1
|
Zou R, Cao L, Wu N, Chang G, Li L, Xiao L, Yan H, Li H, Wang P, Bao T, Zhang X, Wang S, Wang Y, He H. Transistor-based immunosensor using AuNPs-Ab2-HRP enzyme nanoprobe for the detection of antigen biomarker in human blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:163-173. [PMID: 37930375 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is inextricably linked to various diseases, including liver cancer. Thus, detecting the content of AFP in biology has great significance in diagnosis, treatment, and intervention. Motivated by the urgent need for affordable and convenient electronic sensors in the analysis and detection of aqueous biological samples, we combined the solution-gated graphene transistor (SGGT) with the catalytic reaction of enzyme nanoprobes (HRP-AuNPs-Ab2) to accurately sense AFP. The SGGT immunosensor demonstrated high specificity and stability, excellent selectivity, and excessive linearity over a range of 4 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL, with the lower detection limit down to 1.03 ng/mL. Finally, clinical samples were successfully detected by the SGGT immunosensor, and the results were consistent with chemiluminescence methods that are popular in hospitals for detecting AFP. Notably, the SGGT immunosensor is also recyclable, so it has excellent potential for use in high-throughput detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Nan Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Gang Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Huiling Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China.
| | - Ting Bao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Shengfu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China.
| | - Hanping He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China.
- College of Health Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mattioli IA, Castro KR, Sedenho GC, Macedo LJA, Oliveira MN, Manuli ER, Sabino EC, Crespilho FN. Expanding the application of graphene vertical devices to dual femtomolar detection of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain in serum and saliva. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 239:115614. [PMID: 37607446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the graphene-based hybrid electrical-electrochemical vertical device (EEVD) has introduced a promising nanostructured biosensor tailored for point-of-care applications. In this study, we present an innovative EEVD capable of simultaneously detecting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in both serum and saliva. The foundation of the EEVD lies in a poly-neutral red-graphene heterojunction, which has been enhanced with a bioconjugate of gold nanoparticles and antibodies. The biodevice demonstrates a remarkable limit of detection, registering at the femtomolar scale (2.86 fmol L-1 or 0.1 pg mL-1). Its sensitivity is characterized by a 6.1 mV/decade response, and its operational range spans 10-12 to 10-7 g mL-1 in both serum and saliva samples. With a 20.0 μL of biological samples and a rapid processing time of under 10 min, the EEVD achieves the feat of dual antigen detection. The tests achieved 100.0% specificity, accuracy, and sensitivity in saliva, and 100.0% specificity, 88.9% accuracy, and 80.0% sensitivity in serum. This study highlights the EEVD as a low-cost solution of rapid viral detection during the crucial initial phases of COVID-19 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela A Mattioli
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Karla R Castro
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Graziela C Sedenho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Lucyano J A Macedo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Mona N Oliveira
- Biolinker Synthetic Biology EIRELI, Cotia, SP, 06715-862, Brazil
| | - Erika R Manuli
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil; LIM-46 HC-FMUSP - Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Ester C Sabino
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil; LIM-46 HC-FMUSP - Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Frank N Crespilho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arya SS, Dias SB, Jelinek HF, Hadjileontiadis LJ, Pappa AM. The convergence of traditional and digital biomarkers through AI-assisted biosensing: A new era in translational diagnostics? Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 235:115387. [PMID: 37229842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Advances in consumer electronics, alongside the fields of microfluidics and nanotechnology have brought to the fore low-cost wearable/portable smart devices. Although numerous smart devices that track digital biomarkers have been successfully translated from bench-to-bedside, only a few follow the same fate when it comes to track traditional biomarkers. Current practices still involve laboratory-based tests, followed by blood collection, conducted in a clinical setting as they require trained personnel and specialized equipment. In fact, real-time, passive/active and robust sensing of physiological and behavioural data from patients that can feed artificial intelligence (AI)-based models can significantly improve decision-making, diagnosis and treatment at the point-of-procedure, by circumventing conventional methods of sampling, and in person investigation by expert pathologists, who are scarce in developing countries. This review brings together conventional and digital biomarker sensing through portable and autonomous miniaturized devices. We first summarise the technological advances in each field vs the current clinical practices and we conclude by merging the two worlds of traditional and digital biomarkers through AI/ML technologies to improve patient diagnosis and treatment. The fundamental role, limitations and prospects of AI in realizing this potential and enhancing the existing technologies to facilitate the development and clinical translation of "point-of-care" (POC) diagnostics is finally showcased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar S Arya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sofia B Dias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P O Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Leontios J Hadjileontiadis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P O Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P O Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen S, Sun Y, Fan X, Xu Y, Chen S, Zhang X, Man B, Yang C, Du J. Review on two-dimensional material-based field-effect transistor biosensors: accomplishments, mechanisms, and perspectives. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:144. [PMID: 37122015 PMCID: PMC10148958 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01898-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Field-effect transistor (FET) is regarded as the most promising candidate for the next-generation biosensor, benefiting from the advantages of label-free, easy operation, low cost, easy integration, and direct detection of biomarkers in liquid environments. With the burgeoning advances in nanotechnology and biotechnology, researchers are trying to improve the sensitivity of FET biosensors and broaden their application scenarios from multiple strategies. In order to enable researchers to understand and apply FET biosensors deeply, focusing on the multidisciplinary technical details, the iteration and evolution of FET biosensors are reviewed from exploring the sensing mechanism in detecting biomolecules (research direction 1), the response signal type (research direction 2), the sensing performance optimization (research direction 3), and the integration strategy (research direction 4). Aiming at each research direction, forward perspectives and dialectical evaluations are summarized to enlighten rewarding investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Fan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhe Xu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyuan Man
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Du
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Castro KPR, Colombo RNP, Iost RM, da Silva BGR, Crespilho FN. Low-dimensionality carbon-based biosensors: the new era of emerging technologies in bioanalytical chemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04578-x. [PMID: 36757464 PMCID: PMC9909134 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the last decade, carbon nanomaterials have had a notable impact on different fields such as bioimaging, drug delivery, artificial tissue engineering, and biosensors. This is due to their good compatibility toward a wide range of chemical to biological molecules, low toxicity, and tunable properties. Especially for biosensor technology, the characteristic features of each dimensionality of carbon-based materials may influence the performance and viability of their use. Surface area, porous network, hybridization, functionalization, synthesis route, the combination of dimensionalities, purity levels, and the mechanisms underlying carbon nanomaterial interactions influence their applications in bioanalytical chemistry. Efforts are being made to fully understand how nanomaterials can influence biological interactions, to develop commercially viable biosensors, and to gain knowledge on the biomolecular processes associated with carbon. Here, we present a comprehensive review highlighting the characteristic features of the dimensionality of carbon-based materials in biosensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla P. R. Castro
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400 Parque Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos, SP 13566-590 Brazil
| | - Rafael N. P. Colombo
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400 Parque Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos, SP 13566-590 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Iost
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400 Parque Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos, SP 13566-590 Brazil
| | - Beatriz G. R. da Silva
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400 Parque Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos, SP 13566-590 Brazil
| | - Frank N. Crespilho
- grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400 Parque Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos, SP 13566-590 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ashraf G, Aziz A, Iftikhar T, Zhong ZT, Asif M, Chen W. The Roadmap of Graphene-Based Sensors: Electrochemical Methods for Bioanalytical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1183. [PMID: 36551150 PMCID: PMC9775289 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Graphene (GR) has engrossed immense research attention as an emerging carbon material owing to its enthralling electrochemical (EC) and physical properties. Herein, we debate the role of GR-based nanomaterials (NMs) in refining EC sensing performance toward bioanalytes detection. Following the introduction, we briefly discuss the GR fabrication, properties, application as electrode materials, the principle of EC sensing system, and the importance of bioanalytes detection in early disease diagnosis. Along with the brief description of GR-derivatives, simulation, and doping, classification of GR-based EC sensors such as cancer biomarkers, neurotransmitters, DNA sensors, immunosensors, and various other bioanalytes detection is provided. The working mechanism of topical GR-based EC sensors, advantages, and real-time analysis of these along with details of analytical merit of figures for EC sensors are discussed. Last, we have concluded the review by providing some suggestions to overcome the existing downsides of GR-based sensors and future outlook. The advancement of electrochemistry, nanotechnology, and point-of-care (POC) devices could offer the next generation of precise, sensitive, and reliable EC sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Ashraf
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ayesha Aziz
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tayyaba Iftikhar
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zi-Tao Zhong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Novodchuk I, Kayaharman M, Prassas I, Soosaipillai A, Karimi R, Goldthorpe I, Abdel-Rahman E, Sanderson J, Diamandis E, Bajcsy M, Yavuz M. Electronic field effect detection of SARS-CoV-2 N-protein before the onset of symptoms. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114331. [PMID: 35512584 PMCID: PMC9052636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
As part of the efforts to contain the pandemic, researchers around the world have raced to develop testing platforms to detect the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Within the different detection platforms studied, the field effect transistor (FET) is a promising device due to its high sensitivity and fast detection capabilities. In this work, a graphene-based FET which uses a boron and nitrogen co-doped graphene oxide gel (BN-GO gel) transducer functionalized with nucleoprotein antibodies, has been investigated for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N)-protein in buffer. This biosensor was able to detect the viral protein in less than 4 min, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 10 ag/mL and a wide linear detection range stretching over 11 orders of magnitude from 10 ag/mL-1 μg/mL. This represents the lowest LOD and widest detection range of any COVID-19 sensor and thus can potentially enable the detection of infected individuals before they become contagious. In addition to its potential use in the COVID-19 pandemic, our device serves as a proof-of-concept of the ability of functionalized BN-GO gel FETs to be used for ultrasensitive yet robust biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I. Novodchuk
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada,Corresponding author. 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - M. Kayaharman
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - I. Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - A. Soosaipillai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - R. Karimi
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - I.A. Goldthorpe
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - E. Abdel-Rahman
- Dept. of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - J. Sanderson
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - E.P. Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M. Bajcsy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada,Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - M. Yavuz
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada,Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu L, Ramadan S, Rosa BG, Zhang Y, Yin T, Torres E, Shaforost O, Panagiotopoulos A, Li B, Kerherve G, Kim DK, Mattevi C, Jiao LR, Petrov PK, Klein N. On-chip integrated graphene aptasensor with portable readout for fast and label-free COVID-19 detection in virus transport medium. SENSORS & DIAGNOSTICS 2022; 1:719-730. [PMID: 35923775 PMCID: PMC9280445 DOI: 10.1039/d2sd00076h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) biosensors exhibit high sensitivity due to a large surface-to-volume ratio and the high sensitivity of the Fermi level to the presence of charged biomolecules near the surface. For most reported GFET biosensors, bulky external reference electrodes are used which prevent their full-scale chip integration and contribute to higher costs per test. In this study, GFET arrays with on-chip integrated liquid electrodes were employed for COVID-19 detection and functionalized with either antibody or aptamer to selectively bind the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. In the case of the aptamer-functionalized GFET (aptasensor, Apt-GFET), the limit-of-detection (LOD) achieved was about 103 particles per mL for virus-like particles (VLPs) in clinical transport medium, outperforming the Ab-GFET biosensor counterpart. In addition, the aptasensor achieved a LOD of 160 aM for COVID-19 neutralizing antibodies in serum. The sensors were found to be highly selective, fast (sample-to-result within minutes), and stable (low device-to-device signal variation; relative standard deviations below 0.5%). A home-built portable readout electronic unit was employed for simultaneous real-time measurements of 12 GFETs per chip. Our successful demonstration of a portable GFET biosensing platform has high potential for infectious disease detection and other health-care applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhou Xu
- Department of Materials, Imperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou311200China
| | - Sami Ramadan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | | | - Yuanzhou Zhang
- Department of Materials, Imperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Tianyi Yin
- Department of Materials, Imperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Elias Torres
- Graphenea SemiconductorPaseo Mikeletegi 83San Sebastián20009Spain
| | - Olena Shaforost
- Department of Materials, Imperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | | | - Bing Li
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondonW12 0BZUK,Care Research & Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research InstituteW12 0BZUK,Institute for Materials Discovery, University College LondonRoberts BuildingLondonWC1E 7JEUK
| | | | - Dong Kuk Kim
- Department of Materials, Imperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Cecilia Mattevi
- Department of Materials, Imperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Long R. Jiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Division of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College LondonHammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane RoadLondonW12 0NNUK
| | - Peter K. Petrov
- Department of Materials, Imperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Norbert Klein
- Department of Materials, Imperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ban DK, Bodily T, Karkisaval AG, Dong Y, Natani S, Ramanathan A, Ramil A, Srivastava S, Bandaru P, Glinsky G, Lal R. Rapid self-test of unprocessed viruses of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in saliva by portable wireless graphene biosensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206521119. [PMID: 35763566 PMCID: PMC9282385 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206521119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a DNA aptamer-conjugated graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) biosensor platform to detect receptor-binding domain (RBD), nucleocapsid (N), and spike (S) proteins, as well as viral particles of original Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus and its variants in saliva samples. The GFET biosensor is a label-free, rapid (≤20 min), ultrasensitive handheld wireless readout device. The limit of detection (LoD) and the limit of quantitation (LoQ) of the sensor are 1.28 and 3.89 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL for S protein and 1.45 and 4.39 PFU/mL for N protein, respectively. Cognate spike proteins of major variants of concern (N501Y, D614G, Y453F, Omicron-B1.1.529) showed sensor response ≥40 mV from the control (aptamer alone) for fM to nM concentration range. The sensor response was significantly lower for viral particles and cognate proteins of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) compared to SARS-CoV-2, indicating the specificity of the diagnostic platform for SARS-CoV-2 vs. MERS viral proteins. During the early phase of the pandemic, the GFET sensor response agreed with RT-PCR data for oral human samples, as determined by the negative percent agreement (NPA) and positive percent agreement (PPA). During the recent Delta/Omicron wave, the GFET sensor also reliably distinguished positive and negative clinical saliva samples. Although the sensitivity is lower during the later pandemic phase, the GFET-defined positivity rate is in statistically close alignment with the epidemiological population-scale data. Thus, the aptamer-based GFET biosensor has a high level of precision in clinically and epidemiologically significant SARS-CoV-2 variant detection. This universal pathogen-sensing platform is amenable for a broad range of public health applications and real-time environmental monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deependra Kumar Ban
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Tyler Bodily
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Abhijith G. Karkisaval
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Yongliang Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Shreyam Natani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Anirudh Ramanathan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Armando Ramil
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | | | - Prab Bandaru
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
- Materials Science, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Gennadi Glinsky
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| | - Ratnesh Lal
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
- Materials Science, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu X, Yan X, Yang S, Wang Y, Wang S, Tian Y. DNA-Mediated Assembly of Carbon Nanomaterials. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200089. [PMID: 35589623 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have attracted extensive attentions on account of their superior electrical, mechanical, optical, and biological properties. However, the dimensional limit and irregular arrangement have hampered their further application. It is necessary to find an easy, efficient and controllable way to assemble CNMs into well-ordered array. DNA nanotechnology, owning to the advantages of precise programmability, highly structural predictability and spatial addressability, has been widely applied in the assembly of CNMs. Summarizing the progress and achievements in this field will be of great value to related studies. Herein, based on the different dimensions of CNMs containing 0-dimensional (0D) carbon dots (CDs), fullerenes, 1-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 2-dimensional (2D) graphene, we introduced the conjugation strategies between DNA and CNMs, their different assembly methods and their applications. In addition, we also discuss the existing challenges and future opportunities in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xurong Zhu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanjing University, 518000, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Xuehui Yan
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanjing University, 518000, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Sichang Yang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanjing University, 518000, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanjing University, 518000, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanjing University, 518000, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mattioli IA, Castro KR, Macedo LJA, Sedenho GC, Oliveira MN, Todeschini I, Vitale PM, Ferreira SC, Manuli ER, Pereira GM, Sabino EC, Crespilho FN. Graphene-based hybrid electrical-electrochemical point-of-care device for serologic COVID-19 diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 199:113866. [PMID: 34915214 PMCID: PMC8648586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemics highlighted the need of sensitive, selective, and easy-to-handle biosensing devices. In the contemporary scenario, point-of-care devices for mass testing and infection mapping within a population have proven themselves as of primordial importance. Here, we introduce a graphene-based Electrical-Electrochemical Vertical Device (EEVD) point-of-care biosensor, strategically engineered for serologic COVID-19 diagnosis. EEVD uses serologic IgG quantifications on SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) bioconjugate immobilized onto device surface. EEVD combines graphene basal plane with high charge carrier mobility, high conductivity, low intrinsic resistance, and interfacial sensitivity to capacitance alterations. EEVD application was carried out in real human serum samples. Since EEVD is a miniaturized device, it requires just 40 μL of sample for a point-of-care COVID-19 infections detection. When compared to serologic assays such ELISA and other immunochromatographic methods, EEVD presents some advantages such as time of analyses (15 min), sample preparation, and a LOD of 1.0 pg mL-1. We glimpse that EEVD meets the principles of robustness and accuracy, desirable analytic parameters for assays destined to pandemics control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela A Mattioli
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Karla R Castro
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Lucyano J A Macedo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Graziela C Sedenho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Mona N Oliveira
- Biolinker Synthetic Biology EIRELI, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Iris Todeschini
- Biolinker Synthetic Biology EIRELI, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Phelipe M Vitale
- Biolinker Synthetic Biology EIRELI, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Suzete Cleusa Ferreira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Department of Hematology, Clinical Hospital HCFMUSP, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246903, Brazil; Division of Research and Transfusion Medicine, São Paulo Hemocentre Pro-Blood Foundation, São Paulo, 05403000, Brazil
| | - Erika R Manuli
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil; LIM-46 HC-FMUSP - Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Geovana M Pereira
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Ester C Sabino
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil; LIM-46 HC-FMUSP - Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Frank N Crespilho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hwang JH, Shrestha BK, Kim JH, Seo TH, Park CH, Kim MJ. Nanoscale layer of a minimized defect area of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride on copper for excellent anti-corrosion activity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:055601. [PMID: 34673562 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac31e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we synthesized a monolayer of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) using chemical vapor deposition. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the materials were evaluated to determine their morphology. High-purity materials and their atomic-scale coating on copper (Cu) foil were employed to prevent fast degradation rate. The hexagonal two-dimensional (2D) atomic structures of the as-prepared materials were assessed to derive their best anti-corrosion behavior. The material prepared under optimized conditions included edge-defect-free graphene nanosheets (∼0.0034μm2) and hBN (∼0.0038μm2) per unit area of 1μm2. The coating of each material on the Cu surface significantly reduced the corrosion rate, which was ∼2.44 × 10-2/year and 6.57 × 10-3/year for graphene/Cu and hBN/Cu, respectively. Importantly, the corrosion rate of Cu was approximately 3-fold lower after coating with hBN relative to that of graphene/Cu. This approach suggests that the surface coating of Cu using cost-effective, eco-friendly, and the most abundant materials in nature is of interest for developing marine anti-corrosion micro-electronic devices and achieving surface modification of pure metals in industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hun Hwang
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Interventional Mechanobio Technology (KIMET), Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Bishnu Kumar Shrestha
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
- Regional Leading Research Center for Nanocarbon-based Energy Materials and Application Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Kim
- Korea Institute of Interventional Mechanobio Technology (KIMET), Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Seo
- Green Energy & Nano Technology R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 6, Cheomdangwagi-ro 208beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Park
- Department of Bionanosystem Engineering, Graduate School, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
- Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Addressing the Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Low-Dimensional-Materials-Based FET Immunosensors: A Review. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9070162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors (EI) have been widely investigated in the last several years. Among them, immunosensors based on low-dimensional materials (LDM) stand out, as they could provide a substantial gain in fabricating point-of-care devices, paving the way for fast, precise, and sensitive diagnosis of numerous severe illnesses. The high surface area available in LDMs makes it possible to immobilize a high density of bioreceptors, improving the sensitivity in biorecognition events between antibodies and antigens. If on the one hand, many works present promising results in using LDMs as a sensing material in EIs, on the other hand, very few of them discuss the fundamental interactions involved at the interfaces. Understanding the fundamental Chemistry and Physics of the interactions between the surface of LDMs and the bioreceptors, and how the operating conditions and biorecognition events affect those interactions, is vital when proposing new devices. Here, we present a review of recent works on EIs, focusing on devices that use LDMs (1D and 2D) as the sensing substrate. To do so, we highlight both experimental and theoretical aspects, bringing to light the fundamental aspects of the main interactions occurring at the interfaces and the operating mechanisms in which the detections are based.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou R, Wang C, Huang Y, Huang K, Wang Y, Xu W, Xie L, Ying Y. Label-free terahertz microfluidic biosensor for sensitive DNA detection using graphene-metasurface hybrid structures. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 188:113336. [PMID: 34022719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metasurface assisted terahertz (THz) real-time and label-free biosensors have attracted intense attention. However, it is still challenging for specific detection of highly absorptive liquid samples with high sensitivity in the THz range. Here, we incorporated graphene with THz metasurface into a microfluidic cell for sensitive biosensing. The proposed THz graphene-metasurface microfluidic platform can effectively reduce the volume of the sample solution and boost the interaction between biomolecules and THz waves, thus enhancing the sensitivity. As a proof of concept, comparative experiments using other three kinds of microfluidic cells (pure microfluidic cell, metasurface-based microfluidic cell and graphene-based microfluidic cell) were conducted to explore and verify the sensing mechanism, which evidences the high sensitivity of delicate sensing based on the hybrid graphene-metasurface THz microfluidic device. Furthermore, to perform biosensing applications on that basis, specific aptamers were modified on the graphene-metasurface, enabling DNA sequences of foodborne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 to be recognized. Based on the THz microfluidic biosensor, 100 nM DNA short sequences can be successfully detected. The sensing results of antibiotics and DNA based on the graphene-metasurface microfluidic biosensor confirm the superiority of the proposed design and considerable promise in THz biosensing. The novel sensing platform provides the merits of enabling highly sensitive, label-free, low-cost, easy to use, reusable, and real-time biosensing, which opens an exciting prospect for nanomaterial-metasurface hybrid structure assisted THz label-free biosensing in liquid environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyun Zhou
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 20 Jinying Rd., 510640, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yuxin Huang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Kang Huang
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yingli Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Wendao Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| |
Collapse
|