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Aakre EK, Aakre KM, Flaatten H, Hufthammer KO, Ranhoff AH, Jammer I. High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T and Frailty Predict Short-Term Mortality in Patients ≥75 Years Undergoing Emergency Abdominal Surgery: A Prospective Observational Study. Anesth Analg 2024; 139:313-322. [PMID: 39008976 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An elevated cardiac troponin concentration is a prognostic factor for perioperative cardiac morbidity and mortality. In elderly patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery, frailty is a recognized risk factor, but little is known about the prognostic value of cardiac troponin in these vulnerable patients. Therefore, we investigated the prognostic significance of elevated high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) concentration and frailty in a cohort of elderly patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. METHODS We included consecutive patients ≥75 years of age who presented for emergency abdominal surgery, defined as abdominal pathology requiring surgery within 72 hours, in a university hospital in Norway. Patients who underwent vascular procedures or palliative surgery for inoperable malignancies were excluded. Preoperatively, frailty was assessed using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), and blood samples were measured for hs-cTnT. We evaluated the predictive power of CFS and hs-cTnT concentrations using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and Cox proportional hazard regression with 30-day mortality as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included (1) a composite of 30-day all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiac event (MACE), defined as myocardial infarction, nonfatal cardiac arrest, or coronary revascularization; and (2) 90-day mortality. RESULTS Of the 210 screened and 156 eligible patients, blood samples were available in 146, who were included. Troponin concentration exceeded the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL) in 83% and 89% of the patients pre- and postoperatively. Of the participants, 53% were classified as vulnerable or frail (CFS ≥4). The 30-day mortality rate was 12% (18 of 146). Preoperatively, a threshold of hs-cTnT ≥34 ng/L independently predicted 30-day mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 3.14, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-9.45), and the composite outcome of 30-day mortality and MACE (HR 2.58, 95% CI, 1.07-6.49). In this model, frailty (continuous CFS score) also independently predicted 30-day mortality (HR 1.42, 95% CI, 1.01-2.00) and 30-day mortality or MACE (HR 1.37, 95% CI, 1.02-1.84). The combination of troponin and frailty, 0.14 × hs-cTnT +4.0 × CFS, yielded apparent superior predictive power (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve [AUC] 0.79, 95% CI, 0.68-0.88), compared to troponin concentration (AUC 0.69, 95% CI, 0.55-0.83) or frailty (AUC 0.69, 95% CI, 0.57-0.82) alone. CONCLUSIONS After emergency abdominal surgery in elderly patients, increased preoperative troponin concentration and frailty were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. The combination of increased troponin concentration and frailty seemed to provide better prognostic information than troponin or frailty alone. These results must be validated in an independent sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Kismul Aakre
- From the Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristin Moberg Aakre
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology
| | - Hans Flaatten
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Ib Jammer
- From the Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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2
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Borges FK, Guerra-Farfan E, Bhandari M, Patel A, Slobogean G, Feibel RJ, Sancheti PK, Tiboni ME, Balaguer-Castro M, Tandon V, Tomas-Hernandez J, Sigamani A, Sigamani A, Szczeklik W, McMahon SJ, Ślęczka P, Ramokgopa MT, Adinaryanan S, Umer M, Jenkinson RJ, Lawendy A, Popova E, Nur AN, Wang CY, Vizcaychipi M, Biccard BM, Ofori S, Spence J, Duceppe E, Marcucci M, Harvey V, Balasubramanian K, Vincent J, Tonelli AC, Devereaux PJ. Myocardial Injury in Patients with Hip Fracture: A HIP ATTACK Randomized Trial Substudy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2024:00004623-990000000-01161. [PMID: 39052767 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.23.01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial injury after a hip fracture is common and has a poor prognosis. Patients with a hip fracture and myocardial injury may benefit from accelerated surgery to remove the physiological stress associated with the hip fracture. This study aimed to determine if accelerated surgery is superior to standard care in terms of the 90-day risk of death in patients with a hip fracture who presented with an elevated cardiac biomarker/enzyme measurement at hospital arrival. METHODS The HIP fracture Accelerated surgical TreaTment And Care tracK (HIP ATTACK) trial was a randomized controlled trial designed to determine whether accelerated surgery for hip fracture was superior to standard care in reducing death or major complications. This substudy is a post-hoc analysis of 1392 patients (from the original study of 2970 patients) who had a cardiac biomarker/enzyme measurement (>99.9% had a troponin measurement and thus "troponin" is the term used throughout the paper) at hospital arrival. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary composite outcome included all-cause mortality and non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and congestive heart failure 90 days after randomization. RESULTS Three hundred and twenty-two (23%) of the 1392 patients had troponin elevation at hospital arrival. Among the patients with troponin elevation, the median time from hip fracture diagnosis to surgery was 6 hours (interquartile range [IQR] = 5 to 13) in the accelerated surgery group and 29 hours (IQR = 19 to 52) in the standard care group. Patients with troponin elevation had a lower risk of mortality with accelerated surgery compared with standard care (17 [10%] of 163 versus 36 [23%] of 159; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.43 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.24 to 0.77]) and a lower risk of the secondary composite outcome (23 [14%] of 163 versus 47 [30%] of 159; HR = 0.43 [95% CI = 0.26 to 0.72]). CONCLUSIONS One in 5 patients with a hip fracture presented with myocardial injury. Accelerated surgery resulted in a lower mortality risk than standard care for these patients; however, these findings need to be confirmed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia K Borges
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ernesto Guerra-Farfan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohit Bhandari
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ameen Patel
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerard Slobogean
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert J Feibel
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital - General Campus, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parag K Sancheti
- Sancheti Institute for Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation & PG College, Pune, India
| | - Maria E Tiboni
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariano Balaguer-Castro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitario, Sabadell, Spain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vikas Tandon
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Alen Sigamani
- Department of Orthopedics, Government TD Medical College, Vandanam, India
| | - Wojciech Szczeklik
- Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Pawel Ślęczka
- Independent Public Health Care Center, SPZOZ Myślenice, Myślenice, Poland
| | - Mmampapatla T Ramokgopa
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - S Adinaryanan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - Masood Umer
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi City, Pakistan
| | - Richard J Jenkinson
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Abdel Lawendy
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekaterine Popova
- The Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aamer Nabi Nur
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Chew Yin Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marcela Vizcaychipi
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine & Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce M Biccard
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Sandra Ofori
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Spence
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Duceppe
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maura Marcucci
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Harvey
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- Department of Statistics, Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Vincent
- Perioperative Medicine and Surgical Research Unit, Population Health Research Institute, David Braley Cardiac, Vascular and Stroke Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Claudia Tonelli
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Unisinos University, São Leopoldo, Brazil
- Internal Medicine Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - P J Devereaux
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Horcicka A, Fischer L, Weigand MA, Larmann J. [Cardiac biomarkers prior to noncardiac surgery]. DIE ANAESTHESIOLOGIE 2024; 73:365-375. [PMID: 38829520 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-024-01417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac biomarkers, such as high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N‑terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are measured perioperatively to improve the prognosis and risk prediction. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC), European Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC) and the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI) have recently published guidelines on the use of cardiac biomarkers prior to surgery. OBJECTIVE/RESEARCH QUESTION This article provides an overview of the available evidence on perioperative troponin and BNP/NT-proBNP measurements. Current guideline recommendations are presented and discussed. MATERIAL AND METHODS MEDLINE, Cochrane and google.scholar were searched for relevant keywords. Titles and abstracts of identified papers were checked for relevance and published results were summarized. Guideline recommendations from the ESC, ESAIC and DGAI are presented, compared and evaluated based on the available literature. In addition, the significance of new perioperative cardiac biomarkers is discussed based on the existing evidence. RESULTS The definitions, diagnosis and management of cardiovascular events in the perioperative context differ from those in the nonsurgical setting. The evidence for the measurement of hs-cTn and BNP/NT-proBNP is evaluated differently in the guidelines and the resulting recommendations are partly contradictory. In particular, recommendations for changes in perioperative management based on biomarker measurements diverge. The ESC guidelines propose an algorithm that uses preoperative biomarkers as the basis for additional cardiac investigations. In particular, invasive coronary angiography is recommended for patients with stable chronic coronary syndrome who have no preoperative cardiac symptoms but elevated biomarkers. In contrast, the ESAIC guidelines emphasize that the available evidence is not sufficient to use perioperative biomarker measurements as a basis for a change in perioperative management. DISCUSSION Treating physicians should coordinate interdisciplinary (surgery, anesthesiology, cardiology) recommendations for clinical practice based on the aforementioned guidelines. If cardiac biomarkers are routinely determined in high-risk patients, this should be done in accordance with the ESC algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Horcicka
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Lilli Fischer
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Markus A Weigand
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Jan Larmann
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, 69120, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
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4
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Bollen Pinto B, Ackland GL. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying increased circulating cardiac troponin in noncardiac surgery: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2024; 132:653-666. [PMID: 38262855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Assay-specific increases in circulating cardiac troponin are observed in 20-40% of patients after noncardiac surgery, depending on patient age, type of surgery, and comorbidities. Increased cardiac troponin is consistently associated with excess morbidity and mortality after noncardiac surgery. Despite these findings, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The majority of interventional trials have been designed on the premise that ischaemic cardiac disease drives elevated perioperative cardiac troponin concentrations. We consider data showing that elevated circulating cardiac troponin after surgery could be a nonspecific marker of cardiomyocyte stress. Elevated concentrations of circulating cardiac troponin could reflect coordinated pathological processes underpinning organ injury that are not necessarily caused by ischaemia. Laboratory studies suggest that matching of coronary artery autoregulation and myocardial perfusion-contraction coupling limit the impact of systemic haemodynamic changes in the myocardium, and that type 2 ischaemia might not be the likeliest explanation for cardiac troponin elevation in noncardiac surgery. The perioperative period triggers multiple pathological mechanisms that might cause cardiac troponin to cross the sarcolemma. A two-hit model involving two or more triggers including systemic inflammation, haemodynamic strain, adrenergic stress, and autonomic dysfunction might exacerbate or initiate acute myocardial injury directly in the absence of cell death. Consideration of these diverse mechanisms is pivotal for the design and interpretation of interventional perioperative trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Bollen Pinto
- Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Gareth L Ackland
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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5
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Souza FD, Barbato KBG, Ferreira VBM, Gualandro DM, Caramelli B. Prognostic value of perioperative high sensitivity troponin in patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2024; 79:100342. [PMID: 38484585 PMCID: PMC10950797 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The authors conducted a prospective observational study to investigate the prognostic value of high-sensitivity Troponin I (hs-TnI) in the short- and long-term periods after orthopedic surgery, including Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty (THA and TKA, respectively), in a tertiary orthopedic center in Brazil. Perioperative Myocardial Injury (PMI) was defined as an absolute increase in hs-TnI of ≥ 26 ng/L above preoperative values. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality assessed at 30 days and 18 months after surgery. The secondary endpoint consisted of a composite outcome: cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction, angina requiring revascularization, and/or stroke. The authors compared Relative Risks (RR) of all-cause mortality and composite outcomes in patients with or without PMI at 30 days and 18 months. A Cox proportional hazards model for long-term outcomes was calculated and adjusted for age > 70 years, gender, and Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) class ≥ 2. PMI occurred in 3.4 % of all surgeries. At 30-days, 6.6 % of patients with PMI had died versus none without PMI. At 18 months, 20.0 % of PMI versus 4.7 % without PMI had died (RR = 5.0; 95 % Confidence Interval [95 % CI 1.3-19.3]). Based on composite outcomes in short and long-term periods, the RRs were 16.2 (95 % CI 2.7-96.5) and 7.7 (95 % CI 2.2-26.6), respectively. PMI was associated with all-cause mortality after 18 months and increased risk for a composite outcome (Hazard Ratio [HR = 3.97], 95 % CI 1.13-13.89 and HR = 5.80, 95 % CI 1.93-17.45, respectively). Patients with PMI who underwent THA or TKA presented worse short- and long-term prognoses compared to those without PMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia Jamil Haddad, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Cardiology Discipline, Departamento de Medicina Especializada (DEMESP), Escola de Medicina e Cirurgia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Danielle Menosi Gualandro
- Cardiology Department and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Caramelli
- Interdisciplinary Medicine in Cardiology Unit, Cardiology Department, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Rostagno C, Craighero A. Postoperative Myocardial Infarction after Non-Cardiac Surgery: An Update. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1473. [PMID: 38592265 PMCID: PMC10932291 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Every year, not less than 300 million non-cardiac surgery interventions are performed in the world. Perioperative mortality after non-cardiac surgery is estimated at 2% in patients over 45 years of age. Cardiovascular events account for half of these deaths, and most are due to perioperative myocardial infarction (MINS). The diagnosis of postoperative myocardial infarction, before the introduction of cardiac biomarkers, was based on symptoms and electrocardiographic changes and its incidence was largely underestimated. The incidence of MINS when a standard troponin assay is used ranges between 8 and 19% but increases to 20-30% with high-sensitivity troponin assays. Higher troponin values suggesting myocardial injury, both with or without a definite diagnosis of myocardial infarction, are associated with an increase in 30-day and 1-year mortality. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Rostagno
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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Wahlstrøm KL, Ekeloef S, Gögenur I, Münster AMB. Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery and per operative fibrin metabolism in patients undergoing hip-fracture surgery: an observational study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2023; 83:299-308. [PMID: 37584362 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2023.2220970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) is associated with a 2-3-fold increased risk of subsequent major cardiovascular events and postoperative mortality. The pathological mechanism behind MINS is not fully uncovered. We hypothesized that patients with MINS following hip fracture surgery would have an altered haemostatic balance pre- and postoperative compared with patients without MINS. This was investigated in a prospective single-centre observational study including patients consecutively. The outcomes were changes in thrombin generation, fibrinogen/fibrin turnover, tissue plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibrin structure measurements in patients developing MINS and patients who did not. Outcomes were measured preoperatively and two hours postoperatively. Seventy-two patients were included whereof 26 (36%) patients developed MINS. D-dimer delta values were significantly higher in patients developing MINS than in patients who did not (p = 0.01). After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, alcohol abuse, atrial fibrillation, anticoagulant medication preoperative CRP, preoperative creatinine and duration of surgery, the association remained significant (p = 0.04). There were no significant changes in thrombin generation, in markers of fibrinogen/fibrin turnover besides D-dimer, or in fibrin structure measurements pre- and postoperatively between patients with and without MINS. As such, a relationship between the coagulative and fibrinolytic activity and MINS cannot be ruled out in patients with MINS after hip fracture surgery. Registration: The study was an observational sub-study to a multicentre randomised clinical trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02344797).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L Wahlstrøm
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Sarah Ekeloef
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Ismail Gögenur
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Denmark
| | - Anna-Marie B Münster
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Regional Hospital West Jutland, Holstebro, Denmark
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Hiraoka E, Tanabe K, Izuta S, Kubota T, Kohsaka S, Kozuki A, Satomi K, Shiomi H, Shinke T, Nagai T, Manabe S, Mochizuki Y, Inohara T, Ota M, Kawaji T, Kondo Y, Shimada Y, Sotomi Y, Takaya T, Tada A, Taniguchi T, Nagao K, Nakazono K, Nakano Y, Nakayama K, Matsuo Y, Miyamoto T, Yazaki Y, Yahagi K, Yoshida T, Wakabayashi K, Ishii H, Ono M, Kishida A, Kimura T, Sakai T, Morino Y. JCS 2022 Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Assessment and Management for Non-Cardiac Surgery. Circ J 2023; 87:1253-1337. [PMID: 37558469 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-22-0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Hiraoka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center
| | - Kengo Tanabe
- Division of Cardiology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital
| | | | - Tadao Kubota
- Department of General Surgery, Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center
| | - Shun Kohsaka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Amane Kozuki
- Division of Cardiology, Osaka Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital
| | | | | | - Toshiro Shinke
- Division of Cardiology, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Toshiyuki Nagai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Susumu Manabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Narita Hospital
| | - Yasuhide Mochizuki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Taku Inohara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Keio University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mitsuhiko Ota
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, Toranomon Hospital
| | | | - Yutaka Kondo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital
| | - Yumiko Shimada
- JADECOM Academy NP·NDC Training Center, Japan Association for Development of Community Medicine
| | - Yohei Sotomi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tomofumi Takaya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Himeji Cardiovascular Center
| | - Atsushi Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Tomohiko Taniguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital
| | - Kazuya Nagao
- Department of Cardiology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital
| | - Kenichi Nakazono
- Department of Pharmacy, St. Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital
| | | | | | - Yuichiro Matsuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hideki Ishii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Minoru Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tetsuro Sakai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Yoshihiro Morino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University
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9
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Kim J, Park J, Kwon JH, Lee JH, Yang K, Min JJ, Lee SC, Park SW, Lee SH. Antiplatelet therapy and long-term mortality in patients with myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery. Open Heart 2023; 10:e002318. [PMID: 37620101 PMCID: PMC10450040 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2023-002318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) has recently been accepted as a common complication associated with increased mortality. However, little is known about the treatment of MINS. The aim of this study was to investigate an association between antiplatelet therapy and long-term mortality after MINS. METHODS From 2010 to 2019, patients with MINS, defined as having a peak high-sensitivity troponin I higher than 40 ng/L within 30 days after non-cardiac surgery, were screened at a tertiary centre. Patients were excluded if they had a history of coronary revascularisation before or during index hospitalisation. Clinical outcomes at 1 year were compared between patients with and without antiplatelet therapy at hospital discharge. The primary outcome was death, and the secondary outcome was major bleeding. RESULTS Of the 3818 eligible patients with MINS, 940 (24.6%) received antiplatelet therapy at hospital discharge. Patients with antiplatelet therapy had a significantly lower mortality at 1 year than those without antiplatelet therapy (7.5% vs 15.9%, adjusted HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.79, p<0.001). A risk of major bleeding at 1 year was not significantly different between the patients with and without antiplatelet therapy (6.6% vs 7.6%, adjusted HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.17, p=0.324). In propensity score-matched analysis of 886 pairs, patients with antiplatelet therapy had a significantly lower risk of 1-year mortality (adjusted HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.73, p<0.001) than those without antiplatelet therapy. CONCLUSIONS In patients with MINS, antiplatelet therapy at discharge was associated with decreased 1-year mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jungchan Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kwon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwangmo Yang
- Centers for Health Promotion, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Jin Min
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Chol Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Woo Park
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hwa Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Wiltse Memorial Hospital, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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10
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Puelacher C, Gualandro DM, Glarner N, Lurati Buse G, Lampart A, Bolliger D, Steiner LA, Grossenbacher M, Burri-Winkler K, Gerhard H, Kappos EA, Clerc O, Biner L, Zivzivadze Z, Kindler C, Hammerer-Lercher A, Filipovic M, Clauss M, Gürke L, Wolff T, Mujagic E, Bilici M, Cardozo FA, Osswald S, Caramelli B, Mueller C. Long-term outcomes of perioperative myocardial infarction/injury after non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:1690-1701. [PMID: 36705050 PMCID: PMC10263270 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Perioperative myocardial infarction/injury (PMI) following non-cardiac surgery is a frequent cardiac complication. Better understanding of the underlying aetiologies and outcomes is urgently needed. METHODS AND RESULTS Aetiologies of PMIs detected within an active surveillance and response programme were centrally adjudicated by two independent physicians based on all information obtained during clinically indicated PMI work-up including cardiac imaging among consecutive high-risk patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery in a prospective multicentre study. PMI aetiologies were hierarchically classified into 'extra-cardiac' if caused by a primarily extra-cardiac disease such as severe sepsis or pulmonary embolism; and 'cardiac', further subtyped into type 1 myocardial infarction (T1MI), tachyarrhythmia, acute heart failure (AHF), or likely type 2 myocardial infarction (lT2MI). Major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) including acute myocardial infarction, AHF (both only from day 3 to avoid inclusion bias), life-threatening arrhythmia, and cardiovascular death as well as all-cause death were assessed during 1-year follow-up. Among 7754 patients (age 45-98 years, 45% women), PMI occurred in 1016 (13.1%). At least one MACE occurred in 684/7754 patients (8.8%) and 818/7754 patients died (10.5%) within 1 year. Outcomes differed starkly according to aetiology: in patients with extra-cardiac PMI, T1MI, tachyarrhythmia, AHF, and lT2MI 51%, 41%, 57%, 64%, and 25% had MACE, and 38%, 27%, 40%, 49%, and 17% patients died within 1 year, respectively, compared to 7% and 9% in patients without PMI. These associations persisted in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION At 1 year, most PMI aetiologies have unacceptably high rates of MACE and all-cause death, highlighting the urgent need for more intensive treatments. STUDY REGISTRATION https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02573532.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Puelacher
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Danielle M Gualandro
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, Unidade de Medicina Interdisciplinar em Cardiologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Giovanna Lurati Buse
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Lampart
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bolliger
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luzius A Steiner
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mario Grossenbacher
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Burri-Winkler
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hatice Gerhard
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth A Kappos
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Clerc
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Laura Biner
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Zaza Zivzivadze
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kindler
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | | | - Miodrag Filipovic
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martin Clauss
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Center for Musculoskeletal Infections, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gürke
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wolff
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edin Mujagic
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Murat Bilici
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francisco A Cardozo
- Department of Cardiology, Unidade de Medicina Interdisciplinar em Cardiologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefan Osswald
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Caramelli
- Department of Cardiology, Unidade de Medicina Interdisciplinar em Cardiologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christian Mueller
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
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11
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El Gallazzi N, Mhani H, Lahnaoui F, Amlouk N, El Boussaadani B, Raissouni Z. L'infarctus du myocarde type 2. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2023; 72:101604. [PMID: 37187109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2023.101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 MI is a category of myocardial infarction according to the UDMI, frequently encountered in routine practice but still poorly understood in terms of prevalence, diagnostic and therapeutic approach, it affects a heterogeneous population at high risk of major cardiovascular events and non-cardiac death. It is due to an inadequacy between oxygen supply and demand in the absence of a primary coronary event, e.g. coronary artery spasm, coronary embolism, anemia, arrhythmias, hypertension or hypotension. Diagnosis has traditionally required an integrated history assessment, with some combination of indirect evidence of myocardial necrosis based on biochemical, electrocardiographic, and imaging modalities. Differentiation between type 1 and type 2 MI is more complicated than it appears. Treatment of the underlying pathology is the primary goal of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomidia El Gallazzi
- Université de medecine abdelmalek essadi-Centre universitaire mohammed VI tanger tetouan al hoceima, Maroc.
| | - Hafida Mhani
- Université de medecine abdelmalek essadi-Centre universitaire mohammed VI tanger tetouan al hoceima, Maroc.
| | - Fadoua Lahnaoui
- Université de medecine abdelmalek essadi-Centre universitaire mohammed VI tanger tetouan al hoceima, Maroc.
| | - Nazha Amlouk
- Université de medecine abdelmalek essadi-Centre universitaire mohammed VI tanger tetouan al hoceima, Maroc.
| | - Badr El Boussaadani
- Université de medecine abdelmalek essadi-Centre universitaire mohammed VI tanger tetouan al hoceima, Maroc.
| | - Zainab Raissouni
- Université de medecine abdelmalek essadi-Centre universitaire mohammed VI tanger tetouan al hoceima, Maroc.
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12
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Bello C, Rössler J, Shehata P, Smilowitz NR, Ruetzler K. Perioperative strategies to reduce risk of myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS): A narrative review. J Clin Anesth 2023; 87:111106. [PMID: 36931053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2023.111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial injury is a frequent complication of surgical patients after having non-cardiac surgery that is strongly associated with perioperative mortality. While intraoperative anesthesia-related deaths are exceedingly rare, about 1% of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery die within the first 30 postoperative days. Given the number of surgeries performed annually, death following surgery is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) is defined as an elevation in troponin concentrations within 30 days postoperatively. Although typically asymptomatic, patients with MINS suffer myocardial damage and have a 10% risk of death within 30 days after surgery and excess risks of mortality that persist during the first postoperative year. Many factors for the development of MINS are non-modifiable, such as preexistent coronary artery disease. Preventive measures, systematic approaches to surveillance and treatment standards are still lacking, however many factors are modifiable and should be considered in clinical practice: the importance of hemodynamic control, adequate oxygen supply, metabolic homeostasis, the use of perioperative medications such as statins, anti-thrombotic agents, beta-blockers, or anti-inflammatory agents, as well as some evidence regarding the choice of sedative and analgesic for anesthesia are discussed. Also, as age and complexity in comorbidities of the surgical patient population increase, there is an urgent need to identify patients at risk for MINS and develop prevention and treatment strategies. In this review, we provide an overview of current screening standards and promising preventive options in the perioperative setting and address knowledge gaps requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Bello
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julian Rössler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Peter Shehata
- Department of General Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel R Smilowitz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America; Cardiology Section, Department of Medicine, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kurt Ruetzler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Department of General Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
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13
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Álvarez-Garcia J, Popova E, Vives-Borrás M, de Nadal M, Ordonez-Llanos J, Rivas-Lasarte M, Moustafa AH, Solé-González E, Paniagua-Iglesias P, Garcia-Moll X, Viladés-Medel D, Leta-Petracca R, Oristrell G, Zamora J, Ferreira-González I, Alonso-Coello P, Carreras-Costa F. Myocardial injury after major non-cardiac surgery evaluated with advanced cardiac imaging: a pilot study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:78. [PMID: 36765313 PMCID: PMC9911951 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) is a frequent complication caused by cardiac and non-cardiac pathophysiological mechanisms, but often it is subclinical. MINS is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, justifying the need to its diagnose and the investigation of their causes for its potential prevention. METHODS Prospective, observational, pilot study, aiming to detect MINS, its relationship with silent coronary artery disease and its effect on future adverse outcomes in patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery and without postoperative signs or symptoms of myocardial ischemia. MINS was defined by a high-sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) concentration > 14 ng/L at 48-72 h after surgery and exceeding by 50% the preoperative value; controls were the operated patients without MINS. Within 1-month after discharge, cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were performed in MINS and control subjects. Significant coronary artery disease (CAD) was defined by a CAD-RADS category ≥ 3. The primary outcomes were prevalence of CAD among MINS and controls and incidence of major cardiovascular events (MACE) at 1-year after surgery. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of individual MACE components and mortality. RESULTS We included 52 MINS and 12 controls. The small number of included patients could be attributed to the study design complexity and the dates of later follow-ups (amid COVID-19 waves). Significant CAD by CCTA was equally found in 20 MINS and controls (30% vs 33%, respectively). Ischemic patterns (n = 5) and ischemic segments (n = 2) depicted by cardiac MRI were only observed in patients with MINS. One-year MACE were also only observed in MINS patients (15.4%). CONCLUSION This study with advanced imaging methods found a similar CAD frequency in MINS and control patients, but that cardiac ischemic findings by MRI and worse prognosis were only observed in MINS patients. Our results, obtained in a pilot study, suggest the need of further, extended studies that screened systematically MINS and evaluated its relationship with cardiac ischemia and poor outcomes. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03438448 (19/02/2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Álvarez-Garcia
- grid.411347.40000 0000 9248 5770Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, M-607, 9,100, 28034 Madrid, Spain ,grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.512890.7Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovaculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ekaterine Popova
- IIB SANT PAU, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 77, 08041, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro Cochrane Iberoamericano, Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Vives-Borrás
- grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.507085.fFundació Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Department of Cardiology, Carretera de Valldemossa, 79, 07120 Palma, Balearic Islands Spain ,grid.411164.70000 0004 1796 5984Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Carretera de Valldemossa, 79, Palma, Illes Balears Spain
| | - Miriam de Nadal
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 119, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Ordonez-Llanos
- grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Department of Biochemistry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain ,Foundation for Clinical Biochemistry & Molecular Pathology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rivas-Lasarte
- grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.73221.350000 0004 1767 8416Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, C. Joaquín Rodrigo, 1, 28222 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abdel-Hakim Moustafa
- grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Solé-González
- grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.410458.c0000 0000 9635 9413Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, C. de Villarroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Paniagua-Iglesias
- grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Garcia-Moll
- grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Viladés-Medel
- grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Leta-Petracca
- grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Oristrell
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Zamora
- grid.411347.40000 0000 9248 5770Clinical Biostatistics Unit, IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, M-607, 9,100, 28034 Madrid, Spain ,grid.466571.70000 0004 1756 6246CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ferreira-González
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 119, 08035 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.466571.70000 0004 1756 6246CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Alonso-Coello
- IIB SANT PAU, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 77, 08041 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.466571.70000 0004 1756 6246CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Carreras-Costa
- grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Quintí 89, 08026 Barcelona, Spain ,grid.512890.7Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovaculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Oh AR, Park J, Shin SJ, Choi B, Lee JH, Lee SH, Yang K. Prediction model for myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery using machine learning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1475. [PMID: 36702844 PMCID: PMC9879966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26617-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) is strongly associated with postoperative outcomes. We developed a prediction model for MINS and have provided it online. Between January 2010 and June 2019, a total of 6811 patients underwent non-cardiac surgery with normal preoperative level of cardiac troponin (cTn). We used machine learning techniques with an extreme gradient boosting algorithm to evaluate the effects of variables on MINS development. We generated two prediction models based on the top 12 and 6 variables. MINS was observed in 1499 (22.0%) patients. The top 12 variables in descending order according to the effects on MINS are preoperative cTn level, intraoperative inotropic drug infusion, operation duration, emergency operation, operation type, age, high-risk surgery, body mass index, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, intraoperative red blood cell transfusion, and current alcoholic use. The prediction models are available at https://sjshin.shinyapps.io/mins_occur_prediction/ . The estimated thresholds were 0.47 in 12-variable models and 0.53 in 6-variable models. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves are 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77-0.78) and 0.77 (95% CI 0.77-0.78), respectively, with an accuracy of 0.97 for both models. Using machine learning techniques, we demonstrated prediction models for MINS. These models require further verification in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Ran Oh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jungchan Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Jeong Shin
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byungjin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwa Lee
- Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Rehabilitation & Prevention Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Kwangmo Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
- Center for Health Promotion, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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15
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Perioperative troponin surveillance in major noncardiac surgery: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2023; 130:21-28. [PMID: 36464518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial injury is now an acknowledged complication in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Heterogeneity in the definitions of myocardial injury contributes to difficulty in evaluating the value of cardiac troponins (cTns) measurement in perioperative care. Pre-, post-, and peri-operatively increased cTns are encompassed by the umbrella term 'myocardial injury' and are likely to reflect different pathophysiological mechanisms. Increased cTns are independently associated with cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular complications, poor short-term and long-term cardiovascular outcomes, and increased mortality. Preoperative measurement of cTns aids preoperative risk stratification beyond the Revised Cardiac Risk Index. Systematic measurement detects acute perioperative increases and allows early identification of acute myocardial injury. Common definitions and standards for reporting are a prerequisite for designing impactful future trials and perioperative management strategies.
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16
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Kiefer J, Mazzeffi M. Complications of Vascular Disease. Anesthesiol Clin 2022; 40:587-604. [PMID: 36328617 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vascular diseases and their sequelae increase perioperative risk for noncardiac surgical patients. In this review, the authors discuss vascular diseases, their epidemiology and pathophysiology, risk stratification, and management strategies to reduce adverse perioperative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Kiefer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania - Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Suite 680 Dulles Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Mazzeffi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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17
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Postoperative myocardial injury and platelet reactivity in patients undergoing vascular surgery: The platelet reactivity and postoperative myocardial injury after major vascular surgery (PROMISE) study. Thromb Res 2022; 218:177-185. [PMID: 36057168 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative myocardial injury (PMI) after major vascular surgery, detected by elevated cardiac troponin (cTn), has been associated with morbidity and mortality. It is unclear whether the pathophysiology of PMI is determined by increased platelet activity. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between platelet activation (P-selectin expression) and PMI in patients undergoing elective open abdominal aortic surgery. METHODS This prospective, single-centre, observational, cohort study included 33 patients undergoing elective open abdominal aortic surgery between March 2018 and April 2021. Patients were routinely treated with aspirin. Unstimulated platelet activation was measured by platelet bound P-selectin expression (range 0-100 %). Explorative coagulation measurements were: stimulated platelet aggregation measured with the VerifyNow® assay (aspirin cartridge), with the Multiplate® analyzer (ASPI, ADP and TRAP) and stimulated coagulation status evaluated by the TEG® Hemostasis Analyzer System (global hemostasis cartridge). The primary outcome was cTn release assessed by the fifth generation high-sensitive cTn assay. Multivariable generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate the association between platelet function and cTn concentrations over time. RESULTS Ten patients (30.3 %) developed PMI. Increased P-selectin expression directly after surgery was associated with the cTn concentrations over 48 h (β = 1.39 (1.1-1.75), P = 0.0064). No association was found between P-selectin measured later after surgery (at 24 h or 48 h) and cTn concentrations. Furthermore, there was no association between the explorative coagulation parameters and cTn release. CONCLUSION Platelet reactivity, assessed by P-selectin expression measured directly after surgery is associated with PMI, assessed by elevated cTn concentrations in the early postoperative period in patients undergoing elective open abdominal aortic surgery.
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18
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Owen A, Patel JM, Parekh D, Bangash MN. Mechanisms of Post-critical Illness Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:854421. [PMID: 35911546 PMCID: PMC9334745 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.854421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged critical care stays commonly follow trauma, severe burn injury, sepsis, ARDS, and complications of major surgery. Although patients leave critical care following homeostatic recovery, significant additional diseases affect these patients during and beyond the convalescent phase. New cardiovascular and renal disease is commonly seen and roughly one third of all deaths in the year following discharge from critical care may come from this cluster of diseases. During prolonged critical care stays, the immunometabolic, inflammatory and neurohumoral response to severe illness in conjunction with resuscitative treatments primes the immune system and parenchymal tissues to develop a long-lived pro-inflammatory and immunosenescent state. This state is perpetuated by persistent Toll-like receptor signaling, free radical mediated isolevuglandin protein adduct formation and presentation by antigen presenting cells, abnormal circulating HDL and LDL isoforms, redox and metabolite mediated epigenetic reprogramming of the innate immune arm (trained immunity), and the development of immunosenescence through T-cell exhaustion/anergy through epigenetic modification of the T-cell genome. Under this state, tissue remodeling in the vascular, cardiac, and renal parenchymal beds occurs through the activation of pro-fibrotic cellular signaling pathways, causing vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis, adverse cardiac remodeling and dysfunction, and proteinuria and accelerated chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Owen
- Department of Critical Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jaimin M. Patel
- Department of Critical Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dhruv Parekh
- Department of Critical Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mansoor N. Bangash
- Department of Critical Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Mansoor N. Bangash
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Korsgaard S, Schmidt M, Maeng M, Jakobsen L, Pedersen L, Christiansen CF, Sørensen HT. Long-Term Outcomes of Perioperative Versus Nonoperative Myocardial Infarction: A Danish Population-Based Cohort Study (2000–2016). Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2022; 15:e008212. [DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.121.008212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Perioperative myocardial infarction is a serious cardiovascular complication of noncardiac surgery. The clinical course of perioperative myocardial infarction, other than all-cause mortality, is largely unknown. We examined long-term fatal and nonfatal outcomes of perioperative myocardial infarction compared with nonoperative myocardial infarction.
Methods:
We conducted a population-based cohort study of first-time myocardial infarction in Denmark from 2000 to 2016. We calculated cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, venous thromboembolism, acute kidney injury, and kidney failure with replacement therapy. We computed 5-year risk ratios adjusted for age, sex, year of diagnosis, educational level, and comorbidities.
Results:
We identified 5068 patients with perioperative myocardial infarction and 137 862 patients with nonoperative myocardial infarction. The 5-year risk of all-cause mortality was 67.5% (95% CI, 66.1%–69.0%) for perioperative myocardial infarction patients and 38.0% (95% CI, 37.7%–38.3%) for nonoperative myocardial infarction patients. The adjusted risk ratio of all-cause mortality was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.11–1.16) at 5 years. After adjustment, we found no association between patients with perioperative myocardial infarction and 5-year cardiac mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, or kidney failure with replacement therapy when compared with nonoperative myocardial infarction patients. Perioperative myocardial infarction patients had a higher relative risk of venous thromboembolism (5-year risk ratio, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.01–1.46]) and acute kidney injury (5-year risk ratio, 1.37 [95% CI, 1.22–1.53]).
Conclusions:
Compared with nonoperative myocardial infarction patients, perioperative myocardial infarction patients had elevated risk of all-cause mortality, venous thromboembolism, and acute kidney failure. In addition to the myocardial infarction component of perioperative myocardial infarction, this poor prognosis seemed associated with the surgery or underlying comorbidities. These findings warrant further research on strategies to reduce the risk of perioperative myocardial infarction and on strategies to manage perioperative myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Korsgaard
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. (S.K., M.S., L.P., C.F.C., H.T.S.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark (S.K., M.S., M.M., L.J., L.P., C.F.C., H.T.S.)
| | - Morten Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. (S.K., M.S., L.P., C.F.C., H.T.S.)
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. (M.S., M.M., L.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark (S.K., M.S., M.M., L.J., L.P., C.F.C., H.T.S.)
| | - Michael Maeng
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. (M.S., M.M., L.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark (S.K., M.S., M.M., L.J., L.P., C.F.C., H.T.S.)
| | - Lars Jakobsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. (M.S., M.M., L.J.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark (S.K., M.S., M.M., L.J., L.P., C.F.C., H.T.S.)
| | - Lars Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. (S.K., M.S., L.P., C.F.C., H.T.S.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark (S.K., M.S., M.M., L.J., L.P., C.F.C., H.T.S.)
| | - Christian Fynbo Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. (S.K., M.S., L.P., C.F.C., H.T.S.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark (S.K., M.S., M.M., L.J., L.P., C.F.C., H.T.S.)
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. (S.K., M.S., L.P., C.F.C., H.T.S.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark (S.K., M.S., M.M., L.J., L.P., C.F.C., H.T.S.)
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20
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Gao L, Chen L, He J, Wang B, Liu C, Wang R, Fan L, Cheng R. Perioperative Myocardial Injury/Infarction After Non-cardiac Surgery in Elderly Patients. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:910879. [PMID: 35665266 PMCID: PMC9160386 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.910879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, we have entered an aging society. Many diseases suffered by the elderly, such as malignant tumors, cardiovascular diseases, fractures, surgical emergencies and so on, need surgical intervention. With the improvement of Geriatrics, surgical minimally invasive technology and anesthesia level, more and more elderly patients can safely undergo surgery. Elderly surgical patients are often complicated with a variety of chronic diseases, and the risk of postoperative myocardial injury/infarction (PMI) is high. PMI is considered to be the increase of cardiac troponin caused by perioperative ischemia, which mostly occurs during operation or within 30 days after operation, which can increase the risk of short-term and long-term death. Therefore, it is suggested to screen troponin in elderly patients during perioperative period, timely identify patients with postoperative myocardial injury and give appropriate treatment, so as to improve the prognosis. The pathophysiological mechanism of PMI is mainly due to the increase of myocardial oxygen consumption and / the decrease of myocardial oxygen supply. Preoperative and postoperative risk factors of myocardial injury can be induced by mismatch of preoperative and postoperative oxygen supply. The treatment strategy should first control the risk factors and use the drugs recommended in the guidelines for treatment. Application of cardiovascular drugs, such as antiplatelet β- Receptor blockers, statins and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors can effectively improve postoperative myocardial ischemia. However, the risk of perioperative bleeding should be fully considered before using antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. This review is intended to describe the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, risk factors, prognosis and treatment of postoperative myocardial infarction /injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linggen Gao
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Fan
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
- Rui Cheng
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21
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Patient- and procedure-related factors in the pathophysiology of perioperative myocardial infarction/injury. Int J Cardiol 2022; 353:15-21. [PMID: 35026340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative myocardial infarction/injury (PMI) is a frequent, often missed and incompletely understood complication of noncardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether patient- or procedure-related factors are more strongly associated to the development of PMI in patients undergoing repeated noncardiac surgery. METHODS In this prospective observational study, patient- and procedure-related factors were evaluated for contribution to PMI using: 1) logistic regression modelling with PMI as primary endpoint, 2) evaluation of concordance of PMI occurrence in the first and the second noncardiac surgery (surgery 1 and 2). and 3) the correlation of the extent of cardiomyocyte injury quantified by high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T between surgery 1 and 2. The secondary endpoint was all-cause mortality associated with PMI reoccurrence in surgery 2. RESULTS Among 784 patients undergoing repeated noncardiac surgery (in total 1'923 surgical procedures), 116 patients (14.8%) experienced PMI during surgery 1. Among these, PMI occurred again in surgery 2 in 35/116 (30.2%) patients. However, the vast majority of patients developing PMI during surgery 2 (96/131, 73.3%) had not developed PMI during surgery 1 (phi-coefficient 0.150, p < 0.001). The correlation between the extent of cardiomyocyte injury occurring during surgery 1 and 2 was 0.153. All-cause mortality following a second PMI in surgery 2 was dependent on time since surgery (adjusted hazard ratio 5.6 within 30 days and 2.4 within 360 days). CONCLUSIONS In high-risk patients, procedural factors are more strongly associated with occurrence of PMI than patient factors, but patient factors are also contributors to the occurrence of PMI.
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22
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Gao L, Chen L, Wang B, He J, Liu C, Wang R, Cheng R. Management of Postoperative Myocardial Injury After Non-cardiac Surgery in Patients Aged ≥ 80 Years: Our 10 Years' Experience. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:869243. [PMID: 35497998 PMCID: PMC9043516 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.869243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPostoperative myocardial injury (PMI) is associated with short- and long-term mortality. The incidence of PMI in very old patients is currently unknown. There is currently neither known effective prophylaxis nor a uniform strategy for the elderly with PMI.ObjectiveTo share our 10 years of experience in the comprehensive management of PMI after non-cardiac surgery in patients aged ≥ 80 years.MethodsIn this case series, we retrospectively collected and assessed the 2,984 cases aged ≥ 80 years who accepted non-cardiac surgery from 2011 to 2021 at the second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital. The incidence, risk factors, management strategy, and prognosis of surgical patients with PMI were analyzed.ResultsA total of 2,984 patients met our inclusion criteria. The overall incidence of PMI was 14%. In multivariable analysis, coronary artery disease, chronic heart failure, and hypotension were independently associated with the development of PMI. The patients with PMI were at a higher risk of death (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.78–3.65). They were more likely to have received low molecular heparin, anti-plantlet therapy, beta-blocker, early coronary angiography, and statin than patients without PMI. The 30-day (0.96% vs. 0.35%; OR 3.46; 95% CI, 1.49–7.98; P < 0.001) and 1-year mortality (5.37% vs. 2.60%; OR 2.35; 95% CI, 1.12–6.53; P < 0.001) was significantly higher in patients with PMI compared with those without PMI.ConclusionsThe incidence of PMI in very old patients was high. The PMI is associated with an increased risk of 30 days and 1-year mortality. These patients can benefit from intensification of assessment and individualized care of multi-morbidities during the perioperative period. Especially cardiovascular medical treatments, such as antiplatelet, anticoagulation, β-blockers, and statins are very important for patients with PMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linggen Gao
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Rong Wang
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Comprehensive Surgery, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, China
- Rui Cheng
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23
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Hu J, Geng Y, Ma J, Dong X, Fang S, Tian J. The Best Evidence for the Prevention and Management of Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis After Gynecological Malignant Tumor Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Front Surg 2022; 9:841275. [PMID: 35392060 PMCID: PMC8980406 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.841275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To search and obtain the relevant evidence of prevention and management of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after gynecological malignant tumor operation and to summarize the relevant evidence. Methods We searched the JBI evidence summary, up to date, the national comprehensive cancer network of the United States, the guide library of the National Institute of clinical medicine of the United Kingdom, PubMed, the Chinese biomedical literature database, CNKI, Wanfang, and other relevant evidence on the prevention and management of DVT in patients with gynecological malignant tumors. It includes clinical practice guidelines, best practice information book, expert consensus, evidence summary, original research, etc. The retrieval time limit is from database establishment till August 20, 2021. Two researchers independently evaluated the literature quality, combined with professional judgment, and extracted the literature that met the standards. Results Finally, 18 literatures were included, including eight guidelines, three evidence summaries, four systematic evaluations, two expert consensuses, and one best practice information volume. A total of 26 pieces of the best evidence on the prevention and management of postoperative venous thrombosis in gynecological malignant tumors were summarized. It includes risk assessment, drug prevention, mechanical prevention, management strategy, and health education. Conclusion This study summarized the best evidence of risk, prevention, and health management of DVT in postoperative patients with gynecological malignant tumors to provide evidence-based basis for clinical nurses and to improve the nursing level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Hu
- College of Nursing, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Yidan Geng
- College of Nursing, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Jingyi Ma
- College of Nursing, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Xuefan Dong
- College of Nursing, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Shuqin Fang
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Jianli Tian
- College of Nursing, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
- *Correspondence: Jianli Tian
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24
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Arslani K, Gualandro DM, Puelacher C, Lurati Buse G, Lampart A, Bolliger D, Schulthess D, Glarner N, Hidvegi R, Kindler C, Blum S, Cardozo FAM, Caramelli B, Gürke L, Wolff T, Mujagic E, Schaeren S, Rikli D, Campos CA, Fahrni G, Kaufmann BA, Haaf P, Zellweger MJ, Kaiser C, Osswald S, Steiner LA, Mueller C. Cardiovascular imaging following perioperative myocardial infarction/injury. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4447. [PMID: 35292719 PMCID: PMC8924205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients developing perioperative myocardial infarction/injury (PMI) have a high mortality. PMI work-up and therapy remain poorly defined. This prospective multicenter study included high-risk patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery within a systematic PMI screening and clinical response program. The frequency of cardiovascular imaging during PMI work-up and its yield for possible type 1 myocardial infarction (T1MI) was assessed. Automated PMI detection triggered evaluation by the treating physician/cardiologist, who determined selection/timing of cardiovascular imaging. T1M1 was considered with the presence of a new wall motion abnormality within 30 days in transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), a new scar or ischemia within 90 days in myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), and Ambrose-Type II or complex lesions within 7 days of PMI in coronary angiography (CA). In patients with PMI, 21% (268/1269) underwent at least one cardiac imaging modality. TTE was used in 13% (163/1269), MPI in 3% (37/1269), and CA in 5% (68/1269). Cardiology consultation was associated with higher use of cardiovascular imaging (27% versus 13%). Signs indicative of T1MI were found in 8% of TTE, 46% of MPI, and 63% of CA. Most patients with PMI did not undergo any cardiovascular imaging within their PMI work-up. If performed, MPI and CA showed high yield for signs indicative of T1MI.Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02573532 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketina Arslani
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danielle M Gualandro
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Unidade de Medicina Interdisciplinar em Cardiologia, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Christian Puelacher
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Lurati Buse
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lampart
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bolliger
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Schulthess
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Noemi Glarner
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reka Hidvegi
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kindler
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Blum
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francisco A M Cardozo
- Unidade de Medicina Interdisciplinar em Cardiologia, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Caramelli
- Unidade de Medicina Interdisciplinar em Cardiologia, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorenz Gürke
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wolff
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edin Mujagic
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schaeren
- Department of Spinal Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rikli
- Department Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Campos
- Unidade de Medicina Interdisciplinar em Cardiologia, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gregor Fahrni
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat A Kaufmann
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philip Haaf
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Zellweger
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kaiser
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Osswald
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luzius A Steiner
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Mueller
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Loft FC, Rasmussen SM, Elvekjaer M, Haahr‐Raunkjaer C, Sørensen HBD, Aasvang EK, Meyhoff CS. Continuously monitored vital signs for detection of myocardial injury in high-risk patients - An observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2022; 66:674-683. [PMID: 35247272 PMCID: PMC9314636 DOI: 10.1111/aas.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients are at risk of myocardial injury after major non‐cardiac surgery and during acute illness. Myocardial injury is associated with mortality, but often asymptomatic and currently detected through intermittent cardiac biomarker screening. This delays diagnosis, where vital signs deviations may serve as a proxy for early signs of myocardial injury. This study aimed to assess the association between continuous monitored vital sign deviations and subsequent myocardial injury following major abdominal cancer surgery and during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Methods Patients undergoing major abdominal cancer surgery or admitted with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had daily troponin measurements. Continuous wireless monitoring of several vital signs was performed for up to 96 h after admission or surgery. The primary exposure was cumulative duration of peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) below 85% in the 24 h before the primary outcome of myocardial injury, defined as a new onset ischaemic troponin elevation assessed daily. If no myocardial injury occurred, the primary exposure was based on the first 24 h of measurement. Results A total of 662 patients were continuously monitored and 113 (17%) had a myocardial injury. Cumulative duration of SpO2 < 85% was significantly associated with myocardial injury (mean difference 14.2 min [95% confidence interval −4.7 to 33.1 min]; p = .005). Durations of hypoxaemia (SpO2 < 88% and SpO2 < 80%), tachycardia (HR > 110 bpm and HR > 130 bpm) and tachypnoea (RR > 24 min−1 and RR > 30 min−1) were also significantly associated with myocardial injury (p < .04, for all). Conclusion Duration of severely low SpO2 detected by continuous wireless monitoring is significantly associated with myocardial injury in high‐risk patients admitted to hospital wards. The effect of early detection and interventions should be assessed next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik C. Loft
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Søren M. Rasmussen
- Digital Health Section Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mikkel Elvekjaer
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Anaesthesiology Centre for Cancer and Organ Diseases Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Camilla Haahr‐Raunkjaer
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Anaesthesiology Centre for Cancer and Organ Diseases Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Helge B. D. Sørensen
- Digital Health Section Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Eske K. Aasvang
- Department of Anaesthesiology Centre for Cancer and Organ Diseases Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christian S. Meyhoff
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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26
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Buse GL, Matot I. Pro-Con Debate: Cardiac Troponin Measurement as Part of Routine Follow-up of Myocardial Damage Following Noncardiac Surgery. Anesth Analg 2022; 134:257-265. [PMID: 35030121 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Elevated troponin levels within 3 days of surgery, independent of the presence of symptoms, are strongly linked to increased risk of short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. However, the value of screening with troponin measurements is controversial. The Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines on perioperative cardiac risk assessment and management for patients who undergo noncardiac surgery recommends measuring daily troponin for 48 to 72 hours after surgery in high-risk patients. Nevertheless, others doubt this recommendation, in part because postoperative elevated levels of troponin describe very little in terms of disease or event-specific pathogenesis and etiology, and thus, tailoring an intervention remains a challenge. This Pro-Con debate offers evidence-based data to stimulate physician understanding of daily practice and its significance in this matter, and assist in determining whether to use (Pro) or not to use (Con) this surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Lurati Buse
- From the Anesthesiology Department, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Idit Matot
- Division of Anesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Management, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: facts, fallacies and how to approach clinically. Curr Opin Crit Care 2021; 27:670-675. [PMID: 34520410 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0000000000000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute myocardial injury occurs commonly during perioperative care. There is still considerable confusion regarding its diagnosis and definition, and a lack of consensus on who and how to screen, exacerbated by a lack of studies addressing how to manage patients with detected myocardial injury. RECENT FINDINGS Far from a benign biochemical anomaly, myocardial injury occurring perioperatively is largely a silent disease and is not necessarily because of ischaemia. Preoperative, postoperative, and perioperative changes in cardiac troponins (cTns) are independently associated with increased mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Routine screening with cTns is required for reliable detection of myocardial injury. Measurement of changes (from preoperative to postoperative) will detect acute events as well as identify patients with chronic troponin increases. SUMMARY This review aims to bring together current literature regarding myocardial injury that is detected perioperatively, identifies knowledge gaps for future research and provides suggestions for management.
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Park J, Lee JH. Myocardial injury in noncardiac surgery. Korean J Anesthesiol 2021; 75:4-11. [PMID: 34657407 PMCID: PMC8831428 DOI: 10.4097/kja.21372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial injury is defined as an elevation of cardiac troponin (cTn) levels with or without associated ischemic symptoms. Robust evidence suggests that myocardial injury increases postoperative mortality after noncardiac surgery. The diagnostic criteria for myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) include an elevation of cTn levels within 30 d of surgery without evidence of non-ischemic etiology. The majority of cases of MINS do not present with ischemic symptoms and are caused by a mismatch in oxygen supply and demand. Predictive models for general cardiac risk stratification can be considered for MINS. Risk factors include comorbidities, anemia, glucose levels, and intraoperative blood pressure. Modifiable factors may help prevent MINS; however, further studies are needed. Recent guidelines recommend routine monitoring of cTn levels during the first 48 h post-operation in high-risk patients since MINS most often occurs in the first 3 days after surgery without symptoms. The use of cardiovascular drugs, such as aspirin, antihypertensives, and statins, has had beneficial effects in patients with MINS, and direct oral anticoagulants have been shown to reduce the mortality associated with MINS in a randomized controlled trial. Myocardial injury detected before noncardiac surgery was also found to be associated with postoperative mortality, though further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungchan Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Jorge AJL, Mesquita ET, Martins WDA. Myocardial Injury after Non-cardiac Surgery - State of the Art. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 117:544-553. [PMID: 34550241 PMCID: PMC8462967 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aproximadamente 300 milhões de cirurgias não cardíacas são realizadas anualmente no mundo, e eventos cardiovasculares adversos são as principais causas de morbimortalidade no período perioperatório e pós-operatório. A lesão miocárdica após cirurgia não cardíaca (MINS, do inglês myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery) é uma nova entidade clínica associada com desfechos cardiovasculares adversos. MINS é definida como uma lesão miocárdica que pode resultar em necrose secundária à isquemia, com elevação dos biomarcadores. A lesão tem importância prognóstica e ocorre em até 30 dias após a cirurgia não cardíaca. Os critérios diagnósticos para MINS são: níveis elevados de troponina durante ou em até 30 dias após a cirurgia não cardíaca, sem evidência de etiologia não isquêmica, sem que haja necessariamente sintomas isquêmicos ou achados eletrocardiográficos de isquemia. Recentemente, pacientes com maior risco para MINS têm sido identificados por variáveis clínicas e biomarcadores, bem como por protocolos de vigilância quanto ao monitoramento eletrocardiográfico e dosagem de troponina cardíaca. Pacientes idosos com doença aterosclerótica prévia necessitam medir troponina diariamente no período pós-operatório. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever este novo problema de saúde pública, seu impacto clínico e a abordagem terapêutica contemporânea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evandro Tinoco Mesquita
- Centro de Ensino e Treinamento Edson de Godoy Bueno / UHG, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil.,UNIALFA / Colégio Brasileiro de Executivos em Saúde CBEXs, São Paulo, SP - Brasil.,Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiología (SIAC), Cidade do México - México.,DASA Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ - Brasil
| | - Wolney de Andrade Martins
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ - Brasil.,DASA Complexo Hospitalar de Niterói, Niterói, RJ - Brasil
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Tereshina OV, Griaznova DA, Vachev AN. [Preoperative stress testing in patients prior to vascular surgery]. ANGIOLOGII︠A︡ I SOSUDISTAI︠A︡ KHIRURGII︠A︡ = ANGIOLOGY AND VASCULAR SURGERY 2021; 27:159-164. [PMID: 34528601 DOI: 10.33529/angid2021320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is the leading cause of mortality during peripheral artery surgery. The review summarizes the data on cardiac event risk stratification in angiosurgical patients by preoperative stress testing. The prognostic value of positive and negative results is described. Stress testing with physical activity or pharmacological agents is rarely indicated in patients at low risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Stress testing may be used in patients at increased risk of myocardial infarction (functional activity less than <4 metabolic equivalents), and if the test results should change the approaches to perioperative therapy, anesthesia or the volume of surgical intervention and, in rare situations, to perform coronary revascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Tereshina
- Department of Faculty Surgery, Samara State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Samara, Russia
| | - D A Griaznova
- Department of Faculty Surgery, Samara State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Samara, Russia
| | - A N Vachev
- Department of Faculty Surgery, Samara State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Public Health, Samara, Russia
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Kim J, Park J, Kwon JH, Kim S, Oh AR, Jang JN, Choi JH, Sung J, Yang K, Kim K, Ahn J, Lee SH. Association between Intraoperative Hyperlactatemia and Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac Surgery. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091656. [PMID: 34573997 PMCID: PMC8465750 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxygen demand–supply mismatch is supposed to be one of the major causes of myocardial injuries after noncardiac surgery (MINS). Impaired tissue oxygenation during the surgery can lead to intraoperative hyperlactatemia. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between intraoperative lactate level and MINS. Methods: A total of 1905 patients divided into groups according to intraoperative hyperlactatemia: 1444 patients (75.8%) into normal (≤2.2 mmol/L) and 461 patients (24.2%) into hyperlactatemia (>2.2 mmol/L) groups. The primary outcome was the incidence of MINS, and all-cause mortality within 30 days was compared. Results: In the crude population, the risks for MINS and 30-day mortality were higher for the hyperlactatemia group than the normal group (17.7% vs. 37.7%, odds ratio [OR]: 2.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.24–3.56, p < 0.001 and 0.8% vs. 4.8%, hazard ratio [HR]: 5.86, 95% CI: 2.9–12.84, p < 0.001, respectively). In 365 propensity score-matched pairs, intraoperative hyperlactatemia was consistently associated with MINS and 30-day mortality (21.6% vs. 31.8%, OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.21–1.36, p = 0.002 and 1.1% vs. 3.8%, HR: 3.55, 95% CI: 1.71–10.79, p < 0.03, respectively). Conclusion: Intraoperative lactate elevation was associated with a higher incidence of MINS and 30-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeayoun Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.K.); (J.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.K.); (A.R.O.); (J.N.J.)
| | - Jungchan Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.K.); (J.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.K.); (A.R.O.); (J.N.J.)
| | - Ji-Hye Kwon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.K.); (J.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.K.); (A.R.O.); (J.N.J.)
| | - Sojin Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.K.); (J.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.K.); (A.R.O.); (J.N.J.)
| | - Ah Ran Oh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.K.); (J.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.K.); (A.R.O.); (J.N.J.)
| | - Jae Ni Jang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.K.); (J.P.); (J.-H.K.); (S.K.); (A.R.O.); (J.N.J.)
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Jidong Sung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Kwangmo Yang
- Centers for Health Promotion, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Kyunga Kim
- Statistics and Data Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (K.K.); (J.A.)
| | - Joonghyun Ahn
- Statistics and Data Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (K.K.); (J.A.)
| | - Seung-Hwa Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3410-0360; Fax: +82-2-3410-5481
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Handke J, Kummer L, Weigand MA, Larmann J. Modulation of Peripheral CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells Ameliorates Surgical Stress-Induced Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression in ApoE-Deficient Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:682458. [PMID: 34485396 PMCID: PMC8416168 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.682458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation associated with major surgery rapidly accelerates atherosclerotic plaque progression in mice. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have emerged as important modulators of atherogenesis. In coronary artery disease patients, low frequency of Tregs constitutes an independent risk factor for cardiovascular complications after non-cardiac surgery. In this exploratory analysis, we investigate whether preoperative Treg levels affect surgery-induced atherosclerotic lesion destabilization in a murine model of perioperative stress. After 9 weeks of high-cholesterol diet, atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with modulated Treg levels were subjected to a 30-minute surgical procedure consisting of general isoflurane anesthesia, laparotomy and moderate blood loss. Controls underwent general anesthesia only. Brachiocephalic arteries were harvested 3 days after the intervention for histomorphological analyses of atherosclerotic plaques. Tregs were depleted by a single dose of anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (mAb) administered 6 days prior to the intervention. Expansion of Tregs was induced by daily injections of IL-2/anti-IL-2 complex (IL-2C) on three consecutive days starting 3 days before surgery. Isotype-matched antibodies and PBS served as controls. Antibody-mediated modulation was Treg-specific. IL-2C treatment resulted in an eight-fold elevation of peripheral CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs compared to mice administered with anti-CD25 mAb. In mice treated with PBS and anti-CD25 mAb, surgical stress response caused a significant increase of atherosclerotic plaque necrosis (PBS: p < 0.001; anti-CD25 mAb: p = 0.037). Preoperative Treg expansion abrogated perioperative necrotic core formation (p = 0.556) and significantly enhanced postoperative atherosclerotic plaque stability compared to PBS-treated mice (p = 0.036). Postoperative plaque volume (p = 0.960), stenosis (p = 0.693), lesional collagen (p = 0.258), as well as the relative macrophage (p = 0.625) and smooth muscle cell content (p = 0.178) remained largely unaffected by preoperative Treg levels. In atherosclerotic mice, therapeutic expansion of Tregs prior to major surgery mitigates rapid effects on perioperative stress-driven atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. Future studies will show, whether short-term interventions modulating perioperative inflammation qualify for prevention of cardiovascular events associated with major non-cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Handke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Kummer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus A Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Larmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Puelacher C, Bollen Pinto B, Mills NL, Duceppe E, Popova E, Duma A, Nagele P, Omland T, Hammerer-Lercher A, Lurati Buse G. Expert consensus on peri-operative myocardial injury screening in noncardiac surgery: A literature review. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2021; 38:600-608. [PMID: 33653981 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000001486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peri-operative myocardial injury, detected by dynamic and elevated cardiac troponin (cTn) concentrations, is a common complication of noncardiac surgery that is strongly associated with 30-day mortality. Although active screening for peri-operative myocardial injury has been suggested in recent guidelines, clinical implementation remains tentative due to a lack of examples on how to tackle such an interdisciplinary project at a local level. Moreover, consensus on which assay and cTn cut-off values should be used has not yet been reached, and guidance on whom to screen is lacking. In this article, we aim to summarise local examples of successfully implemented cTn screening practices and review the current literature in order to provide information and suggestions for patient selection, organisation of a screening programme, caveats and a potential management pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Puelacher
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Basel (CP), Division of Anaesthesiology, Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (CP, BBP), Geneva Perioperative Basic, Translational and Clinical Research Group (BB-P), BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science and Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (NLM), Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (ED), Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain (EP), Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (AD), Departments of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA (PN), Department of Cardiology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway (TO), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, County Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland (A-HL), Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (GLB)
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Beattie WS. The emergence of a postoperative myocardial injury epidemic: true or false? Can J Anaesth 2021; 68:1109-1119. [PMID: 34008088 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-021-02027-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Beattie
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW After successfully reducing mortality in the operating room, the time has come for anesthesiologists to conquer postoperative complications. This review aims to raise awareness about myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS), its definition, diagnosis, clinical importance, and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS MINS, defined as an elevated postoperative troponin judged to be due to myocardial ischemia (with or without ischemic features), occurs in up to one in five patients having noncardiac surgery and is responsible for 16% of all postoperative deaths within 30 days of surgery. New evidence on risk factors, etiology, potential prevention strategies, treatment options, and the economic impact of MINS highlights the actionability of perioperative clinicians in caring for adult patients who are considered to be at risk of cardiovascular complications. SUMMARY Millions of patients safely going through surgery suffer MINS and die shortly after the procedure every year. Without a structured approach to predicting, preventing, diagnosing, and treating MINS, we lose the opportunity to provide our patients with the best chance of deriving benefit from noncardiac surgery. The perioperative community needs to come together, appreciate the clinical relevance of MINS, and step up with high-quality research in the future.
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Presepsin for pre-operative prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events in coronary heart disease patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: Post hoc analysis of the Leukocytes and Cardiovascular Peri-operative Events-2 (LeukoCAPE-2) Study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2021; 37:908-919. [PMID: 32516228 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate pre-operative evaluation of cardiovascular risk is vital to identify patients at risk for major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) after noncardiac surgery. Elevated presepsin (sCD14-ST) is associated with peri-operative MACCE in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients after noncardiac surgery. OBJECTIVES Validating the prognostic utility of presepsin for MACCE after noncardiac surgery. DESIGN Prospective patient enrolment and blood sampling, followed by post hoc evaluation of pre-operative presepsin for prediction of MACCE. SETTING Single university centre. PATIENTS A total of 222 CAD patients undergoing elective, inpatient noncardiac surgery. INTERVENTION Pre-operative presepsin measurement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES MACCE (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischaemia and stroke) at 30 days postsurgery. RESULTS MACCE was diagnosed in 23 (10%) patients. MACCE patients presented with increased pre-operative presepsin (median [IQR]; 212 [163 to 358] vs. 156 [102 to 273] pgml, P = 0.023). Presepsin exceeding the previously derived threshold of 184 pg ml was associated with increased 30-day MACCE rate. After adjustment for confounders, presepsin more than 184 pg ml [OR = 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 7.3), P = 0.03] remained an independent predictor of peri-operative MACCE. Predictive accuracy of presepsin was moderate [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.65 (0.54 to 0.75), P = 0.023]. While the basic risk model of revised cardiac risk index, high-sensitive cardiac troponin T and N-terminal fragment of pro-brain natriuretic peptide resulted in an AUC = 0.62 (0.48 to 0.75), P = 0.072, addition of presepsin to the model led to an AUC = 0.67 (0.56 to 0.78), P = 0.009 and (ΔAUC = 0.05, P = 0.438). Additive risk predictive value of presepsin was demonstrated by integrated discrimination improvement analysis (integrated discrimination improvement = 0.023, P = 0.022). Net reclassification improvement revealed that the additional strength of presepsin was attributed to the reclassification of no-MACCE patients into a lower risk group. CONCLUSION Increased pre-operative presepsin independently predicted 30-day MACCE in CAD patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Complementing cardiovascular risk prediction by inflammatory biomarkers, such as presepsin, offers potential to improve peri-operative care. However, as prediction accuracy of presepsin was only moderate, further validation studies are needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03105427.
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Bhatia K, Narasimhan B, Aggarwal G, Hajra A, Itagi S, Kumar S, Chakraborty S, Patel N, Jain V, Bandyopadhyay D, Amgai B, Aronow WS. Perioperative pharmacotherapy to prevent cardiac complications in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 22:755-767. [PMID: 33350868 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1856368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite advances in surgical and anesthetic techniques, perioperative cardiovascular complications are a major cause of 30-day perioperative mortality. Major cardiovascular complications after noncardiac surgery include myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest. Along with surgical risk assessment, perioperative medical optimization can reduce the rates and clinical impact of these complications.Areas Covered: In this review, the authors discuss the pharmacological basis, existing evidence, and professional society recommendations for drug management in preventing cardiovascular complications in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.Expert opinion: Perioperative management of cardiovascular disease is an increasingly important and growing area of clinical practice. Societal guidelines regarding the use of most routine cardiovascular medications are based on a number of large clinical studies and provide a basic foundation to guide management. However, the heterogeneous nature of patients, as well as surgeries, makes it practically impossible to devise a 'one size fits all' recommendation in this setting. Thus, the importance of a more individualized approach to perioperative risk stratification and management is being increasingly recognized. The underlying comorbidities and cardiac profile as well as the risk of cardiac complications associated with the planned surgery must be factored in to understand the nuance of the management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtipal Bhatia
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bharat Narasimhan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Adrija Hajra
- Jacobi Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Soumya Itagi
- PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India
| | - Shathish Kumar
- Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | | | | | | | - Dhrubajyoti Bandyopadhyay
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Wilbert S Aronow
- Department of Cardiology, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Management of perioperative acute coronary syndromes by mechanism: a practical approach. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2020; 59:61-65. [PMID: 33252573 DOI: 10.1097/aia.0000000000000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sumin AN. Actual Issues of the Cardiac Complications Risk Assessment and Correction in Non-Cardiac Surgery. RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CARDIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2020-10-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, more than 200 million non-cardiac surgeries are performed annually, and this number is constantly increasing; cardiac complications are the leading cause of death in such surgeries. So, in a multicenter study conducted in 27 countries, cardiovascular complications were present in 68% of cases of death in the postoperative period. Registers of recent years have shown that the number of such complications remains high, for example, with a dynamic assessment of troponins, perioperative myocardial damage was detected in 13-18% of cases. This review provides a critical analysis of the step-by-step algorithm for assessing cardiac risk of non-cardiac operations considering the emergence of new publications on this topic. The review discusses new data on risk assessment scales, functional state assessment, the use of non-invasive tests, biomarkers, the role of preventive myocardial revascularization in the preoperative period, and drug therapy. The issues of non-cardiac operations after percutaneous coronary intervention, perioperative myocardial damage are considered separately. The review emphasizes the difficulties in obtaining evidence, conducting randomized clinical trials in this section of medicine, which do not allow obtaining unambiguous conclusions in most cases and lead to inconsistencies and ambiguities in the recommendations of various expert groups. This review will help practitioners navigate this issue and help to use the optimal diagnostic and treatment strategy before performing non-cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Sumin
- Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases
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Smit M, Coetzee A, Lochner A. The Pathophysiology of Myocardial Ischemia and Perioperative Myocardial Infarction. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 34:2501-2512. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ruetzler K, Khanna AK, Sessler DI. Myocardial Injury After Noncardiac Surgery: Preoperative, Intraoperative, and Postoperative Aspects, Implications, and Directions. Anesth Analg 2020; 131:173-186. [PMID: 31880630 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) differs from myocardial infarction in being defined by troponin elevation apparently from cardiac ischemia with or without signs and symptoms. Such myocardial injury is common, silent, and strongly associated with mortality. MINS is usually asymptomatic and only detected by routine troponin monitoring. There is currently no known safe and effective prophylaxis for perioperative myocardial injury. However, appropriate preoperative screening may help guide proactive postoperative preventative actions. Intraoperative hypotension is associated with myocardial injury, acute kidney injury, and death. Hypotension is common and largely undetected in the postoperative general care floor setting, and independently associated with myocardial injury and mortality. Critical care patients are especially sensitive to hypotension, and the risk appears to be present at blood pressures previously regarded as normal. Tachycardia appears to be less important. Available information suggests that clinicians would be prudent to avoid perioperative hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Ruetzler
- From the Departments of General Anesthesiology and Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ashish K Khanna
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Anesthesiology, Section on Critical Care Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Cao D, Chandiramani R, Capodanno D, Berger JS, Levin MA, Hawn MT, Angiolillo DJ, Mehran R. Non-cardiac surgery in patients with coronary artery disease: risk evaluation and periprocedural management. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 18:37-57. [PMID: 32759962 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Perioperative cardiovascular complications are important causes of morbidity and mortality associated with non-cardiac surgery, particularly in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Although preoperative cardiac risk assessment can facilitate the identification of vulnerable patients and implementation of adequate preventive measures, excessive evaluation might lead to undue resource utilization and surgical delay. Owing to conflicting data, there remains some uncertainty regarding the most beneficial perioperative strategy for patients with CAD. Antithrombotic agents are the cornerstone of secondary prevention of ischaemic events but substantially increase the risk of bleeding. Given that 5-25% of patients undergoing coronary stent implantation require non-cardiac surgery within 2 years, surgery is the most common reason for premature cessation of dual antiplatelet therapy. Perioperative management of antiplatelet therapy, which necessitates concomitant evaluation of the individual thrombotic and bleeding risks related to both clinical and procedural factors, poses a recurring dilemma in clinical practice. Current guidelines do not provide detailed recommendations on this topic, and the optimal approach in these patients is yet to be determined. This Review summarizes the current data guiding preoperative risk stratification as well as periprocedural management of patients with CAD undergoing non-cardiac surgery, including those treated with stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Cao
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rishi Chandiramani
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Davide Capodanno
- Division of Cardiology, C.A.S.T., P.O. "G. Rodolico", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Berger
- Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew A Levin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary T Hawn
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dominick J Angiolillo
- Division of Cardiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Roxana Mehran
- The Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Borges FK, Sheth T, Patel A, Marcucci M, Yung T, Langer T, Alboim C, Polanczyk CA, Germini F, Azeredo-da-Silva AF, Sloan E, Kaila K, Ree R, Bertoletti A, Vedovati MC, Galzerano A, Spence J, Devereaux PJ. Accuracy of Physicians in Differentiating Type 1 and Type 2 Myocardial Infarction Based on Clinical Information. CJC Open 2020; 2:577-584. [PMID: 33305218 PMCID: PMC7711010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physicians commonly judge whether a myocardial infarction (MI) is type 1 (thrombotic) vs type 2 (supply/demand mismatch) based on clinical information. Little is known about the accuracy of physicians’ clinical judgement in this regard. We aimed to determine the accuracy of physicians’ judgement in the classification of type 1 vs type 2 MI in perioperative and nonoperative settings. Methods We performed an online survey using cases from the Optical Coherence Tomographic Imaging of Thrombus (OPTIMUS) Study, which investigated the prevalence of a culprit lesion thrombus based on intracoronary optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients experiencing MI. Four MI cases, 2 perioperative and 2 nonoperative, were selected randomly, stratified by etiology. Physicians were provided with the patient’s medical history, laboratory parameters, and electrocardiograms. Physicians did not have access to intracoronary OCT results. The primary outcome was the accuracy of physicians' judgement of MI etiology, measured as raw agreement between physicians and intracoronary OCT findings. Fleiss’ kappa and Gwet’s AC1 were calculated to correct for chance. Results The response rate was 57% (308 of 536). Respondents were 62% male; median age was 45 years (standard deviation ± 11); 45% had been in practice for > 15 years. Respondents’ overall accuracy for MI etiology was 60% (95% confidence interval [CI] 57%-63%), including 63% (95% CI 60%-68%) for nonoperative cases, and 56% (95% CI 52%-60%) for perioperative cases. Overall chance-corrected agreement was poor (kappa = 0.05), consistent across specialties and clinical scenarios. Conclusions Physician accuracy in determining MI etiology based on clinical information is poor. Physicians should consider results from other testing, such as invasive coronary angiography, when determining MI etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia K Borges
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tej Sheth
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ameen Patel
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maura Marcucci
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terence Yung
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thomas Langer
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina Alboim
- Post-graduate Program of Cardiology and Cardiovacular Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Anesthesia, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carisi Anne Polanczyk
- Graduate Program in Cardiology and Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Federico Germini
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Erin Sloan
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kendeep Kaila
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ron Ree
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alessandra Bertoletti
- Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Galzerano
- Intensive Care Unit, Santa Maria of Misericordia Hospital, Univerity of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jessica Spence
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - P J Devereaux
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Douville NJ, Surakka I, Leis A, Douville CB, Hornsby WE, Brummett CM, Kheterpal S, Willer CJ, Engoren M, Mathis MR. Use of a Polygenic Risk Score Improves Prediction of Myocardial Injury After Non-Cardiac Surgery. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2020; 13:e002817. [PMID: 32517536 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.119.002817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While postoperative myocardial injury remains a major driver of morbidity and mortality, the ability to accurately identify patients at risk remains limited despite decades of clinical research. The role of genetic information in predicting myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) remains unknown and requires large scale electronic health record and genomic data sets. METHODS In this retrospective observational study of adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, we defined MINS as new troponin elevation within 30 days following surgery. To determine the incremental value of polygenic risk score (PRS) for coronary artery disease, we added the score to 3 models of MINS risk: revised cardiac risk index, a model comprised entirely of preoperative variables, and a model with combined preoperative plus intraoperative variables. We assessed performance without and with PRSs via area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and net reclassification index. RESULTS Among 90 053 procedures across 40 498 genotyped individuals, we observed 429 cases with MINS (0.5%). PRS for coronary artery disease was independently associated with MINS for each multivariable model created (odds ratio=1.12 [95% CI, 1.02-1.24], P=0.023 in the revised cardiac risk index-based model; odds ratio, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.07-1.31], P=0.001 in the preoperative model; and odds ratio, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.06-1.30], P=0.003 in the preoperative plus intraoperative model). The addition of clinical risk factors improved model discrimination. When PRS was included with preoperative and preoperative plus intraoperative models, up to 3.6% of procedures were shifted into a new outcome classification. CONCLUSIONS The addition of a PRS does not significantly improve discrimination but remains independently associated with MINS and improves goodness of fit. As genetic analysis becomes more common, clinicians will have an opportunity to use polygenic risk to predict perioperative complications. Further studies are necessary to determine if PRSs can inform MINS surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Douville
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor (N.J.D., A.L., C.M.B., S.K., M.E., M.R.M.)
| | - Ida Surakka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (I.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Aleda Leis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor (N.J.D., A.L., C.M.B., S.K., M.E., M.R.M.)
| | - Christopher B Douville
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics (C.B.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center (C.B.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center (C.B.D.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Whitney E Hornsby
- Department of Internal Medicine (W.E.H., C.J.W.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Chad M Brummett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor (N.J.D., A.L., C.M.B., S.K., M.E., M.R.M.)
| | - Sachin Kheterpal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor (N.J.D., A.L., C.M.B., S.K., M.E., M.R.M.)
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine (W.E.H., C.J.W.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (C.J.W.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.,Department of Human Genetics (C.J.W.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Milo Engoren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor (N.J.D., A.L., C.M.B., S.K., M.E., M.R.M.)
| | - Michael R Mathis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor (N.J.D., A.L., C.M.B., S.K., M.E., M.R.M.)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Perioperative management of antiplatelet agents (APAs) in the setting of noncardiac surgery is a controversial topic of balancing bleeding versus thrombotic risks. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data do not support a clear association between continuation or discontinuation of APAs and rates of ischemic events, bleeding complications, and mortality up to 6 months after surgery. Clinical factors, such as indication and urgency of the operation, time since stent placement, invasiveness of the procedure, preoperative cardiac optimization, underlying functional status, as well as perioperative control of supply-demand mismatch and bleeding may be more responsible for adverse outcome than antiplatelet management. SUMMARY Perioperative management of antiplatelet therapy (APT) should be individually tailored based on consensus among the anesthesiologist, cardiologist, surgeon, and patient to minimize both ischemic/thrombotic and bleeding risks. Where possible, surgery should be delayed for a minimum of 1 month but ideally for 3-6 months from the index cardiac event. If bleeding risk is acceptable, dual APT (DAPT) should be continued perioperatively; otherwise P2Y12 inhibitor therapy should be discontinued for the minimum amount of time possible and aspirin monotherapy continued. If bleeding risk is prohibitive, both aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitor therapy should be interrupted and bridging therapy may be considered in patients with high thrombotic risk.
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Raslau D, Bierle DM, Stephenson CR, Mikhail MA, Kebede EB, Mauck KF. Preoperative Cardiac Risk Assessment. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:1064-1079. [PMID: 32107033 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Major adverse cardiac events are common causes of perioperative mortality and major morbidity. Preventing these complications requires thorough preoperative risk assessment and postoperative monitoring of at-risk patients. Major guidelines recommend assessment based on a validated risk calculator that incorporates patient- and procedure-specific factors. American and European guidelines define when stress testing is needed on the basis of functional capacity assessment. Favoring cost-effectiveness, Canadian guidelines instead recommend obtaining brain natriuretic peptide or N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide levels to guide postoperative screening for myocardial injury or infarction. When conditions such as acute coronary syndrome, severe pulmonary hypertension, and decompensated heart failure are identified, nonemergent surgery should be postponed until the condition is appropriately managed. There is an evolving role of biomarkers and myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery to enhance risk stratification, but the effect of interventions guided by these strategies is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Raslau
- Mayo Clinic Rochester, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rochester, MN.
| | - Dennis M Bierle
- Mayo Clinic Rochester, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Michael A Mikhail
- Mayo Clinic Rochester, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Esayas B Kebede
- Mayo Clinic Rochester, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Karen F Mauck
- Mayo Clinic Rochester, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rochester, MN
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Relationship between Perioperative Hypotension and Perioperative Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Major Noncardiac Surgery. Anesthesiology 2020; 130:756-766. [PMID: 30870165 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative hypotension is associated with cardiovascular events in patients having noncardiac surgery. It is unknown if the severity of preexisting coronary artery disease determines susceptibility to the cardiovascular risks of perioperative hypotension. METHODS In this retrospective exploratory analysis of a substudy of an international prospective blinded cohort study, 955 patients 45 yr of age or older with history or risk factors for coronary artery disease underwent coronary computed tomographic angiography before elective inpatient noncardiac surgery. The authors evaluated the potential interaction between angiographic findings and perioperative hypotension (defined as systolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg for a total of 10 min or more during surgery or for any duration after surgery and for which intervention was initiated) on the composite outcome of time to myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death up to 30 days after surgery. Angiography assessors were blinded to study outcomes; patients, treating clinicians, and outcome assessors were blinded to angiography findings. RESULTS Cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death within 30 days after surgery) occurred in 7.7% of patients (74/955), including in 2.7% (8/293) without obstructive coronary disease or hypotension compared to 6.7% (21/314) with obstructive coronary disease but no hypotension (hazard ratio, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.11 to 5.66; P = 0.027), 8.8% (14/159) in patients with hypotension but without obstructive coronary disease (hazard ratio, 3.85; 95% CI, 1.62 to 9.19; P = 0.002), and 16.4% (31/189) with obstructive coronary disease and hypotension (hazard ratio, 7.34; 95% CI, 3.37 to 15.96; P < 0.001). Hypotension was independently associated with cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.99 to 5.06; P < 0.001). This association remained in patients without obstructive disease and did not differ significantly across degrees of coronary disease (P value for interaction, 0.599). CONCLUSIONS In patients having noncardiac surgery, perioperative hypotension was associated with cardiovascular events regardless of the degree of coronary artery disease on preoperative coronary computed tomographic angiography.
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Sandoval Y, Jaffe AS. Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 73:1846-1860. [PMID: 30975302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) can occur from increased myocardial oxygen demand and/or reduced supply in the absence of acute atherothrombotic plaque disruption; a condition called type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI). As with any MI subtype, there must be clinical evidence of myocardial ischemia to make the diagnosis. This condition is increasingly diagnosed due to the increasing sensitivity of cardiac troponin assays and is associated with adverse short-term and long-term prognoses. Limited data exist defining optimal management strategies because T2MI is a heterogeneous entity with varying etiologies and triggers. Thus, these patients require individualized care. A major barrier is the absence of a uniform definition that can be operationalized with high reproducibility. This document provides a synthesis of the data about T2MI to assist clinicians' understanding of its pathobiology, when to deploy the diagnosis, and its associated treatments. It also clarifies prognosis, identifies gaps in knowledge, and provides recommendations for moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yader Sandoval
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. https://twitter.com/yadersandoval
| | - Allan S Jaffe
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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De Hert SG, Lurati Buse GA. Cardiac Biomarkers for the Prediction and Detection of Adverse Cardiac Events After Noncardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review. Anesth Analg 2020; 131:187-195. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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