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Ni HH, Lu Z, Yang CL, Lv YT, Lu CX, Xiang BD. Clonorchis sinensis on the prognosis of patients with spontaneous rupture of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011987. [PMID: 38381766 PMCID: PMC10911612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the impact of the Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) infection on the survival outcomes of spontaneous rupture Hepatocellular Carcinoma (srHCC) patients undergoing hepatectomy. METHODS Between May 2013 and December 2021, 157 consecutive srHCC patients who underwent hepatectomy were divided into an no C. sinensis group (n = 126) and C. sinensis group (n = 31). To adjust for differences in preoperative characteristics an inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis was done, using propensity scores. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were compared before and after IPTW. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to determine whether the C. sinensis infection was an independent prognostic factor after IPTW. RESULTS In original cohort, the no C. sinensis group did not show a survival advantage over the C. sinensis group. After IPTW adjustment, the median OS for the C. sinensis group was 9 months, compared to 29 months for the no C. sinensis group. C. sinensis group have worse OS than no C. sinensis group (p = 0.024), while it did not differ in RFS(p = 0.065). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that C. sinensis infection and lower age were associated with worse OS. CONCLUSIONS The C. sinensis infection has an adverse impact on os in srHCC patients who underwent hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Hang Ni
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital, Zhongshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhan Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Lei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xiu Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bang-De Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Frequency Tumors, Ministry of Education, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
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Bian M, Li S, Zhou H, Bi L, Shen Y, Tingjin C, Yu X, Huang Y, Xu Q. ASPSCR-1 and Sirt-5 alleviate Clonorchis liver fluke rCsNOSIP-induced oxidative stress, proliferation, and migration in cholangiocarcinoma cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011727. [PMID: 37948465 PMCID: PMC10664913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchiasis, caused by the infection of Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis), is a kind of neglected tropical disease, but it is highly related to cholangiocarcinoma. It has been well known that NO from chronic inflammation responses are thought to be a major component of the damage and ultimate carcinogenesis ESPs such as nitric oxide synthase interacting protein (NOSIP) are thought to enhance the damage. The objective of this study was to identify the protein candidates interact with recombinant CsNOSIP (rCsNOSIP) and explore their role involved in CCA development or progression. METHODS We applied HuProt microarray containing 21,000 probe sets for a systematic identification of rCsNOSIP-binding proteins and grouped binding hits by gene function. Pull-down assays were used to confirm the interaction of rCsNOSIP with alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPSCR-1) and sirtuins 5 (Sirt-5). ASPSCR-1/Sirt-5 over-expression and siRNA knockdown experiments were employed for obtain of ASPSCR-1/Sirt-5 high or low expression (ASP-oe/Sirt5-oe or ASP-si/Sirt5-si) cholangiocarcinoma cell line (CCLP-1) cells. Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species assay (ROS) as well as cell proliferation and wound-healing assays were performed to observe the effect of rCsNOSIP on ASP-oe/Sirt5-oe or ASP-si/Sirt5-si CCLP-1 cells. RESULTS Seventy candidate proteins protein "hits" were detected as rCsNOSIP-binding proteins by HuProt microarray and bioinformatics analysis. Pull down assay showed that ASPSCR-1 and Sirt-5 could interact with rCsNOSIP. In addition, endotoxin-free-rCsNOSIP could increase the production of NO and ROS and promote the migration of CCLP-1 cells, while its effect on enhancing cell proliferation was not significant. Furthermore, ROS/NO production, proliferation, or migration were increased in ASP-si or Sirt5-si CCLP-1 cells but decreased in Asp-oe or Sirt5-oe CCLP-1 cells when stimulated with rCsNOSIP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that CsNOSIP as a component of CsESPs might promote the development and invasion of CCA and Sirt5/ ASPSCR1 as host molecules might play a novel protective role against adverse stimulus during C. sinensis infection. This work supports the idea that CsESPs induce the occurrence and progression of CCA through ROS/RNS-induced oxidative and nitrative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Bian
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumor Marker Diagnosis, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanzong Zhou
- The fifth Clinical Medical College of Henan University of Chinese Medicine (Zhengzhou People’s Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijun Bi
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Scineces, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumor Marker Diagnosis, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Tingjin
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xinbing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxia Xu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumor Marker Diagnosis, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
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Campos TL, Korhonen PK, Hofmann A, Gasser RB, Young ND. Harnessing model organism genomics to underpin the machine learning-based prediction of essential genes in eukaryotes - Biotechnological implications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107822. [PMID: 34461202 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The availability of high-quality genomes and advances in functional genomics have enabled large-scale studies of essential genes in model eukaryotes, including the 'elegant worm' (Caenorhabditis elegans; Nematoda) and the 'vinegar fly' (Drosophila melanogaster; Arthropoda). However, this is not the case for other, much less-studied organisms, such as socioeconomically important parasites, for which functional genomic platforms usually do not exist. Thus, there is a need to develop innovative techniques or approaches for the prediction, identification and investigation of essential genes. A key approach that could enable the prediction of such genes is machine learning (ML). Here, we undertake an historical review of experimental and computational approaches employed for the characterisation of essential genes in eukaryotes, with a particular focus on model ecdysozoans (C. elegans and D. melanogaster), and discuss the possible applicability of ML-approaches to organisms such as socioeconomically important parasites. We highlight some recent results showing that high-performance ML, combined with feature engineering, allows a reliable prediction of essential genes from extensive, publicly available 'omic data sets, with major potential to prioritise such genes (with statistical confidence) for subsequent functional genomic validation. These findings could 'open the door' to fundamental and applied research areas. Evidence of some commonality in the essential gene-complement between these two organisms indicates that an ML-engineering approach could find broader applicability to ecdysozoans such as parasitic nematodes or arthropods, provided that suitably large and informative data sets become/are available for proper feature engineering, and for the robust training and validation of algorithms. This area warrants detailed exploration to, for example, facilitate the identification and characterisation of essential molecules as novel targets for drugs and vaccines against parasitic diseases. This focus is particularly important, given the substantial impact that such diseases have worldwide, and the current challenges associated with their prevention and control and with drug resistance in parasite populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio L Campos
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Bioinformatics Core Facility, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IAM-Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Stroehlein AJ, Korhonen PK, Rollinson D, Stothard JR, Hall RS, Gasser RB, Young ND. Bulinus truncatus transcriptome – a resource to enable molecular studies of snail and schistosome biology. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021; 1:100015. [PMID: 35284899 PMCID: PMC8906107 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics, molecular investigations of snail intermediate hosts that transmit parasitic trematodes are scant. Here, we report the first transcriptome for Bulinus truncatus – a key intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium – a blood fluke that causes urogenital schistosomiasis in humans. We assembled this transcriptome from short- and long-read RNA-sequence data. From this transcriptome, we predicted 12,998 proteins, 58% of which had orthologs in Biomphalaria glabrata – an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni – a blood fluke that causes hepato-intestinal schistosomiasis. We predicted that select protein groups are involved in signal transduction, cell growth and death, the immune system, environmental adaptation and/or the excretory/secretory system, suggesting roles in immune responses, pathogen defence and/or parasite-host interactions. The transcriptome of Bu. truncatus provides a useful resource to underpin future molecular investigations of this and related snail species, and its interactions with pathogens including S. haematobium. The present resource should enable comparative investigations of other molluscan hosts of socioeconomically important parasites in the future. First transcriptome to represent Bulinus truncatus – a snail intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium. Select protein groups of Bu. truncatus are inferred to associate with innate immune responses against pathogens. Transcriptome provides a resource for future studies of parasite-host interactions and snail-host resistance to pathogens.
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Prasopdee S, Thitapakorn V, Sathavornmanee T, Tesana S. A comprehensive review of omics and host-parasite interplays studies, towards control of Opisthorchis viverrini infection for prevention of cholangiocarcinoma. Acta Trop 2019; 196:76-82. [PMID: 31100270 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini infection, opisthorchiasis, is a food-borne trematodiasis that is the main cause of cholangiocarcinoma, a bile duct cancer, in the Lower Mekong sub-region of Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand. Despite extensive research on opisthorchiasis, the eradication of this disease has yet to be achieved. One of the major reasons for this failure is due to the multi-host life cycle of the parasite, which requires complex medical and public health interventions to eradicate. Another reason is due to a lack of knowledge of not only the interactions between the parasite and the human immune system, but also the interactions between the parasite and its various hosts during its complicated life cycle. Recent advances in various high-throughput omics technologies has allowed for the identification of key biomolecules crucial to the processes of parasitic transmission, and the identification of novel drug and/or vaccine targets. In this paper, omics studies dealing with O. viverrini host-parasite biology will be reviewed. In particular, there will be a focus on the strategies O. viverrini uses to trigger, evade, and manipulate the host's defense systems. Recently-identified biological molecules with potential as targets for interventions will also be reviewed. The results obtained from these omics approaches to analyzing O. viverrini and host interactions will be of great importance in the future when developing effective and sustainable medical and public health models for the prevention and control of opisthorchiasis and opisthorchiasis-induced CCA.
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Chelomina GN. Genomics and transcriptomics of the Chinese liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis (Opisthorchiidae, Trematoda). Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Liver fluke infection and cholangiocarcinoma: a review. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:11-19. [PMID: 27718017 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Parasites are significant groups for carcinogenesis among which liver flukes, including Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis, are typical representatives causing cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), the second most common primary hepatic malignancy with dismal prognosis. O. viverrini is prevalent in Southeast Asia, infecting 10 million people while C. sinensis has a wider distribution in East Asia and several Southeast Asian countries, affecting more than 35 million people's health. These two worms have some common characteristics and/or discrepancies in life cycle, genome, and transcriptome. As hot spots in recent years, genome and transcriptome research has extracted numerous novel fluke worm-derived proteins, which are excellent for carcinogenic exploration. However, just a handful of these studies have focused on the metabolic pathway. In this study, the main mechanisms of carcinogenesis of both worms, in terms of mechanical damage, metabolic products and immunopathology, and other possible pathways, will be discussed in detail. This review retrospectively describes the main traits of C. sinensis and O. viverrini, their molecular biology and core carcinogenic mechanisms in a contrast pattern.
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Clonorchis sinensis Co-infection Could Affect the Disease State and Treatment Response of HBV Patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004806. [PMID: 27348302 PMCID: PMC4922651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) is considered to be an important parasitic zoonosis because it infects approximately 35 million people, while approximately 15 million were distributed in China. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health issue. Two types of pathogens have the potential to cause human liver disease and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Concurrent infection with HBV and C. sinensis is often observed in some areas where C. sinensis is endemic. However, whether C. sinensis could impact HBV infection or vice versa remains unknown. Principal Findings Co-infection with C. sinensis and HBV develops predominantly in males. Co-infected C. sinensis and HBV patients presented weaker liver function and higher HBV DNA titers. Combination treatment with antiviral and anti-C. sinensis drugs in co-infected patients could contribute to a reduction in viral load and help with liver function recovery. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) may, in some ways, increase HBV viral replication in vitro. A mixture of ESP and HBV positive sera could induce peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to produce higher level of Th2 cytokines including IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 compared to HBV alone, it seems that due to presence of ESP, the cytokine production shift towards Th2. C. sinensis/HBV co-infected patients showed higher serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels and lower serum IFN-γ levels. Conclusions/Significance Patients with concomitant C. sinensis and HBV infection presented weaker liver function and higher HBV DNA copies. In co-infected patients, the efficacy of anti-viral treatment was better in patients who were prescribed with entecavir and praziquantel than entecavir alone. One possible reason for the weaker response to antiviral therapies in co-infected patients was the shift in cytokine production from Th1 to Th2 that may inhibit viral clearance. C. sinensis/HBV co-infection could exacerbate the imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokine. Clonorchiasis and hepatitis B infection are infectious diseases that affect millions of people worldwide, especially in China. These two diseases are caused by two different pathogens, C. sinensis and hepatitis B virus, respectively. Concurrent infection between HBV and C. sinensis is often observed in some areas where C. sinensis is endemic. Both diseases share the same target organ, but there is little known on whether concomitant clonorchiasis could have an impact on HBV infection and the efficacy of antiviral treatment. In this study, we showed for the first time that co-infection with C. sinensis and HBV resulted in significantly higher liver transaminases levels as well as HBV DNA copies, indicating that co-infection with C. sinensis and HBV infection may aggravate the disease state. Combination treatment with antiviral and anti-C. sinensis drugs in co-infected patients could contribute to a reduction in viral load and help with liver function recovery. Furthermore, excretory-secretory products (ESPs) of C. sinensis may have a potential role in promoting HBV viral replication. This may explain, at least in part, the higher HBV DNA copies observed in co-infected patients. Additionally, a mixture of ESP and HBV positive sera could induce PBMCs to mainly produce Th2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 compared to HBV alone. A possible reason for higher HBV DNA copies and a weaker response to antiviral therapies in co-infected patients was the shift in cytokine production from Th1 to Th2 that may inhibit viral clearance.
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Gasser RB, Tan P, Teh BT, Wongkham S, Young ND. Genomics of worms, with an emphasis on Opisthorchis viverrini - opportunities for fundamental discovery and biomedical outcomes. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:341-345. [PMID: 26792076 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases cause substantial morbidity and mortality in animals and people globally. Opisthorchiasis is one such disease, caused by the carcinogenic, Asian liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini. This hepatobiliary disease is known to be associated with malignant cancer (cholangiocarcinoma, CCA) and affects millions of people in Asia, including Thailand, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) and Cambodia. No vaccine is available, and only one drug (praziquantel) is routinely employed against the parasite. Relatively little is known about the molecular biology of the fluke itself and the disease complex that it causes in humans. With the advent of high-throughput nucleic acid sequencing and bioinformatic technologies, it has now become possible to gain global insights into the molecular biology of parasites. The purpose of this minireview is (i) to discuss recent progress on the genomics of parasitic worms, with an emphasis on the draft genome and transcriptome of O. viverrini; (ii) to use results from an integrated, global analysis of the genomic and transcriptomic data, to explain how we believe that this carcinogenic fluke establishes in the biliary system, how it feeds, survives and protects itself in such a hostile, microaerobic environment within the liver, and to propose how this parasite evades or modulates host attack; and (iii) to indicate some of the challenges, and, more importantly, the exciting opportunities that the 'omic resources for O. viverrini now provide for a plethora of fundamental and applied research areas. Looking ahead, we hope that this genomic resource stimulates vibrant and productive collaborations within a consortium context, focused on the effective control of opisthorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Patrick Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore; Division of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 138672, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Gasser RB, Korhonen PK, Zhu XQ, Young ND. Harnessing the Toxocara Genome to Underpin Toxocariasis Research and New Interventions. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 91:87-110. [PMID: 27015948 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic worms, such as flatworms (platyhelminths) and roundworms (nematodes), cause substantial morbidity and mortality in animals and people globally. The ascaridoid nematode Toxocara canis is a zoonotic parasite of socioeconomic significance worldwide. In humans, this worm causes toxocariasis (disease) mainly in underprivileged communities in both the developed and developing worlds. While reasonably well studied from clinical and epidemiological perspectives, little is understood about the molecular biology of T. canis, its relationship with its hosts and the disease that it causes. However, a recent report of the draft genome and transcriptomes of T. canis should underpin many fundamental and applied research areas in the future. The present article gives a background on Toxocara and toxocariasis, a brief account of diagnostic approaches for specific identification and genetic analysis, and gives a perspective on the impact that the genome of T. canis and advanced molecular technologies could have on our understanding of the parasite and the diseases that it causes as well as the design of new and improved approaches for the diagnosis, treatment and control of toxocariasis.
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Wang X, Hu F, Hu X, Chen W, Huang Y, Yu X. Proteomic identification of potential Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products capable of binding and activating human hepatic stellate cells. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3063-71. [PMID: 24894083 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidence demonstrated that Clonorchis sinensis is an important risk factor of hepatic fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma. C. sinensis excretory/secretory products (CsESPs) are protein complex including proteases, antioxidant enzymes, and metabolic enzymes, which may contribute to pathogenesis of liver fluke-associated hepatobiliary diseases. However, potential CsESP candidates involved into hepatic fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma still remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we performed proteomic identification of CsESP candidates capable of binding and activating human hepatic stellate cell line LX-2. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed the interaction of CsESPs with LX-2 cell membrane. LX-2 cells could be stimulated by CsESPs from 24 h post incubation (p < 0.05). Specifically, 50 μg/ml of CsESPs showed the strongest effect on cell proliferation in methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay which could also be demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis (p < 0.01). Furthermore, expression level of human type III collagen in LX-2 cells treated with CsESPs was significantly higher than that in control cells measured by molecular beacon and semiquantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR approaches (p < 0.01). Finally, CsESPs before and after incubation with LX-2 cells were subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis and matrix associated laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis. Nine proteins with abundance change above threefold were Rho GTPase-activating protein, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit Va, α-enolase, phospholipase C, interleukin-15, insect-derived growth factor, cytochrome c oxidase subunit VI, DNAH1 protein, and kinesin light chain. Taken together, we identified potential CsESP candidates capable of binding and activating human hepatic stellate cells, providing more direct evidences that are previously unknown to accelerate strategies for C. sinensis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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Thi Phung L, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Sripa B, Laha T. Retrotransposon OV-RTE-1 from the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini: potential target for DNA-based diagnosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 21:443-51. [PMID: 24394447 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infections by the fish-borne liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis can lead to bile duct cancer. These neglected tropical disease pathogens occur in East Asia, with O. viverrini primarily in Thailand and Laos and C. sinensis in Cambodia, Vietnam, and China. Genomic information about these pathogens holds the potential to improve disease treatment and control. Transcriptome analysis indicates that mobile genetic elements are active in O. viverrini, including a novel non-Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) retrotransposon. A consensus sequence of this element, termed OV-RTE-1, was assembled from expressed sequence tags and PCR amplified genomic DNA. OV-RTE-1 was 3330 bp in length, encoded 1101 amino acid residues and exhibited hallmark structures and sequences of non-LTR retrotransposons including a single open reading frame encoding apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease (EN) and reverse transcriptase (RT). Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that OV-RTE-1 was member of the RTE clade of non-LTR retrotransposons. OV-RTE-1 is the first non-LTR retrotransposon characterized from the trematode family Opisthorchiidae. Sequences of OV-RTE-1 were targeted to develop a diagnostic tool for detection of infection by O. viverrini. PCR specific primers for detection of O. viverrini DNA showed 100% specificity and sensitivity for detection of as little as 5 fg of O. viverrini DNA whereas the PCR based approach showed 62% sensitivity and 100% specificity with clinical stool samples. The OV-RTE-1 specific PCR could be developed as a molecular diagnostic for Opisthorchis infection targeting parasite eggs in stool samples, especially in regions of mixed infection of O. viverrini and/or C. sinensis and minute intestinal flukes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyen Thi Phung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, and Research Center for Neglected Tropical and Infectious Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Chen X, Li S, He L, Wang X, Liang P, Chen W, Bian M, Ren M, Lin J, Liang C, Xu J, Wu Z, Li X, Huang Y, Yu X. Molecular characterization of severin from Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products and its potential anti-apoptotic role in hepatocarcinoma PLC cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2606. [PMID: 24367717 PMCID: PMC3868641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchiasis, caused by the infection of Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis), is a kind of neglected tropical disease, but it is highly related to cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been well known that the excretory/secretory products of C. sinensis (CsESPs) play key roles in clonorchiasis associated carcinoma. From genome and transcriptome of C. sinensis, we identified one component of CsESPs, severin (Csseverin), which had three putative gelsolin domains. Its homologues are supposed to play a vital role in apoptosis resistance of tumour cell. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS There was significant similarity in tertiary structures between human gelsolin and Csseverin by bioinformatics analysis. We identified that Csseverin expressed at life stage of adult worm, metacercaria and egg by the method of quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting. Csseverin distributed in vitellarium and intrauterine eggs of adult worm and tegument of metacercaria by immunofluorence assay. We obtained recombinant Csseverin (rCsseverin) and confirmed that rCsseverin could bind with calciumion in circular dichroism spectrum analysis. It was demonstrated that rCsseverin was of the capability of actin binding by gel overlay assay and immunocytochemistry. Both Annexin V/PI assay and mitochondrial membrane potential assay of human hepatocarcinoma cell line PLC showed apoptosis resistance after incubation with different concentrations of rCsseverin. Morphological analysis, apoptosis-associated changes of mitochondrial membrane potential and Annexin V/PI apoptosis assay showed that co-incubation of PLC cells with rCsseverin in vitro led to an inhibition of apoptosis induced by serum-starved for 24 h. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, the molecular properties of Csseverin, a molecule of CsESPs, were characterized in our study. rCsseverin could cause obvious apoptotic inhibition in human HCC cell line. Csseverin might exacerbate the process of HCC patients combined with C. sinensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Meng Bian
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Ren
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Jinsi Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Chi Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Zhongdao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Xuerong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
| | - Xinbing Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control at Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, People′s Republic of China
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Garg G, Bernal D, Trelis M, Forment J, Ortiz J, Valero ML, Pedrola L, Martinez-Blanch J, Esteban JG, Ranganathan S, Toledo R, Marcilla A. The transcriptome of Echinostoma caproni adults: Further characterization of the secretome and identification of new potential drug targets. J Proteomics 2013; 89:202-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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15
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A perfect time to harness advanced molecular technologies to explore the fundamental biology of Toxocara species. Vet Parasitol 2013; 193:353-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Huang Y, Chen W, Wang X, Liu H, Chen Y, Guo L, Luo F, Sun J, Mao Q, Liang P, Xie Z, Zhou C, Tian Y, Lv X, Huang L, Zhou J, Hu Y, Li R, Zhang F, Lei H, Li W, Hu X, Liang C, Xu J, Li X, Yu X. The carcinogenic liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis: new assembly, reannotation and analysis of the genome and characterization of tissue transcriptomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54732. [PMID: 23382950 PMCID: PMC3559784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis), an important food-borne parasite that inhabits the intrahepatic bile duct and causes clonorchiasis, is of interest to both the public health field and the scientific research community. To learn more about the migration, parasitism and pathogenesis of C. sinensis at the molecular level, the present study developed an upgraded genomic assembly and annotation by sequencing paired-end and mate-paired libraries. We also performed transcriptome sequence analyses on multiple C. sinensis tissues (sucker, muscle, ovary and testis). Genes encoding molecules involved in responses to stimuli and muscle-related development were abundantly expressed in the oral sucker. Compared with other species, genes encoding molecules that facilitate the recognition and transport of cholesterol were observed in high copy numbers in the genome and were highly expressed in the oral sucker. Genes encoding transporters for fatty acids, glucose, amino acids and oxygen were also highly expressed, along with other molecules involved in metabolizing these substrates. All genes involved in energy metabolism pathways, including the β-oxidation of fatty acids, the citrate cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fumarate reduction, were expressed in the adults. Finally, we also provide valuable insights into the mechanism underlying the process of pathogenesis by characterizing the secretome of C. sinensis. The characterization and elaborate analysis of the upgraded genome and the tissue transcriptomes not only form a detailed and fundamental C. sinensis resource but also provide novel insights into the physiology and pathogenesis of C. sinensis. We anticipate that this work will aid the development of innovative strategies for the prevention and control of clonorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailiang Liu
- Guangzhou iGenomics Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangyi Chen
- Guangzhou iGenomics Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Guo
- Guangzhou iGenomics Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Luo
- Guangzhou iGenomics Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiufeng Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Mao
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhizhi Xie
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenhui Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanli Tian
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Lv
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lisi Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huali Lei
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuchu Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XBY); (XRL); (JX)
| | - Xuerong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XBY); (XRL); (JX)
| | - Xinbing Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XBY); (XRL); (JX)
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Lustigman S, Geldhof P, Grant WN, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Sripa B, Basáñez MG. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: basic research and enabling technologies to support control and elimination of helminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1445. [PMID: 22545160 PMCID: PMC3335859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful and sustainable intervention against human helminthiases depends on optimal utilisation of available control measures and development of new tools and strategies, as well as an understanding of the evolutionary implications of prolonged intervention on parasite populations and those of their hosts and vectors. This will depend largely on updated knowledge of relevant and fundamental parasite biology. There is a need, therefore, to exploit and apply new knowledge and techniques in order to make significant and novel gains in combating helminthiases and supporting the sustainability of current and successful mass drug administration (MDA) programmes. Among the fields of basic research that are likely to yield improved control tools, the Disease Reference Group on Helminth Infections (DRG4) has identified four broad areas that stand out as central to the development of the next generation of helminth control measures: 1) parasite genetics, genomics, and functional genomics; 2) parasite immunology; 3) (vertebrate) host–parasite interactions and immunopathology; and 4) (invertebrate) host–parasite interactions and transmission biology. The DRG4 was established in 2009 by the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). The Group was given the mandate to undertake a comprehensive review of recent advances in helminthiases research in order to identify notable gaps and highlight priority areas. This paper summarises recent advances and discusses challenges in the investigation of the fundamental biology of those helminth parasites under the DRG4 Group's remit according to the identified priorities, and presents a research and development agenda for basic parasite research and enabling technologies that will help support control and elimination efforts against human helminthiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.
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18
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Gasser RB, Cantacessi C. Heartworm genomics: unprecedented opportunities for fundamental molecular insights and new intervention strategies. Top Companion Anim Med 2012; 26:193-9. [PMID: 22152607 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, including canine heartworm disease (CHWD), are of major socioeconomic and canine health importance worldwide. Although many studies have provided insights into CHWD, to date there has been limited study of fundamental molecular aspects of Dirofilaria immitis itself, its relationship with the canine host, its vectors, as well as the potential of drug resistance to emerge, using advanced -omic technologies. This article takes a prospective view of the benefits that advanced -omics technologies will have toward understanding D. immitis and CHWD. Tackling key biological questions using these technologies will provide a "systems biology" context and could lead to radically new intervention and management strategies against heartworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Wang X, Chen W, Huang Y, Sun J, Men J, Liu H, Luo F, Guo L, Lv X, Deng C, Zhou C, Fan Y, Li X, Huang L, Hu Y, Liang C, Hu X, Xu J, Yu X. The draft genome of the carcinogenic human liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis. Genome Biol 2011; 12:R107. [PMID: 22023798 PMCID: PMC3333777 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-10-r107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clonorchis sinensis is a carcinogenic human liver fluke that is widespread in Asian countries. Increasing infection rates of this neglected tropical disease are leading to negative economic and public health consequences in affected regions. Experimental and epidemiological studies have shown a strong association between the incidence of cholangiocarcinoma and the infection rate of C. sinensis. To aid research into this organism, we have sequenced its genome. Results We combined de novo sequencing with computational techniques to provide new information about the biology of this liver fluke. The assembled genome has a total size of 516 Mb with a scaffold N50 length of 42 kb. Approximately 16,000 reliable protein-coding gene models were predicted. Genes for the complete pathways for glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and fatty acid metabolism were found, but key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis are missing from the genome, reflecting the parasitic lifestyle of a liver fluke that receives lipids from the bile of its host. We also identified pathogenic molecules that may contribute to liver fluke-induced hepatobiliary diseases. Large proteins such as multifunctional secreted proteases and tegumental proteins were identified as potential targets for the development of drugs and vaccines. Conclusions This study provides valuable genomic information about the human liver fluke C. sinensis and adds to our knowledge on the biology of the parasite. The draft genome will serve as a platform to develop new strategies for parasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
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20
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Toledo R, Bernal MD, Marcilla A. Proteomics of foodborne trematodes. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1485-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Yoo WG, Kim DW, Ju JW, Cho PY, Kim TI, Cho SH, Choi SH, Park HS, Kim TS, Hong SJ. Developmental transcriptomic features of the carcinogenic liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1208. [PMID: 21738807 PMCID: PMC3125140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis is the causative agent of the life-threatening disease endemic to China, Korea, and Vietnam. It is estimated that about 15 million people are infected with this fluke. C. sinensis provokes inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, and periductal fibrosis in bile ducts, and may cause cholangiocarcinoma in chronically infected individuals. Accumulation of a large amount of biological information about the adult stage of this liver fluke in recent years has advanced our understanding of the pathological interplay between this parasite and its hosts. However, no developmental gene expression profiles of C. sinensis have been published. In this study, we generated gene expression profiles of three developmental stages of C. sinensis by analyzing expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Complementary DNA libraries were constructed from the adult, metacercaria, and egg developmental stages of C. sinensis. A total of 52,745 ESTs were generated and assembled into 12,830 C. sinensis assembled EST sequences, and then these assemblies were further categorized into groups according to biological functions and developmental stages. Most of the genes that were differentially expressed in the different stages were consistent with the biological and physical features of the particular developmental stage; high energy metabolism, motility and reproduction genes were differentially expressed in adults, minimal metabolism and final host adaptation genes were differentially expressed in metacercariae, and embryonic genes were differentially expressed in eggs. The higher expression of glucose transporters, proteases, and antioxidant enzymes in the adults accounts for active uptake of nutrients and defense against host immune attacks. The types of ion channels present in C. sinensis are consistent with its parasitic nature and phylogenetic placement in the tree of life. We anticipate that the transcriptomic information on essential regulators of development, bile chemotaxis, and physico-metabolic pathways in C. sinensis that presented in this study will guide further studies to identify novel drug targets and diagnostic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Won Kim
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Ju
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyo Yun Cho
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Im Kim
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyeong Cho
- Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Haeng Choi
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seog Park
- Genome Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology and University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (H-SP); (T-SK); (S-JH)
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Parasitology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (H-SP); (T-SK); (S-JH)
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (H-SP); (T-SK); (S-JH)
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Smout MJ, Sripa B, Laha T, Mulvenna J, Gasser RB, Young ND, Bethony JM, Brindley PJ, Loukas A. Infection with the carcinogenic human liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:1367-75. [PMID: 21311794 PMCID: PMC3739706 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00295j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Throughout Southeast Asia there is a strikingly high incidence of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA--hepatic cancer of the bile duct epithelium), particularly in people from rural settings in Laos and Northeast Thailand who are infected with the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, one of only three carcinogenic eukaryotic pathogens. More ubiquitous carcinogenic microbes, such as Helicobacter pylori, induce cancer in less than 1% of infected people, while as many as one-sixth of people with opisthorchiasis will develop CCA. The mechanisms by which O. viverrini causes cancer are multi-factorial, involving mechanical irritation from the activities and movements of the flukes, immunopathology, dietary nitrosamines and the secretion of parasite proteins that promote a tumourigenic environment. Genomic and proteomic studies of the liver fluke secretome have accelerated the discovery of parasite proteins with known/potential roles in pathogenesis and tumourigenesis, establishing a framework towards understanding, and ultimately preventing, the morbidity and mortality attributed to this highly carcinogenic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Smout
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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Gasser RB, Cantacessi C, Campbell BE, Hofmann A, Otranto D. Major prospects for exploring canine vector borne diseases and novel intervention methods using 'omic technologies. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:53. [PMID: 21489242 PMCID: PMC3095997 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are of major socioeconomic importance worldwide. Although many studies have provided insights into CVBDs, there has been limited exploration of fundamental molecular aspects of most pathogens, their vectors, pathogen-host relationships and disease and drug resistance using advanced, 'omic technologies. The aim of the present article is to take a prospective view of the impact that next-generation, 'omics technologies could have, with an emphasis on describing the principles of transcriptomic/genomic sequencing as well as bioinformatic technologies and their implications in both fundamental and applied areas of CVBD research. Tackling key biological questions employing these technologies will provide a 'systems biology' context and could lead to radically new intervention and management strategies against CVBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Bronwyn E Campbell
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Structural Chemistry Program, Eskitis Institute for Cell & Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bari, Str. prov. le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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