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Hu J, Anderson W, Hayes E, Strauss EA, Lang J, Bacos J, Simacek N, Vu HH, McCarty OJT, Kim H, Kang YA. The development, use, and challenges of electromechanical tissue stimulation systems. Artif Organs 2024. [PMID: 38887912 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue stimulations greatly affect cell growth, phenotype, and function, and they play an important role in modeling tissue physiology. With the goal of understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying the response of tissues to external stimulations, in vitro models of tissue stimulation have been developed in hopes of recapitulating in vivo tissue function. METHODS Herein we review the efforts to create and validate tissue stimulators responsive to electrical or mechanical stimulation including tensile, compression, torsion, and shear. RESULTS Engineered tissue platforms have been designed to allow tissues to be subjected to selected types of mechanical stimulation from simple uniaxial to humanoid robotic stain through equal-biaxial strain. Similarly, electrical stimulators have been developed to apply selected electrical signal shapes, amplitudes, and load cycles to tissues, lending to usage in stem cell-derived tissue development, tissue maturation, and tissue functional regeneration. Some stimulators also allow for the observation of tissue morphology in real-time while cells undergo stimulation. Discussion on the challenges and limitations of tissue simulator development is provided. CONCLUSIONS Despite advances in the development of useful tissue stimulators, opportunities for improvement remain to better reproduce physiological functions by accounting for complex loading cycles, electrical and mechanical induction coupled with biological stimuli, and changes in strain affected by applied inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William Anderson
- Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, Newberg, Oregon, USA
| | - Emily Hayes
- Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, Newberg, Oregon, USA
| | - Ellie Annah Strauss
- Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, Newberg, Oregon, USA
| | - Jordan Lang
- Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, Newberg, Oregon, USA
| | - Josh Bacos
- Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, Newberg, Oregon, USA
| | - Noah Simacek
- Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, Newberg, Oregon, USA
| | - Helen H Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hoyeon Kim
- Department of Engineering, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Youngbok Abraham Kang
- Department of Mechanical, Civil, and Biomedical Engineering, George Fox University, Newberg, Oregon, USA
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Kim J, Shanmugasundaram A, Lee CB, Kim JR, Park JJ, Kim ES, Lee BK, Lee DW. Enhanced cardiomyocyte structural and functional anisotropy through synergetic combination of topographical, conductive, and mechanical stimulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4540-4551. [PMID: 37771289 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00451a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity, a significant concern in the pharmaceutical industry, often results in the withdrawal of drugs from the market. The main cause of drug-induced cardiotoxicity is the use of immature cardiomyocytes during in vitro drug screening procedures. Over time, several methods such as topographical, conductive, and mechanical stimulation have been proposed to enhance both maturation and contractile properties of these cardiomyocytes. However, the synergistic effects of integrating topographical, conductive, and mechanical stimulation for cardiomyocyte maturation remain underexplored and poorly understood. To address this limitation, herein, we propose a grooved polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane embedded with silver nanowires (AgNWs-E-PDMS). The proposed AgNWs-E-PDMS membrane enhances the maturation of cardiomyocytes and provides a more accurate evaluation of drug-induced cardiotoxicity. When subjected to 10% tensile stress on the AgNWs-E-PDMS membrane, cardiomyocytes displayed substantial enhancements. Specifically, the contraction force, sarcomere length, and connexin-43 (Cx43) expression are increased by 2.0-, 1.5-, and 2.4-times, respectively, compared to the control state. The practical feasibility of the proposed device as a drug screening platform is demonstrated by assessing the adverse effects of lidocaine on cardiomyocytes. The contraction force and beat rate of lidocaine treated cardiomyocytes cultured on the AgNWs-E-PDMS membrane under mechanical stimulation decreased to 0.9 and 0.64 times their initial values respectively, compared to 0.6 and 0.51 times in the control state. These less pronounced changes in the contraction force and beat rate signify the superior drug response in the cardiomyocytes, a result of their enhanced maturation and growth on the AgNWs-E-PDMS membrane combined with mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongyun Kim
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Advanced Medical Device Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Arunkumar Shanmugasundaram
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Advanced Medical Device Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong Bin Lee
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Rim Kim
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Jae Park
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eung-Sam Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
- Center for Next-Generation Sensor Research and Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Kee Lee
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Next-Generation Sensor Research and Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Weon Lee
- MEMS and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Next-Generation Sensor Research and Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Medical Device Research Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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