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Wu J, Gu M, Travaglini L, Lauto A, Ta D, Wagner P, Wagner K, Zeglio E, Savva A, Officer D, Mawad D. Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors Based on Tunable and Functional Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28969-28979. [PMID: 38778796 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) are being explored in applications such as bioelectronics, biosensors, energy conversion and storage, and optoelectronics. OMIECs are largely composed of conjugated polymers that couple ionic and electronic transport in their structure as well as synthetic flexibility. Despite extensive research, previous studies have mainly focused on either enhancing ion conduction or enabling synthetic modification. This limited the number of OMIECs that excel in both domains. Here, a series of OMIECs based on functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) copolymers that combine efficient ion/electron transport with the versatility of post-functionalization were developed. EDOT monomers bearing sulfonic (EDOTS) and carboxylic acid (EDOTCOOH) groups were electrochemically copolymerized in different ratios on oxygen plasma-treated conductive substrates. The plasma treatment enabled the synthesis of copolymers containing high ratios of EDOTS (up to 68%), otherwise not possible with untreated substrates. This flexibility in synthesis resulted in the fabrication of copolymers with tunable properties in terms of conductivity (2-0.0019 S/cm) and ion/electron transport, for example, as revealed by their volumetric capacitances (122-11 F/cm3). The importance of the organic nature of the OMIECs that are amenable to synthetic modification was also demonstrated. EDOTCOOH was successfully post-functionalized without influencing the ionic and electronic transport of the copolymers. This opens a new way to tailor the properties of the OMIECs to specific applications, especially in the field of bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Modi Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Travaglini
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Antonio Lauto
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Daniel Ta
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Pawel Wagner
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Klaudia Wagner
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Erica Zeglio
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Digital Futures, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Bioelectronics Section, Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - David Officer
- Intelligent Polymer Research Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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2
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Le CV, Yoon H. Advances in the Use of Conducting Polymers for Healthcare Monitoring. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1564. [PMID: 38338846 PMCID: PMC10855550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) are an innovative class of materials recognized for their high flexibility and biocompatibility, making them an ideal choice for health monitoring applications that require flexibility. They are active in their design. Advances in fabrication technology allow the incorporation of CPs at various levels, by combining diverse CPs monomers with metal particles, 2D materials, carbon nanomaterials, and copolymers through the process of polymerization and mixing. This method produces materials with unique physicochemical properties and is highly customizable. In particular, the development of CPs with expanded surface area and high conductivity has significantly improved the performance of the sensors, providing high sensitivity and flexibility and expanding the range of available options. However, due to the morphological diversity of new materials and thus the variety of characteristics that can be synthesized by combining CPs and other types of functionalities, choosing the right combination for a sensor application is difficult but becomes important. This review focuses on classifying the role of CP and highlights recent advances in sensor design, especially in the field of healthcare monitoring. It also synthesizes the sensing mechanisms and evaluates the performance of CPs on electrochemical surfaces and in the sensor design. Furthermore, the applications that can be revolutionized by CPs will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Van Le
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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3
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Li L, Ma X, Peng Y, Yin J, Guissi NEI, Wang Y. Bright Asymmetric Shielding Strategy-Based NIR-II Probes for Angiography and Localized Photothermal Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1639-1649. [PMID: 36971702 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes with fluorescence emission in the NIR-II window have been widely studied due to increased imaging depth. However, the currently reported NIR-II fluorescent probes present some disadvantages, such as complicated synthesis routes and low fluorescence quantum yields (QYs). The shielding strategy has been used in the development of NIR-II probes to improve their QYs. So far, this strategy has only been used for the symmetric NIR-II probes, especially those based on the benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']bis([1,2,5]thiadiazole) (BBTD) skeleton. This work reports the synthesis of a series of asymmetric NIR-II probes based on shielding strategies accompanied by simple synthetic routes, high synthetic yields (above 90%), high QYs, and large Stoke shifts. Furthermore, the use of d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as a surfactant for an NIR-II fluorescence probe (NT-4) improved its water solubility. In vivo studies showed that TPGS-NT-4 NPs with a high QY (3.46%) achieve high-resolution angiography and efficient local photothermal therapy, while displaying good biocompatibility. Hence, we combined angiography and local photothermal therapy to improve the tumor uptake of nanophotothermal agents while reducing their damage to normal tissues.
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4
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Cao D, Martinez JG, Anada R, Hara ES, Kamioka H, Jager EWH. Electrochemical control of bone microstructure on electroactive surfaces for modulation of stem cells and bone tissue engineering. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2183710. [PMID: 36926200 PMCID: PMC10013253 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2183710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Controlling stem cell behavior at the material interface is crucial for the development of novel technologies in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. The composition and presentation of bio-factors on a surface strongly influence the activity of stem cells. Herein, we designed an electroactive surface that mimics the initial process of trabecular bone formation, by immobilizing chondrocyte-derived plasma membrane nanofragments (PMNFs) on its surface for rapid mineralization within 2 days. Moreover, the electroactive surface was based on the conducting polymer polypyrrole (PPy), which enabled dynamic control of the presentation of PMNFs on the surface via electrochemical redox switching, further resulting in the formation of bone minerals with different morphologies. Furthermore, bone minerals with contrasting surface morphologies had differential effects on the differentiation of human bone marrow-derived stem cells (hBMSCs) cultured on the surface. Together, this electroactive surface showed multifunctional characteristics, not only allowing dynamic control of PMNF presentation but also promoting the formation of bone minerals with different morphologies within 2 days. This electroactive substrate could be valuable for more precise control of stem cell growth and differentiation, and further development of more suitable microenvironments containing bone apatite for housing a bone marrow stem cell niche, such as biochips/bone-on-chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Cao
- Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jose G. Martinez
- Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Risa Anada
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Dental School, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Emilio Satoshi Hara
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Dental School, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Edwin W. H. Jager
- Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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5
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Electro-templating of prussian blue nanoparticles in PEDOT:PSS and soluble silkworm protein for hydrogen peroxide sensing. Talanta 2023; 252:123841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Multitasking smart hydrogels based on the combination of alginate and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) properties: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:312-332. [PMID: 35934076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), a very stable and biocompatible conducting polymer, and alginate (Alg), a natural water-soluble polysaccharide mainly found in the cell wall of various species of brown algae, exhibit very different but at the same complementary properties. In the last few years, the remarkable capacity of Alg to form hydrogels and the electro-responsive properties of PEDOT have been combined to form not only layered composites (PEDOT-Alg) but also interpenetrated multi-responsive PEDOT/Alg hydrogels. These materials have been found to display outstanding properties, such as electrical conductivity, piezoelectricity, biocompatibility, self-healing and re-usability properties, pH and thermoelectric responsiveness, among others. Consequently, a wide number of applications are being proposed for PEDOT-Alg composites and, especially, PEDOT/Alg hydrogels, which should be considered as a new kind of hybrid material because of the very different chemical nature of the two polymeric components. This review summarizes the applications of PEDOT-Alg and PEDOT/Alg in tissue interfaces and regeneration, drug delivery, sensors, microfluidics, energy storage and evaporators for desalination. Special attention has been given to the discussion of multi-tasking applications, while the new challenges to be tackled based on aspects not yet considered in either of the two polymers have also been highlighted.
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7
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Flexible battery-less wireless glucose monitoring system. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12356. [PMID: 35854130 PMCID: PMC9296503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a low power microcontroller-based near field communication (NFC) interfaced with a flexible abiotic glucose hybrid fuel cell is designed to function as a battery-less glucose sensor. The abiotic glucose fuel cell is fabricated by depositing colloidal platinum (co–Pt) on the anodic region and silver oxide nanoparticles-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Ag2O-MWCNTs) composite on the cathodic region. The electrochemical behavior is characterized using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. This glucose hybrid fuel cell generated an open circuit voltage of 0.46 V, short circuit current density of 0.444 mA/cm2, and maximum power density of 0.062 mW/cm2 at 0.26 V in the presence of 7 mM physiologic glucose. Upon device integration of the abiotic glucose hybrid fuel cell with the NFC module, the data from the glucose monitoring system is successfully transmitted to an android application for visualization at the user interface. The cell voltage correlated (r2 = 0.989) with glucose concentration (up to 19 mM) with a sensitivity of 13.9 mV/mM•cm2.
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8
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Bankole OE, Verma DK, Chávez González ML, Ceferino JG, Sandoval-Cortés J, Aguilar CN. Recent trends and technical advancements in biosensors and their emerging applications in food and bioscience. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Shukla SK. Century Impact of Macromolecules for Advances of Sensing Sciences. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [PMCID: PMC8995417 DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00357-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Impact of macro molecular theory on the progress of sensing sciences and technology has been presented in the light of materials developments, advances in physical and chemical properties. The chronological advances in the properties of macromolecules have significantly improved the sensing performances towards gases, heavy metals, biomolecules, hydrocarbon, and energetic compounds in terms of unexplored sensing parameters, durability, and working lifetime. In this review article, efforts have been made to correlate the advances in structure and interactivity of macro-molecules with their sensing behavior and working performances. The significant findings on the macromolecules towards advancing the sensing sciences are highlighted with the suitable illustration and schemes to establish it as a potential “microanalytical technique” along with existing challenges.
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10
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Zhao Z, Chen H, Cheng Y, Huang Z, Wei X, Feng J, Cheng J, Mugo SM, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Guo Z. Electrochemical aptasensor based on electrodeposited poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-graphene oxide coupled with Au@Pt nanocrystals for the detection of 17β-estradiol. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:178. [PMID: 35386009 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical aptasensor is reported for the sensitive and specific monitoring of 17β-estradiol (E2) based on the modification of electrodeposited poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-graphene oxide (GO) coupled with Au@Pt nanocrystals (Au@Pt). With excellent conductivity, chemical stability and active sites, the PEDOT-GO nanocomposite film was firstly in situ polymerized on the glassy carbon electrode by cyclic voltammetry. Subsequently, one-step synthesized Au@Pt were decorated on the conductive polymer, providing a platform for immobilizing the aptamer and enhancing the detecting sensitivity. With the addition of E2, since the interfacial electron transfer process was retarded by the E2-aptamer complex, the differential pulse voltammetry signal decreased gradually. Under optimum conditions, the calibration curve of E2 exhibited a linear range between 0.1 pM and 1 nM, with a low detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.08 pM. The developed aptasensor showed admiring selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. It was tested in human serum, lake water and tap water samples after low-cost and simple pretreatment. Consequently, the developed platform could provide a new design thought for ultrasensitive detection of E2 in clinical and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China.,Wuhan Jianghan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430015, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Cheng
- Central War Zone General Hospital, Hankou Hospital District, 68 Huangpu Street, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Huang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghong Wei
- School of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialu Feng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cheng
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Samuel M Mugo
- Physical Sciences Department, MacEwan University, 10700-104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T5J 4S2, Canada.
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, University of Lyon, 5, La Doua Street, Villeurbanne, 69100, Lyon, France.
| | - Zhenzhong Guo
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Nie S, Li Z, Yao Y, Jin Y. Progress in Synthesis of Conductive Polymer Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene). Front Chem 2022; 9:803509. [PMID: 35004622 PMCID: PMC8738075 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.803509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PEDOT is the most popularly used conductive polymer due to its high conductivity, good physical and chemical stability, excellent optical transparency, and the capabilities of easy doping and solution processing. Based on the advantages above, PEDOT has been widely used in various devices for energy conversion and storage, and bio-sensing. The synthesis method of PEDOT is very important as it brings different properties which determine its applications. In this mini review, we begin with a brief overview of recent researches in PEDOT. Then, the synthesis methods of PEDOT are summarized in detail, including chemical polymerization, electrochemical polymerization, and transition metal-mediated coupling polymerization. Finally, research directions in acquiring high-quality PEDOT are discussed and proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisong Nie
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China.,National Engineering Lab of Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zaifang Li
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yuyuan Yao
- National Engineering Lab of Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingzhi Jin
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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12
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Kongkaew S, Meng L, Limbut W, Kanatharana P, Thavarungkul P, Mak WC. Evaluation on the Intrinsic Physicoelectrochemical Attributes and Engineering of Micro-, Nano-, and 2D-Structured Allotropic Carbon-Based Papers for Flexible Electronics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14302-14313. [PMID: 34859679 PMCID: PMC8675137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics have gained more attention for emerging electronic devices such as sensors, biosensors, and batteries with advantageous properties including being thin, lightweight, flexible, and low-cost. The development of various forms of allotropic carbon papers provided a new dry-manufacturing route for the fabrication of flexible and wearable electronics, while the electrochemical performance and the bending stability are largely influenced by the bulk morphology and the micro-/nanostructured domains of the carbon papers. Here, we evaluate systematically the intrinsic physicoelectrochemical properties of allotropic carbon-based conducting papers as flexible electrodes including carbon-nanotubes-paper (CNTs-paper), graphene-paper (GR-paper), and carbon-fiber-paper (CF-paper), followed by functionalization of the allotropic carbon papers for the fabrication of flexible electrodes. The morphology, chemical structure, and defects originating from the allotropic nanostructured carbon materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy, followed by evaluating the electrochemical performance of the corresponding flexible electrodes by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electron-transfer rate constants of the CNTs-paper and GR-paper electrodes were ∼14 times higher compared with the CF-paper electrode. The CNTs-paper and GR-paper electrodes composed of nanostructured carbon showed significantly higher bending stabilities of 5.61 and 4.96 times compared with the CF-paper. The carbon-paper flexible electrodes were further functionalized with an inorganic catalyst, Prussian blue (PB), forming the PB-carbon-paper catalytic electrode and an organic conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), forming the PEDOT-carbon-paper capacitive electrode. The intrinsic attribute of different allotropic carbon electrodes affects the deposition of PB and PEDOT, leading to different electrocatalytic and capacitive performances. These findings are insightful for the future development and fabrication of advanced flexible electronics with allotropic carbon papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supatinee Kongkaew
- Biosensors
and Bioelectronics Centre, Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems,
Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Center
of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division
of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Lingyin Meng
- Biosensors
and Bioelectronics Centre, Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems,
Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Center
of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division
of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Proespichaya Kanatharana
- Center
of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division
of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Panote Thavarungkul
- Center
of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Division
of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Wing Cheung Mak
- Biosensors
and Bioelectronics Centre, Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems,
Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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13
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Babeli I, Puiggalí-Jou A, Roa JJ, Ginebra MP, García-Torres J, Alemán C. Hybrid conducting alginate-based hydrogel for hydrogen peroxide detection from enzymatic oxidation of lactate. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1237-1248. [PMID: 34742851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A conducting nanocomposite hydrogel is developed for the detection of L-lactate. The hydrogel is based on a mixture of alginate (Alg) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), which is loaded with gold nanoparticles (GNP). In this novel hydrogel, Alg provides 3D structural support and flexibility, PEDOT confers conductivity and sensing capacity, and GNP provides signal amplification with respect to simple voltammetric and chronoamperometric response. The synergistic combination of the properties provided by each component results in a new flexible nanocomposite with outstanding capacity to detect hydrogen peroxide, which has been used to detect the oxidation of L-lactate. The hydrogel detects hydrogen peroxide with linear response and limits of detection of 0.91 μM and 0.02 μM by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, respectively. The hydrogel is functionalized with lactate oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of L-lactate to pyruvate, forming hydrogen peroxide. For L-lactate detection, the functionalized biosensor works in two linear regimes, one for concentrations lower than 5 mM with a limit of detection of 0.4 mM, and the other for concentrations up to 100 mM with a limit of detection of 3.5 mM. Because of its linear range interval, the developed biosensor could be suitable for a wide number of biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Babeli
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Edueard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Puiggalí-Jou
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Edueard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08930 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Josep Roa
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Center for Research in Structural Integrity, Reliability and Micromechanics of Materials, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08030 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose García-Torres
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Departament de Ciència i Enginyeria de Materials, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08930 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/ Edueard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08930 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Functionalization Strategies of PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS Films for Organic Bioelectronics Applications. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9080212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic bioelectronics involves the connection of organic semiconductors with living organisms, organs, tissues, cells, membranes, proteins, and even small molecules. In recent years, this field has received great interest due to the development of all kinds of devices architectures, enabling the detection of several relevant biomarkers, the stimulation and sensing of cells and tissues, and the recording of electrophysiological signals, among others. In this review, we discuss recent functionalization approaches for PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS films with the aim of integrating biomolecules for the fabrication of bioelectronics platforms. As the choice of the strategy is determined by the conducting polymer synthesis method, initially PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS films preparation methods are presented. Later, a wide variety of PEDOT functionalization approaches are discussed, together with bioconjugation techniques to develop efficient organic-biological interfaces. Finally, and by making use of these approaches, the fabrication of different platforms towards organic bioelectronics devices is reviewed.
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15
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Terán-Alcocer Á, Bravo-Plascencia F, Cevallos-Morillo C, Palma-Cando A. Electrochemical Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers for the Aqueous Detection of Biologically Relevant Molecules. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:252. [PMID: 33478121 PMCID: PMC7835872 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors appear as low-cost, rapid, easy to use, and in situ devices for determination of diverse analytes in a liquid solution. In that context, conducting polymers are much-explored sensor building materials because of their semiconductivity, structural versatility, multiple synthetic pathways, and stability in environmental conditions. In this state-of-the-art review, synthetic processes, morphological characterization, and nanostructure formation are analyzed for relevant literature about electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymers for the determination of molecules that (i) have a fundamental role in the human body function regulation, and (ii) are considered as water emergent pollutants. Special focus is put on the different types of micro- and nanostructures generated for the polymer itself or the combination with different materials in a composite, and how the rough morphology of the conducting polymers based electrochemical sensors affect their limit of detection. Polypyrroles, polyanilines, and polythiophenes appear as the most recurrent conducting polymers for the construction of electrochemical sensors. These conducting polymers are usually built starting from bifunctional precursor monomers resulting in linear and branched polymer structures; however, opportunities for sensitivity enhancement in electrochemical sensors have been recently reported by using conjugated microporous polymers synthesized from multifunctional monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Terán-Alcocer
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador; (Á.T.-A.); (F.B.-P.)
| | - Francisco Bravo-Plascencia
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador; (Á.T.-A.); (F.B.-P.)
| | - Carlos Cevallos-Morillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Francisco Viteri s/n y Gato Sobral, 170129 Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Alex Palma-Cando
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador; (Á.T.-A.); (F.B.-P.)
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16
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Baker C, Wagner K, Wagner P, Officer DL, Mawad D. Biofunctional conducting polymers: synthetic advances, challenges, and perspectives towards their use in implantable bioelectronic devices. ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2021.1899850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carly Baker
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, Australia
| | - Klaudia Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, Australia
| | - Pawel Wagner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, Australia
| | - David L. Officer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Faculty, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, North Wollongong, Australia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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17
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Uzunçar S, Meng L, Turner AP, Mak WC. Processable and nanofibrous polyaniline:polystyrene-sulphonate (nano-PANI:PSS) for the fabrication of catalyst-free ammonium sensors and enzyme-coupled urea biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 171:112725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Bensana A, Achi F. Analytical performance of functional nanostructured biointerfaces for sensing phenolic compounds. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 196:111344. [PMID: 32877829 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical biointerfaces are constructed with a wide range of nanomaterials and conducting polymers that strongly affect the analytical performance of biosensors. The analysis of progress toward electrochemical sensing platforms offers opportunities to provide devices for commercial use. The investigation of different methods for the synthesis of phenol biointerfaces leads to design challenges in the field of monitoring phenolic compounds. This paper review the innovative strategies and feature techniques in the construction of phenolic compound biosensors. The focus was made on the preparation methods of nanostructures and nanomaterials design for catalytic improvements of sensing interfaces. The paper also provides a comprehensive overview in the field of enzyme immobilization approaches at solid supports and technical formation of polymer nanocomposites, as well as applications of hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites in phenolic biosensors. This review also highlights the recent progress in the electrochemical detection of phenolic compounds and summarizes analytical performance parameters including sensitivity, storage stability, limit of detection, linear range, and Michaelis-Menten kinetic analysis. It also emphasizes advances from the past decade including technical challenges for the construction of suitable biointerfaces for monitoring phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Bensana
- Departement of Process Engineering, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Chimiques (LGPC), Faculty of Technology, Ferhat Abbas University Sétif-1-, Setif, 19000, Algeria
| | - Fethi Achi
- Laboratory of Valorisation and Promotion of Saharian Ressources (VPSR), Kasdi Merbah University, Ouargla, 30000, Algeria.
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19
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Luong JHT, Narayan T, Solanki S, Malhotra BD. Recent Advances of Conducting Polymers and Their Composites for Electrochemical Biosensing Applications. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:E71. [PMID: 32992861 PMCID: PMC7712382 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) have been at the center of research owing to their metal-like electrochemical properties and polymer-like dispersion nature. CPs and their composites serve as ideal functional materials for diversified biomedical applications like drug delivery, tissue engineering, and diagnostics. There have also been numerous biosensing platforms based on polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPY), polythiophene (PTP), and their composites. Based on their unique properties and extensive use in biosensing matrices, updated information on novel CPs and their role is appealing. This review focuses on the properties and performance of biosensing matrices based on CPs reported in the last three years. The salient features of CPs like PANI, PPY, PTP, and their composites with nanoparticles, carbon materials, etc. are outlined along with respective examples. A description of mediator conjugated biosensor designs and enzymeless CPs based glucose sensing has also been included. The future research trends with required improvements to improve the analytical performance of CP-biosensing devices have also been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. T. Luong
- School of Chemistry and the Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, College Road, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland
| | - Tarun Narayan
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Shipra Solanki
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (B.D.M.)
- Applied Chemistry Department, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Bansi D. Malhotra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India; (T.N.); (S.S.); (B.D.M.)
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20
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Promsuwan K, Meng L, Suklim P, Limbut W, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P, Mak WC. Bio-PEDOT: Modulating Carboxyl Moieties in Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for Enzyme-Coupled Bioelectronic Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39841-39849. [PMID: 32805895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of chemical functional groups on conducting polymers (CPs) provides an effective way to tailor the physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance of CPs, as well as serves as a functional interface for stable integration of CPs with biomolecules for organic bioelectronics (OBEs). Herein, we introduced a facile approach to modulate the carboxylate functional groups on the PEDOT interface through a systematic evaluation on the effect of a series of carboxylate-containing molecules as counterion dopant integrated into the PEDOT backbone, including acetate as monocarboxylate (mono-COO-), malate as dicarboxylate (di-COO-), citrate as tricarboxylate (tri-COO-), and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylate) as polycarboxylate (poly-COO-) bearing different amounts of molecular carboxylate moieties to create tunable PEDOT:COO- interfaces with improved polymerization efficiency. We demonstrated the modulation of PEDOT:COO- interfaces with various granulated morphologies from 0.33 to 0.11 μm, tunable surface carboxylate densities from 0.56 to 3.6 μM cm-2, and with improved electrochemical kinetics and cycling stability. We further demonstrated the effective and stable coupling of an enzyme model lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) with the optimized PEDOT:poly-COO- interface via simple covalent chemistry to develop biofunctionalized PEDOT (Bio-PEDOT) as a lactate biosensor. The biosensing mechanism is driven by a sequential bioelectrochemical signal transduction between the bio-organic LDH and organic PEDOT toward the concept of all-polymer-based OBEs with a high sensitivity of 8.38 μA mM-1 cm-2 and good reproducibility. Moreover, we utilized the LDH-PEDOT biosensor for the detection of lactate in spiked serum samples with a high recovery value of 91-96% and relatively small RSD in the range of 2.1-3.1%. Our findings provide a new insight into the design and optimization of functional CPs, leading to the development of new OBEs for sensing, biosensing, bioengineering, and biofuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiattisak Promsuwan
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla 90112, Thailand
| | - Lingyin Meng
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Phachara Suklim
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla 90112, Thailand
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Panote Thavarungkul
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla 90112, Thailand
| | - Proespichaya Kanatharana
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkla 90112, Thailand
| | - Wing Cheung Mak
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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