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Pattnaik A, Pati S, Samal SK. Bacteriophage as a potential biotherapeutics to combat present-day crisis of multi-drug resistant pathogens. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37489. [PMID: 39309956 PMCID: PMC11416503 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens to most, if not all, currently available antibacterial agents has become a global threat. As a consequence of the antibiotic resistance epidemic, phage therapy has emerged as a potential alternative to conventional antibiotics. Despite the high therapeutic advantages of phage therapy, they have not yet been successfully used in the clinic due to various limitations of narrow host specificity compared to antibiotics, poor adhesion on biofilm surface, and susceptibility to both human and bacterial defences. This review focuses on the antibacterial effect of bacteriophage and their recent clinical trials with a special emphasis on the underlying mechanism of lytic phage action with the help of endolysin and holin. Furthermore, recent clinical trials of natural and modified endolysins and some marketed products have also been emphasized with future prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Pattnaik
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- KSBT, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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2
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Badawy S, Baka ZAM, Abou-Dobara MI, El-Sayed AKA, Skurnik M. Biological and molecular characterization of fEg-Eco19, a lytic bacteriophage active against an antibiotic-resistant clinical Escherichia coli isolate. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1333-1341. [PMID: 35399144 PMCID: PMC9038960 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of bacteriophages facilitates better understanding of their biology, host specificity, genomic diversity, and adaptation to their bacterial hosts. This, in turn, is important for the exploitation of phages for therapeutic purposes, as the use of uncharacterized phages may lead to treatment failure. The present study describes the isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage effective against the important clinical pathogen Escherichia coli, which shows increasing accumulation of antibiotic resistance. Phage fEg-Eco19, which is specific for a clinical E. coli strain, was isolated from an Egyptian sewage sample. Phage fEg-Eco19 formed clear, sharp-edged, round plaques. Electron microscopy showed that the isolated phage is tailed and therefore belongs to the order Caudovirales, and morphologically, it resembles siphoviruses. The diameter of the icosahedral head of fEg-Eco19 is 68 ± 2 nm, and the non-contractile tail length and diameter are 118 ± 0.2 and 13 ± 0.6 nm, respectively. The host range of the phage was found to be narrow, as it infected only two out of 137 clinical E. coli strains tested. The phage genome is 45,805 bp in length with a GC content of 50.3% and contains 76 predicted genes. Comparison of predicted and experimental restriction digestion patterns allowed rough mapping of the physical ends of the phage genome, which was confirmed using the PhageTerm tool. Annotation of the predicted genes revealed gene products belonging to several functional groups, including regulatory proteins, DNA packaging and phage structural proteins, host lysis proteins, and proteins involved in DNA/RNA metabolism and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Badawy
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517 Egypt
| | - Zakaria A. M. Baka
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517 Egypt
| | - Mohamed I. Abou-Dobara
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517 Egypt
| | - Ahmed K. A. El-Sayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517 Egypt
| | - Mikael Skurnik
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 UH Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Evaluating the potential efficacy and limitations of a phage for joint antibiotic and phage therapy of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2008007118. [PMID: 33649203 PMCID: PMC7958385 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008007118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the potential of a phage, PYOSa, for treating Staphylococcus aureus infections in combination with antibiotics. Population dynamic and genomic analysis identified a limitation and potential liability of using PYOSa for therapy. Due to the production of potentially pathogenic atypical small colony variants, PYOSa alone cannot eliminate S. aureus populations. However, we demonstrate that by following the administration of PYOSa with bactericidal antibiotics, this limitation and potential liability can be addressed. The methods used in this investigation to explore the efficacy of combinations of PYOSa and antibiotics for treating S. aureus infections can be employed to evaluate the clinical potential and facilitate the design of treatment protocols for any bacteria and phage that can be cultured in vitro. In response to increasing frequencies of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, there has been a resurrection of interest in the use of bacteriophage to treat bacterial infections: phage therapy. Here we explore the potential of a seemingly ideal phage, PYOSa, for combination phage and antibiotic treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections. This K-like phage has a broad host range; all 83 tested clinical isolates of S.aureus tested were susceptible to PYOSa. Because of the mode of action of PYOSa, S. aureus is unlikely to generate classical receptor-site mutants resistant to PYOSa; none were observed in the 13 clinical isolates tested. PYOSa kills S. aureus at high rates. On the downside, the results of our experiments and tests of the joint action of PYOSa and antibiotics raise issues that must be addressed before PYOSa is employed clinically. Despite the maintenance of the phage, PYOSa does not clear populations of S. aureus. Due to the ascent of a phenotyically diverse array of small-colony variants following an initial demise, the bacterial populations return to densities similar to that of phage-free controls. Using a combination of mathematical modeling and in vitro experiments, we postulate and present evidence for a mechanism to account for the demise–resurrection dynamics of PYOSa and S. aureus. Critically for phage therapy, our experimental results suggest that treatment with PYOSa followed by bactericidal antibiotics can clear populations of S. aureus more effectively than the antibiotics alone.
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João J, Lampreia J, Prazeres DMF, Azevedo AM. Manufacturing of bacteriophages for therapeutic applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107758. [PMID: 33895333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages, or simply phages, are the most abundant biological entities on Earth. One of the most interesting characteristics of these viruses, which infect and use bacteria as their host organisms, is their high level of specificity. Since their discovery, phages became a tool for the comprehension of basic molecular biology and originated applications in a variety of areas such as agriculture, biotechnology, food safety, veterinary, pollution remediation and wastewater treatment. In particular, phages offer a solution to one of the major problems in public health nowadays, i.e. the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In these situations, the use of virulent phages as therapeutic agents offers an alternative to the classic, antibiotic-based strategies. The development of phage therapies should be accompanied by the improvement of phage biomanufacturing processes, both at laboratory and industrial scales. In this review, we first present some historical and general aspects related with the discovery, usage and biology of phages and provide a brief overview of the most relevant phage therapy applications. Then, we showcase current processes used for the production and purification of phages and future alternatives in development. On the production side, key factors such as the bacterial physiological state, the conditions of phage infection and the operation parameters are described alongside with the different operation modes, from batch to semi-continuous and continuous. Traditional purification methods used in the initial phage isolation steps are then described followed by the presentation of current state-of-the-art purification approaches. Continuous purification of phages is finally presented as a future biomanufacturing trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge João
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - João Lampreia
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Duarte Miguel F Prazeres
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ana M Azevedo
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Tang SS, Biswas SK, Tan WS, Saha AK, Leo BF. Efficacy and potential of phage therapy against multidrug resistant Shigella spp. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6225. [PMID: 30984476 PMCID: PMC6452847 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella-infected bacillary dysentery or commonly known as Shigellosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The gradual emergence of multidrug resistant Shigella spp. has triggered the search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Phage therapy could be one such suitable alternative, given its proven long term safety profile as well as the rapid expansion of phage therapy research. To be successful, phage therapy will need an adequate regulatory framework, effective strategies, the proper selection of appropriate phages, early solutions to overcome phage therapy limitations, the implementation of safety protocols, and finally improved public awareness. To achieve all these criteria and successfully apply phage therapy against multidrug resistant shigellosis, a comprehensive study is required. In fact, a variety of phage-based approaches and products including single phages, phage cocktails, mutated phages, genetically engineered phages, and combinations of phages with antibiotics have already been carried out to test the applications of phage therapy against multidrug resistant Shigella. This review provides a broad survey of phage treatments from past to present, focusing on the history, applications, limitations and effective solutions related to, as well as the prospects for, the use of phage therapy against multidrug resistant Shigella spp. and other multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee-Seong Tang
- Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sudhangshu Kumar Biswas
- Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Islamic University Kushtia, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ananda Kumar Saha
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Bey-Fen Leo
- Central Unit for Advanced Research Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Liana AE, Marquis CP, Gunawan C, Justin Gooding J, Amal R. Antimicrobial activity of T4 bacteriophage conjugated indium tin oxide surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 514:227-233. [PMID: 29268213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the antimicrobial activity of bare and surface functionalized indium tin oxide (ITO) conjugated with T4 bacteriophage towards E. coli. A ∼ 103-fold reduction (99.9%) in the bacterial concentration was achieved within 2 h exposure of E. coli to the bare as well as the amine, carboxylic and methyl functionalized ITO/T4 surfaces. Despite the known differences in bacteriophage loading of these ITO/T4 systems, the almost identical extent of antimicrobial activity of all of the ITO/T4 systems resulted from the release of a comparable amount of infective T4 from the systems. As anticipated, a single dose of immobilized bacteriophage was sufficient to eliminate further surge of bacterial population. Upon the 2 h eradication of the '1st batch' of E. coli population, all of the ITO/T4 systems, each system with 102-fold more suspended bacteriophage (due to propagation of the phage at the expense of the '1st batch' E. coli death), reduced the '2nd batch' of E. coli concentration by ∼104-fold in just 30 min, suggesting the potential of immobilized bacteriophage systems as solution to the issues of antimicrobial agent depletion. All of the ITO/T4 systems maintained their antimicrobial activity in the presence of model food components. The antimicrobial activity was however, affected by pH; at pH 5 whereby the bacteria's growth was physiologically inhibited, generally no reduction in E. coli concentration was detected. The present work provides an understanding of the mode of antimicrobial activity exhibited by an immobilized bacteriophage based substrate and demonstrates efficacy in the presence of food components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayu E Liana
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher P Marquis
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Cindy Gunawan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rose Amal
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Yan G, Liu J, Ma Q, Zhu R, Guo Z, Gao C, Wang S, Yu L, Gu J, Hu D, Han W, Du R, Yang J, Lei L. The N-terminal and central domain of colicin A enables phage lysin to lyse Escherichia coli extracellularly. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 110:1627-1635. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Milo S, Hathaway H, Nzakizwanayo J, Alves DR, Esteban PP, Jones BV, Jenkins ATA. Prevention of encrustation and blockage of urinary catheters by Proteus mirabilis via pH-triggered release of bacteriophage. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:5403-5411. [PMID: 32264080 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01302g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The crystalline biofilms of Proteus mirabilis can seriously complicate the care of patients undergoing long-term indwelling urinary catheterisation. Expression of bacterial urease causes a significant increase in urinary pH, leading to the supersaturation and precipitation of struvite and apatite crystals. These crystals become lodged within the biofilm, resulting in the blockage of urine flow through the catheter. Here, we describe an infection-responsive surface coating for urinary catheters, which releases a therapeutic dose of bacteriophage in response to elevated urinary pH, in order to delay catheter blockage. The coating employs a dual-layered system comprising of a lower hydrogel 'reservoir' layer impregnated with bacteriophage, capped by a 'trigger' layer of the pH-responsive polymer poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (EUDRAGIT®S 100). Evaluation of prototype coatings using a clinically reflective in vitro bladder model system showed that catheter blockage time was doubled (13 h to 26 h (P < 0.05)) under conditions of established infection (108 CFU ml-1) in response to a 'burst-release' of bacteriophage (108 PFU ml-1). Coatings were stable both in the absence of infection, and in the presence of urease-negative bacteria. Quantitative and visual analysis of crystalline biofilm reduction show that bacteriophage constitute a promising strategy for the prevention of catheter blockage, a clinical problem for which there is currently no effective control method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlet Milo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Melo LDR, Oliveira H, Santos SB, Sillankorva S, Azeredo J. Phages Against Infectious Diseases. BIOPROSPECTING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47935-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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10
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Weber-Dąbrowska B, Jończyk-Matysiak E, Żaczek M, Łobocka M, Łusiak-Szelachowska M, Górski A. Bacteriophage Procurement for Therapeutic Purposes. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1177. [PMID: 27570518 PMCID: PMC4981656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages), discovered 100 years ago, are able to infect and destroy only bacterial cells. In the current crisis of antibiotic efficacy, phage therapy is considered as a supplementary or even alternative therapeutic approach. Evolution of multidrug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacterial strains poses a real threat, so it is extremely important to have the possibility to isolate new phages for therapeutic purposes. Our phage laboratory and therapy center has extensive experience with phage isolation, characterization, and therapeutic application. In this article we present current progress in bacteriophages isolation and use for therapeutic purposes, our experience in this field and its practical implications for phage therapy. We attempt to summarize the state of the art: properties of phages, the methods for their isolation, criteria of phage selection for therapeutic purposes and limitations of their use. Perspectives for the use of genetically engineered phages to specifically target bacterial virulence-associated genes are also briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Weber-Dąbrowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland; Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Jończyk-Matysiak
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Żaczek
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Łobocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland; Autonomous Department of Microbial Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life SciencesWarsaw, Poland
| | - Marzanna Łusiak-Szelachowska
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Górski
- Bacteriophage Laboratory, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland; Phage Therapy Unit, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWroclaw, Poland; Department of Clinical Immunology, Transplantation Institute, Medical University of WarsawWarsaw, Poland
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Mateu MG. Assembly, Engineering and Applications of Virus-Based Protein Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 940:83-120. [PMID: 27677510 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-39196-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Viruses and their protein capsids can be regarded as biologically evolved nanomachines able to perform multiple, complex biological functions through coordinated mechano-chemical actions during the infectious cycle. The advent of nanoscience and nanotechnology has opened up, in the last 10 years or so, a vast number of novel possibilities to exploit engineered viral capsids as protein-based nanoparticles for multiple biomedical, biotechnological or nanotechnological applications. This chapter attempts to provide a broad, updated overview on the self-assembly and engineering of virus capsids, and on applications of virus-based nanoparticles. Different sections provide outlines on: (i) the structure, functions and properties of virus capsids; (ii) general approaches for obtaining assembled virus particles; (iii) basic principles and events related to virus capsid self-assembly; (iv) genetic and chemical strategies for engineering virus particles; (v) some applications of engineered virus particles being developed; and (vi) some examples on the engineering of virus particles to modify their physical properties, in order to improve their suitability for different uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio G Mateu
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past decade, several library-based methods have been developed to discover ligands with strong binding affinities for their targets. These methods mimic the natural evolution for screening and identifying ligand-target interactions with specific functional properties. Phage display technology is a well-established method that has been applied to many technological challenges including novel drug discovery. AREAS COVERED This review describes the recent advances in the use of phage display technology for discovering novel bioactive compounds. Furthermore, it discusses the application of this technology to produce proteins and peptides as well as minimize the use of antibodies, such as antigen-binding fragment, single-chain fragment variable or single-domain antibody fragments like VHHs. EXPERT OPINION Advances in screening, manufacturing and humanization technologies demonstrate that phage display derived products can play a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The effects of this technology are inevitable in the development pipeline for bringing therapeutics into the market, and this number is expected to rise significantly in the future as new advances continue to take place in display methods. Furthermore, a widespread application of this methodology is predicted in different medical technological areas, including biosensing, monitoring, molecular imaging, gene therapy, vaccine development and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Omidfar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Biosensor Research Center , Tehran , Iran
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13
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Sarhan WA, Azzazy HME. Phage approved in food, why not as a therapeutic? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 13:91-101. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.990383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Hargreaves KR, Clokie MRJ. Clostridium difficile phages: still difficult? Front Microbiol 2014; 5:184. [PMID: 24808893 PMCID: PMC4009436 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phages that infect Clostridium difficile were first isolated for typing purposes in the 1980s, but their use was short lived. However, the rise of C. difficile epidemics over the last decade has triggered a resurgence of interest in using phages to combat this pathogen. Phage therapy is an attractive treatment option for C. difficile infection, however, developing suitable phages is challenging. In this review we summarize the difficulties faced by researchers in this field, and we discuss the solutions and strategies used for the development of C. difficile phages for use as novel therapeutics. Epidemiological data has highlighted the diversity and distribution of C. difficile, and shown that novel strains continue to emerge in clinical settings. In parallel with epidemiological studies, advances in molecular biology have bolstered our understanding of C. difficile biology, and our knowledge of phage–host interactions in other bacterial species. These three fields of biology have therefore paved the way for future work on C. difficile phages to progress and develop. Benefits of using C. difficile phages as therapeutic agents include the fact that they have highly specific interactions with their bacterial hosts. Studies also show that they can reduce bacterial numbers in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Genetic analysis has revealed the genomic diversity among these phages and provided an insight into their taxonomy and evolution. No strictly virulent C. difficile phages have been reported and this contributes to the difficulties with their therapeutic exploitation. Although treatment approaches using the phage-encoded endolysin protein have been explored, the benefits of using “whole-phages” are such that they remain a major research focus. Whilst we don’t envisage working with C. difficile phages will be problem-free, sufficient study should inform future strategies to facilitate their development to combat this problematic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Hargreaves
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
| | - Martha R J Clokie
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester Leicester, UK
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15
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Oglesby-Sherrouse AG, Djapgne L, Nguyen AT, Vasil AI, Vasil ML. The complex interplay of iron, biofilm formation, and mucoidy affecting antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pathog Dis 2014; 70:307-20. [PMID: 24436170 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic bacterial pathogen that is refractory to a variety of current antimicrobial therapeutic regimens. Complicating treatment for such infections is the ability of P. aeruginosa to form biofilms, as well as several innate and acquired resistance mechanisms. Previous studies suggest iron plays a role in resistance to antimicrobial therapy, including the efficacy of an FDA-approved iron chelator, deferasirox (DSX), or Gallium, an iron analog, in potentiating antibiotic-dependent killing of P. aeruginosa biofilms. Here, we show that iron-replete conditions enhance resistance of P. aeruginosa nonbiofilm growth against tobramycin and tigecycline. Interestingly, the mechanism of iron-enhanced resistance to each of these antibiotics is distinct. Whereas pyoverdine-mediated iron uptake is important for optimal resistance to tigecycline, it does not enhance tobramycin resistance. In contrast, heme supplementation results in increased tobramycin resistance, while having no significant effect on tigecycline resistance. Thus, nonsiderophore bound iron plays an important role in resistance to tobramycin, while pyoverdine increases the ability of P. aeruginosa to resist tigecycline treatment. Lastly, we show that iron increases the minimal concentration of tobramycin, but not tigecycline, required to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilms. Moreover, iron depletion blocks the previous observed induction of biofilm formation by subinhibitory concentrations of tobramycin, suggesting iron and tobramycin signal through overlapping regulatory pathways to affect biofilm formation. These data further support the role of iron in P. aeruginosa antibiotic resistance, providing yet another compelling case for targeting iron acquisition for future antimicrobial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Oglesby-Sherrouse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Peng Y, Jin Y, Lin H, Wang J, Khan MN. Application of the VPp1 bacteriophage combined with a coupled enzyme system in the rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 98:99-104. [PMID: 24440165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For rapid and quantitative detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a method combining the specific lysis of bacteriophages with a bacterial luciferase-flavin mononucleotide:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase bioluminescent system in vitro was developed. A V. parahaemolyticus detection system was established by optimizing three main influencing factors: bacteriophage titer, volume ratio of the bacteriophage to its host bacterium, and lysis time. A standard curve between the number of bacteria and the luminescence intensity of the coupled enzyme system was studied and revealed a good linear relationship. More than 10(7)colony-forming units (cfu)·ml(-1) bacteria in pure culture and >10(8) cfu·ml(-1) bacteria in oyster samples were readily detected without pre-enrichment. Furthermore, >10(0) cfu·ml(-1) bacteria in oyster samples were readily detected after 4h of enrichment culture. Because of its rapid detection, high specificity, and simplicity in operation, this method is an effective tool for detecting living bacteria in food and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yanqiu Jin
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Lin
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingxue Wang
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Muhammad Naseem Khan
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Microbiological Analytical Centre, FMRRC, PCSIR Labs. Complex Karachi, 75280, Pakistan
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Hoe S, Semler DD, Goudie AD, Lynch KH, Matinkhoo S, Finlay WH, Dennis JJ, Vehring R. Respirable Bacteriophages for the Treatment of Bacterial Lung Infections. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2013; 26:317-35. [DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2012.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hoe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G8, Canada
| | - Diana D. Semler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Amanda D. Goudie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Karlene H. Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Sadaf Matinkhoo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G8, Canada
| | - Warren H. Finlay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G8, Canada
| | - Jonathan J. Dennis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Reinhard Vehring
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G8, Canada
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18
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Synergistic action of gentamicin and bacteriophage in a continuous culture population of Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51017. [PMID: 23226451 PMCID: PMC3511404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing frequency of antibiotic resistance and the decreasing frequency of new antibiotics entering the market, interest has returned to developing bacteriophage as a therapeutic agent. Acceptance of phage therapy, however, is limited by the unknown pharmacodynamics of a replicating agent, as well as the potential for the evolution of resistant bacteria. One way to overcome some of these limitations is to incorporate phage and antibiotics into a dual therapy regimen; however, this increases the complexity of the pharmacodynamics. The aim of this study is to develop an experimental system to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of dual phage-drug therapy. A continuous culture system for Staphylococcus aureus is used to simulate the pharmacokinetics of periodic antibiotic dosing alone and in combination with lytic phage. A computer model representation of the system allows further evaluation of the conditions governing the observed pharmacodynamics. The results of this experimental/modeling approach suggest that dual therapy can be more efficacious than single therapies, particularly if there is an overlap in the physiological pathways targeted by the individual agents. In this case, treatment with gentamicin induces a population of cells with a strong aggregation phenotype. These aggregators also have an increased ability to form biofilm, which is a well-known, non-genetic mechanism of drug resistance. However, the aggregators are also more susceptible than the parental strain to the action of the phage. Thus, dual treatment with gentamicin and phage resulted in lower final cell densities than either treatment alone. Unlike in the phage-only treatment, phage-resistant isolates were not detected in the dual treatment.
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19
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Guntupalli R, Sorokulova I, Olsen E, Globa L, Pustovyy O, Moore T, Chin B, Barbaree J, Vodyanoy V. Detection and identification of methicillin resistant and sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus using tandem measurements. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 90:182-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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Bochow S, Elliman J, Owens L. Bacteriophage adenine methyltransferase: a life cycle regulator? Modelled usingVibrio harveyimyovirus like. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1001-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Bochow
- Microbiology and Immunology; James Cook University; Townsville; Qld; Australia
| | - J. Elliman
- Microbiology and Immunology; James Cook University; Townsville; Qld; Australia
| | - L. Owens
- Microbiology and Immunology; James Cook University; Townsville; Qld; Australia
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