCT has been developed. The interdigitated electrode was made of the laser-engraved graphene electrode decorated with gold (LEGE/Aunano). The scanning electron microscopy indicated the LEGE/Aunano has been fabricated successfully. After that, the anti-PTC antibodies were immobilized on the surface of the electrode by using 3-mercaptopropionic acid. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated immunosensor was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS method was used for the determination of PCT in the concentration range of 2.5–800 pg/mL with a limit of detection of 0.36 pg/mL. The effect of several interfering agents such as the C reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and human serum albumin (HSA) was also studied. The fabricated immunosensor had a good selectivity to the PCT. The stability of the immunosensor was also studied for 1 month. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was obtained to be 5.2%.
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Jia Y, Xu R, Xu K, Wang S, Ren X, Zhang N, Wu D, Ma H, Li Y, Wei Q. Ternary Z-Scheme Ag-Embedded TiO 2-Ag 2S Nanojunction as a Novel Photoelectrochemical Converter for CD44 Detection. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11713-11720. [PMID: 35959732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanoarrays (NAs) with stable signal output have become the most promising photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing substrate. However, a general issue is that interfacial charge-carrier recombination in a single-component semiconductor cannot be easily prevented, resulting in a low photocurrent density. Herein, a biosensor utilizing a Ag-embedded TiO2-Ag2S nanojunction (TiO2-Ag-Ag2S) as a signal converter was developed for the detection of CD44 protein─a transmembrane glycoprotein highly expressed in breast cancer cells. The ternary Z-scheme heterojunction was prepared by a distinctive scheme in which the Ag layer is introduced onto the surface of rutile TiO2 NAs by magnetron sputtering, whereas the Ag2S is rooted in the local sulfuration of Ag. With a sufficient density of oriented nanorods, TiO2-Ag-Ag2S exhibits a smooth photocurrent output and minimal variation among different batches; it is undoubtedly a satisfactory PEC sensing carrier, which enables highly specific identification of target CD44 on the surface of MDA-MB-231 cells due to DNA strand displacement reactions (SDRs) and host-guest recognition between hyaluronic acid (HA) and CD44. The biosensor shows a sensitive PEC response to CD44 over a wide range of 37 to 5.0 × 105 cells/mL. We can conclude that this approach will provide an alternative solution to breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jia
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Shoufeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction and Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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Jia Y, Zhang N, Du Y, Ren X, Ma H, Wu D, Fan D, Wei Q, Ju H. Nanoarrays-propped in situ photoelectrochemical system for microRNA detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114291. [PMID: 35460967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The exploitation of accurate and robust photoelectrochemical (PEC) approaches in whole biosensing community counts on the smooth electrons transport and delicate biological design. An aptasensor using depositional rutile titanium dioxide/bismuth vanadate nanoarrays (TiO2/BiVO4 NAs) as photoanode generator and strand-displacement model as nucleic acid frame was developed for microRNA-155 (miRNA-155) detection root in original idea. Photoanode was fabricated via a three-step overlayer deposition procedure including hydrothermal method, electrodeposition and ion beam sputtering. With a sufficient dense of oriented arrays, it provided a solid substrate and fast electronic kinetics reaction during host-guest recognition. In situ yielding electron donors were integrated into the PEC system to provide the most accurate quantitative analysis. The nanoarrays-triggered PEC platform opens another potential perspective in biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jia
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Dawei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China.
| | - Huangxian Ju
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Du Y, Yu S, Ju H. Quenching of tungsten-based polyoxometalate nanoclusters on electrochemiluminescence emission of luminol loaded CeVO4/Au for immunoassay of protein. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1210:339883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Alba-Patiño A, Vaquer A, Barón E, Russell SM, Borges M, de la Rica R. Micro- and nanosensors for detecting blood pathogens and biomarkers at different points of sepsis care. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:74. [PMID: 35080669 PMCID: PMC8790942 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Severe infections can cause a dysregulated response leading to organ dysfunction known as sepsis. Sepsis can be lethal if not identified and treated right away. This requires measuring biomarkers and pathogens rapidly at the different points where sepsis care is provided. Current commercial approaches for sepsis diagnosis are not fast, sensitive, and/or specific enough for meeting this medical challenge. In this article, we review recent advances in the development of diagnostic tools for sepsis management based on micro- and nanostructured materials. We start with a brief introduction to the most popular biomarkers for sepsis diagnosis (lactate, procalcitonin, cytokines, C-reactive protein, and other emerging protein and non-protein biomarkers including miRNAs and cell-based assays) and methods for detecting bacteremia. We then highlight the role of nano- and microstructured materials in developing biosensors for detecting them taking into consideration the particular needs of every point of sepsis care (e.g., ultrafast detection of multiple protein biomarkers for diagnosing in triage, emergency room, ward, and intensive care unit; quantitative detection to de-escalate treatment; ultrasensitive and culture-independent detection of blood pathogens for personalized antimicrobial therapies; robust, portable, and web-connected biomarker tests outside the hospital). We conclude with an overview of the most utilized nano- and microstructured materials used thus far for solving issues related to sepsis diagnosis and point to new challenges for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Alba-Patiño
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Andreu Vaquer
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Enrique Barón
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
| | - Steven M Russell
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Marcio Borges
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Unit, ICU, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma, Spain
| | - Roberto de la Rica
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
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Magne TM, de Oliveira Vieira T, Alencar LMR, Junior FFM, Gemini-Piperni S, Carneiro SV, Fechine LMUD, Freire RM, Golokhvast K, Metrangolo P, Fechine PBA, Santos-Oliveira R. Graphene and its derivatives: understanding the main chemical and medicinal chemistry roles for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF NANOSTRUCTURE IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 12:693-727. [PMID: 34512930 PMCID: PMC8419677 DOI: 10.1007/s40097-021-00444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been a growing potential use of graphene and its derivatives in several biomedical areas, such as drug delivery systems, biosensors, and imaging systems, especially for having excellent optical, electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. Therefore, nanomaterials in the graphene family have shown promising results in several areas of science. The different physicochemical properties of graphene and its derivatives guide its biocompatibility and toxicity. Hence, further studies to explain the interactions of these nanomaterials with biological systems are fundamental. This review has shown the applicability of the graphene family in several biomedical modalities, with particular attention for cancer therapy and diagnosis, as a potent theranostic. This ability is derivative from the considerable number of forms that the graphene family can assume. The graphene-based materials biodistribution profile, clearance, toxicity, and cytotoxicity, interacting with biological systems, are discussed here, focusing on its synthesis methodology, physicochemical properties, and production quality. Despite the growing increase in the bioavailability and toxicity studies of graphene and its derivatives, there is still much to be unveiled to develop safe and effective formulations. Graphic abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais Monteiro Magne
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906 Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Magalhães Rebelo Alencar
- Biophysics and Nanosystems Laboratory, Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão 65080805 Brazil
| | - Francisco Franciné Maia Junior
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, RN 59625-900 Brazil
| | - Sara Gemini-Piperni
- Laboratory of Advanced Science, Universidade Unigranrio, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25071-202 Brazil
| | - Samuel V. Carneiro
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)-Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physic-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará-Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará 60451-970 Brazil
| | - Lillian M. U. D. Fechine
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)-Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physic-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará-Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará 60451-970 Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Freire
- Institute of Applied Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 8910060 Santiago, Chile
| | - Kirill Golokhvast
- Education and Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, School of Engineering, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico Di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Pierre B. A. Fechine
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)-Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physic-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará-Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará 60451-970 Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906 Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Radiopharmaceuticals, Zona Oeste State University, Av Manuel Caldeira de Alvarenga, 200, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, 2100000 Brazil
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Electrochemical Immunosensors for Quantification of Procalcitonin: Progress and Prospects. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9070182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human procalcitonin (PCT) is a peptide precursor of the calcium-regulating hormone calcitonin. Traditionally, PCT has been used as a biomarker for severe bacterial infections and sepsis. It has also been recently identified as a potential marker for COVID-19. Normally, serum PCT is intracellularly cleaved to calcitonin, which lowers the levels of PCT (<0.01 ng/mL). In severe infectious diseases and sepsis, serum PCT levels increase above 100 ng/mL in response to pro-inflammatory stimulation. Development of sensors for specific quantification of PCT has resulted in considerable improvement in the sensitivity, linear range and rapid response. Among the various sensing strategies, electrochemical platforms have been extensively investigated owing to their cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication and portability. Sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassays based on the specific antigen–antibody interactions with an electrochemical transducer and use of nanointerfaces has augmented the electrochemical response of the sensors towards PCT. Identification of a superior combination of electrode material and nanointerface, and translation of the sensing platform into flexible and disposable substrates are under active investigation towards development of a point-of-care device for PCT detection. This review provides an overview of the existing detection strategies and limitations of PCT electrochemical immunosensors, and the emerging directions to address these lacunae.
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Wang Q, Liu Y, Wang X, Wang F, Zhang L, Ge S, Yu J. Ternary Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor Based on DNA Walkers and AuPd Nanomaterials as a Coreaction Accelerator for the Detection of miRNA-141. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25783-25791. [PMID: 34034485 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a ternary electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing platform coupled with a multiple signal amplification strategy was proposed for ultrasensitive detection of miRNA-141. The initial signal amplification was achieved via three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (3D-rGO)@Au nanoparticles (NPs) to form an excellent conductive layer. Then, AuPd NPs as a coreaction accelerator was introduced into the N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) (ABEI)-H2O2 system to facilitate the transformation from H2O2 to excess superoxide anion radicals (O2•-), which further amplified the ECL emission of ABEI, leading to a significant increase of the ECL signal. Meanwhile, in the presence of miRNA-141 and T7 Exonuclease (T7 Exo), the self-assembled DNA swing arm can be driven to walk autonomously. The DNA walker reaction could result in the release of numerous labeled luminophores, which could react to achieve an extremely weak ECL signal. Surprisingly, the established ECL sensor platform for the detection of miRNA-141 demonstrated excellent sensitivity with a low detection limit of 31.9 aM in the concentration range from 100 aM to 1 nM. Consequently, the designed strategy greatly improves the luminous efficiency of the ternary ECL system and provides a special approach for the detection of nucleic acids and biomarkers in clinical and biochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yaqi Liu
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Fengyi Wang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Shenguang Ge
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
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Wagner HJ, Mohsenin H, Weber W. Synthetic Biology-Empowered Hydrogels for Medical Diagnostics. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 178:197-226. [PMID: 33582837 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is strongly inspired by concepts of engineering science and aims at the design and generation of artificial biological systems in different fields of research such as diagnostics, analytics, biomedicine, or chemistry. To this aim, synthetic biology uses an engineering approach relying on a toolbox of molecular sensors and switches that endows cellular hosts with non-natural computing functions and circuits. Importantly, this concept is not only limited to cellular approaches. Synthetic biological building blocks have also conferred sensing and switching capability to otherwise inactive materials. This principle has attracted high interest for the development of biohybrid materials capable of sensing and responding to specific molecular stimuli, such as disease biomarkers, antibiotics, or heavy metals. Moreover, the interconnection of individual sense-and-respond materials to complex materials systems has enabled the processing of, for example, multiple inputs or the amplification of signals using feedback topologies. Such systems holding high potential for applications in the analytical and diagnostic sectors will be described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J Wagner
- Faculty of Biology, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hasti Mohsenin
- Faculty of Biology, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Faculty of Biology, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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Magne TM, de Oliveira Vieira T, Costa B, Alencar LMR, Ricci-Junior E, Hu R, Qu J, Zamora-Ledezma C, Alexis F, Santos-Oliveira R. Factors affecting the biological response of Graphene. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 203:111767. [PMID: 33878553 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has gained significant importance in different fields of medical, electronic, and environmental science. This technology is founded on the use of materials at the nanoscale scale (1-100 nanometers) for various purposes, particularly in the biomedical area, where its application is growing daily due to the need of materials with advanced properties. Over the past few years, there has been a growing use for graphene and its derivative composite materials. However, different physico-chemical properties influence its biological response; therefore, further studies to explain the interactions of these nanomaterials with biological systems are critical. This review presents the current advances in the applications of graphene in biomedicine with a focus on the physico-chemical characteristics of the graphene family and their influences on biological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais Monteiro Magne
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals and Nanoradiopharmacy, R. Helio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906, Brazil
| | - Thamires de Oliveira Vieira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals and Nanoradiopharmacy, R. Helio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906, Brazil
| | - Bianca Costa
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals and Nanoradiopharmacy, R. Helio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Ricci-Junior
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-170, Brazil
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Camilo Zamora-Ledezma
- Tissue Regeneration and Repair: Orthobiology, Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Group. UCAM - Universidad Católica de Murcia, Avda. Los Jerónimos 135, Guadalupe, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Frank Alexis
- School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Yachay Tech University, 100119, Urcuquí, Ecuador
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Novel Radiopharmaceuticals and Nanoradiopharmacy, R. Helio de Almeida, 75, Rio de Janeiro, 21941906, Brazil; Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of Radiopharmaceuticals, Av Manuel caldeira de Alvarenga, 200, Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro, 2100000, Brazil.
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Liu X, Wang Q, Chen J, Chen X, Yang W. Ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensor for the detection of tumor exosomes based on peptide recognition and luminol-AuNPs@g-C3N4 nanoprobe signal amplification. Talanta 2021; 221:121379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Xue J, Jia Y, Yang L, Feng J, Wu D, Ren X, Du Y, Ju H, Wei Q. Etching Triangular Silver Nanoparticles by Self-generated Hydrogen Peroxide to Initiate the Response of an Electrochemiluminescence Sensing Platform. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14203-14209. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yue Jia
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yu Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
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17
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Electrochemiluminescence behaviour of silver/ZnIn2S4/reduced graphene oxide composites quenched by Au@SiO2 nanoparticles for ultrasensitive insulin detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 162:112235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Du Y, Xue J, Sun X, Wu D, Liu X, Ju H, Yang L, Wei Q. Oxygen Vacancy-Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence Sensing Strategy Using Luminol Thermally Encapsulated in Apoferritin as a Transducer for Biomarker Immunoassay. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8472-8479. [PMID: 32438803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen vacancies (OVs) enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensing strategy using luminol thermally encapsulated in apoferritin (Lum@apoFt) as an efficient transducer was investigated for ultrasensitive biomarker detection. By applying the oxygen-defect engineering (ODE) strategy, the OVs enriched cobalt-iron oxide (r-CoFe2O4) was fabricated as the sensing substrate to boost the electron mobility and catalyze the generation of superoxide anion radical (O2•-) for signal amplification. It should be noted that r-CoFe2O4 with higher OVs density dramatically accelerated the ECL reaction between O2•- and luminol anionic radicals, achieving 6.5-fold stronger ECL output than CoFe2O4 with no or low OVs density. Moreover, facile encapsulation of approximate 412 luminol molecules in a single apoFt cavity was first realized by an efficient thermal-induction method. The obtained Lum@apoFt complexes exhibited well-maintained ECL efficiency and excellent biocompatibility for biological modifications. On this basis, a biosensor was developed for early diagnostics of squamous cell carcinomas by detecting its representative biomarker named cytokeratin 19 fragment 21-1 (CYFRA 21-1), from which excellent linearity was achieved in 0.5 pg/mL to 50 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.14 pg/mL. This work not only put forward a novel idea of creating OVs enriched sensing interface with excellent signal-amplification function but also proposes a facile and robust methodology to design apoFt-based transducers for developing more practical nanoscale biosensors in early diagnostics of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Jingwei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Xu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Xuejing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
| | - Qin Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China
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Song X, Shao X, Dai L, Fan D, Ren X, Sun X, Luo C, Wei Q. Triple Amplification of 3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic Acid by Co 2+-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks and Silver-Cysteine and Its Potential Application for Ultrasensitive Assay of Procalcitonin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9098-9106. [PMID: 31990177 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a triple-amplified biosensor with a bioactivity-maintained peculiarity was constructed for quantitative procalcitonin (PCT) detection. As everyone knows, a strong electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signal is the premise to ensure high sensitivity for trace target detection. Hence, a valid tactic was developed to achieve signal amplification of luminophor by using Co2+-based metal-organic frameworks (ZIF-67) and silver-cysteine (AgCys). The ZIF-67 particles, which have more atomically dispersed Co2+, could play the role of a co-reaction accelerator to catalyze S2O82- to generate abundant Co3+ and sulfate radical anions (SO4•-). Afterward, a mass of Co3+ was reduced to more hydroxyl radicals (OH•) by H2O, thus ulteriorly reducing S2O82- to generate more SO4•-. Remarkably, S2O82- was reduced to SO4•- continuously with the recycling of Co2+ and Co3+, which realized an effective signal amplification. Meanwhile, the AgCys complex with superior catalysis and biocompatibility was prepared to further improve the ECL signal and maintain the bioactivity of the biomolecule. Furthermore, HWRGWVC, a heptapeptide that was used for combining the Fc fragments of an antibody by Au-S bonding to achieve the fixed point fixation, could not only maintain bioactivity of an antibody but also improved its incubation efficiency, thus further enhancing biosensor sensitivity. Under optimum conditions, the proposed biosensor realized highly sensitive assay for PCT with a wide dynamic range from 10 fg/mL to 100 ng/mL and a detection limit as low as 3.67 fg/mL. With superior stability, selectivity, and repeatability, the prepared biosensor revealed immense potential application of ultrasensitive assay for PCT in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhen Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Xinrong Shao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering , Shandong University of Technology , Zibo 255049 , P.R. China
| | - Li Dai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Dawei Fan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Chuannan Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
| | - Qin Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , P. R. China
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20
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Husain RA, Barman SR, Chatterjee S, Khan I, Lin ZH. Enhanced biosensing strategies using electrogenerated chemiluminescence: recent progress and future prospects. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:3192-3212. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02578b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An overview of enhancement strategies for highly sensitive ECL-based sensing of bioanalytes enabling early detection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashaad A. Husain
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Snigdha Roy Barman
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Subhodeep Chatterjee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Imran Khan
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
| | - Zong-Hong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- National Tsing Hua University
- Hsinchu 30013
- Taiwan
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering
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