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Lamy A, Sirota DA, Jacques F, Poostizadeh A, Noiseux N, Efremov S, Demers P, Akselrod B, Wang CY, Arora RC, Branny P, McGuinness SP, Brown CD, Jeanmart H, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Belley-Côté EP, Whitlock RP, Browne A, Copland I, Vincent J, Khatun R, Balasubramanian K, Bangdiwala SI, McGillion MH, Fox-Robichaud AE, Spence J, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ. Topical Versus Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: The DEPOSITION Randomized Controlled Trial. Circulation 2024. [PMID: 38587333 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.124.069606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although intravenous tranexamic acid is used in cardiac surgery to reduce bleeding and transfusion, topical tranexamic acid results in lower plasma concentrations compared to intravenous tranexamic acid, which may lower the risk of seizures. We aimed to determine whether topical tranexamic acid reduces the risk of in-hospital seizure without increasing the risk of transfusion among cardiac surgery patients. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, double dummy, blinded, randomized controlled trial of patients recruited by convenience sampling in academic hospitals undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Between September 17, 2019, and November 28, 2023, a total of 3242 patients from 16 hospitals in 6 countries were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to receive either intravenous tranexamic acid (control) through surgery or topical tranexamic acid (treatment) at the end of surgery. The primary outcome was seizure, and the secondary outcome was red blood cell transfusion. After the last planned interim analysis-when 75% of anticipated participants had completed follow up-the Data and Safety Monitoring Board recommended to terminate the trial, and upon unblinding, the Operations Committee stopped the trial for safety. RESULTS Among 3242 randomized patients (mean age, 66.0 years; 77.7% male), in-hospital seizure occurred in 4 of 1624 patients (0.2%) in the topical group and in 11 of 1628 patients (0.7%) in the intravenous group (absolute risk difference, -0.5%; 95% CI, -0.9 to 0.03; P = .07). Red blood cell transfusion occurred in 570 patients (35.1%) in the topical group and in 433 (26.8%) in the intravenous group (absolute risk difference, 8.3%; 95% CI, 5.2 to 11.5; P = .007). The absolute risk difference in transfusion of ≥4 units of red blood cells in the topical group compared to the intravenous group was 8.2% (95% CI, 3.4 to 12.9). CONCLUSIONS Among patients having cardiac surgery, topical administration of tranexamic acid resulted in an 8.3% absolute increase in transfusion without reducing the incidence of seizure, compared to intravenous tranexamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Lamy
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Dmitry A Sirota
- E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Frederic Jacques
- Institut Universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, IUCPQ, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Noiseux
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Sergey Efremov
- Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - Chew Yin Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh C Arora
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Hospitals, Cleveland, OH; Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Piotr Branny
- Head of Cardiac Surgery Department, Hospital Agel Trinec-Podlesi, Trinec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Craig D Brown
- New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John, New Brunswick
| | - Hugues Jeanmart
- CIUSSS-NIM Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Rujin Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Emilie P Belley-Côté
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Richard P Whitlock
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Austin Browne
- Hamilton Health Sciences, General Hospital, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michael H McGillion
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada; School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Alison E Fox-Robichaud
- Dept of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Jessica Spence
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - P J Devereaux
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Johansson I, Benz AP, Kovalova T, Balasubramanian K, Fukakusa B, Lynn MJ, Nair N, Sikder O, Patel K, Gayathri S, Robinson M, Hardy C, Tyrwhitt J, Schulman S, Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ. Outcomes of Patients with a Mechanical Heart Valve and Poor Anticoagulation Control on Warfarin. Thromb Haemost 2023. [PMID: 38158198 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with a mechanical heart valve (MHV) require oral anticoagulation. Poor anticoagulation control is thought to be associated with adverse outcomes, but data are limited. OBJECTIVE To assess the risks of clinical outcomes in patients with a MHV and poor anticoagulation control on warfarin. PATIENTS/METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of consecutive patients undergoing MHV implantation at a tertiary care center (2010-2019). Primary outcome was a composite of ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, or prosthetic valve thrombosis. Major bleeding and death were key secondary outcomes. We constructed multivariable regression models to assess the association between time in therapeutic range (TTR) on warfarin beyond 90 days after surgery with outcomes. RESULTS We included 671 patients with a MHV (80.6% in aortic, 14.6% in mitral position; mean age 61 years, 30.3% female). Median follow-up was 4.9 years, mean TTR was 62.5% (14.5% TTR <40%, 24.6% TTR 40-60%, and 61.0% TTR >60%). Overall rates of the primary outcome, major bleeding, and death were 0.73, 1.41, and 1.44 per 100 patient-years. Corresponding rates for patients with TTR <40% were 1.31, 2.77, and 3.22 per 100 patient-years. In adjusted analyses, every 10% decrement in TTR was associated with a 31% increase in hazard for the primary outcome (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-1.52), 34% increase in major bleeding (HR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.17-1.52), and 32% increase in death (HR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.11-1.57). CONCLUSION In contemporary patients with a MHV, poor anticoagulation control on warfarin was associated with increased risks of thrombotic events, bleeding, and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Johansson
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine K2, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander P Benz
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanya Kovalova
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bianca Fukakusa
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Matthew J Lynn
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nikhil Nair
- Division of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Omaike Sikder
- Division of Medicine, School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kashyap Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sai Gayathri
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Marlene Robinson
- Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Colin Hardy
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Tyrwhitt
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sam Schulman
- Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - John W Eikelboom
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart J Connolly
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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Leong DP, Joseph P, McMurray JJV, Rouleau J, Maggioni AP, Lanas F, Sharma SK, Núñez J, Mohan B, Celik A, Abdullakutty J, Ogah OS, Mielniczuk LM, Balasubramanian K, McCready T, Grinvalds A, Yusuf S. Frailty and outcomes in heart failure patients from high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:4435-4444. [PMID: 37639487 PMCID: PMC10635666 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is little information on the incremental prognostic importance of frailty beyond conventional prognostic variables in heart failure (HF) populations from different country income levels. METHODS A total of 3429 adults with HF (age 61 ± 14 years, 33% women) from 27 high-, middle- and low-income countries were prospectively studied. Baseline frailty was evaluated by the Fried index, incorporating handgrip strength, gait speed, physical activity, unintended weight loss, and self-reported exhaustion. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 39 ± 14% and 26% had New York Heart Association Class III/IV symptoms. Participants were followed for a median (25th to 75th percentile) of 3.1 (2.0-4.3) years. Cox proportional hazard models for death and HF hospitalization adjusted for country income level; age; sex; education; HF aetiology; left ventricular ejection fraction; diabetes; tobacco and alcohol use; New York Heart Association functional class; HF medication use; blood pressure; and haemoglobin, sodium, and creatinine concentrations were performed. The incremental discriminatory value of frailty over and above the MAGGIC risk score was evaluated by the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. RESULTS At baseline, 18% of participants were robust, 61% pre-frail, and 21% frail. During follow-up, 565 (16%) participants died and 471 (14%) were hospitalized for HF. Respective adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for death among the pre-frail and frail were 1.59 (1.12-2.26) and 2.92 (1.99-4.27). Respective adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for HF hospitalization were 1.32 (0.93-1.87) and 1.97 (1.33-2.91). Findings were consistent among different country income levels and by most subgroups. Adding frailty to the MAGGIC risk score improved the discrimination of future death and HF hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS Frailty confers substantial incremental prognostic information to prognostic variables for predicting death and HF hospitalization. The relationship between frailty and these outcomes is consistent across countries at all income levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl P Leong
- The Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital, C2-238 David Braley Building, 237 Barton St. East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Joseph
- The Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital, C2-238 David Braley Building, 237 Barton St. East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jean Rouleau
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Aldo P Maggioni
- ANMCO Research Center, Heart Care Foundation, Via La Marmora, 36 – 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Fernando Lanas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Sanjib K Sharma
- B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Buddha Road, Dharan 56700, Nepal
| | - Julio Núñez
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez 17, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Bishav Mohan
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Civil Lines, Tagore Nagar, Ludhiana 141001, India
| | - Ahmet Celik
- Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, 31168 Sokak, Ritim Ofis, A Blok 1 Kat, 33000 Mersin, Türkiye
| | | | - Okechukwu S Ogah
- Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan and University College Hospital Ibadan, PO Box 14343, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lisa M Mielniczuk
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- The Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital, C2-238 David Braley Building, 237 Barton St. East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Tara McCready
- The Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital, C2-238 David Braley Building, 237 Barton St. East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Alex Grinvalds
- The Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital, C2-238 David Braley Building, 237 Barton St. East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- The Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital, C2-238 David Braley Building, 237 Barton St. East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Marcucci M, Balasubramanian K, Devereaux PJ. Hypotension-Avoidance Versus Hypertension-Avoidance Strategies in Noncardiac Surgery. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:eL230324. [PMID: 37983797 DOI: 10.7326/l23-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maura Marcucci
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - P J Devereaux
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Connolly SJ, Healey JS, Belley-Cote EP, Balasubramanian K, Paparella D, Brady K, Reents W, Danner BC, Devereaux P, Sharma M, Ramasundarahettige C, Yusuf S, Whitlock RP. Oral Anticoagulation Use and Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion in LAAOS III. Circulation 2023; 148:1298-1304. [PMID: 37732457 PMCID: PMC10589428 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.060315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LAAOS III (Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Study III) showed that left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion reduces the risk of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing cardiac surgery. This article examines the effect of LAA occlusion on stroke reduction according to variation in the use of oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy. METHODS Information regarding OAC use was collected at every follow-up visit. Adjusted proportional hazards modeling, including using landmarks of hospital discharge, 1 and 2 years after randomization, evaluated the effect of LAA occlusion on the risk of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism, according to OAC use. Adjusted proportional hazard modeling, with OAC use as a time-dependent covariate, was also performed to assess the effect of LAA occlusion, according to OAC use throughout the study. RESULTS At hospital discharge, 3027 patients (63.5%) were receiving a vitamin K antagonist, and 879 (18.5%) were receiving a non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (direct OAC), with no difference in OAC use between treatment arms. There were 2887 (60.5%) patients who received OACs at all follow-up visits, 1401 (29.4%) who received OAC at some visits, and 472 (9.9%) who never received OACs. The effect of LAA occlusion on the risk of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism was consistent after discharge across all 3 groups: hazard ratios of 0.70 (95% CI, 0.51-0.96), 0.63 (95% CI, 0.43-0.94), and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.32-1.79), respectively. An adjusted proportional hazards model with OAC use as a time-dependent covariate showed that the reduction in stroke or systemic embolism with LAA occlusion was similar whether patients were receiving OACs or not. CONCLUSIONS The benefit of LAA occlusion was consistent whether patients were receiving OACs or not. LAA occlusion provides thromboembolism reduction in patients independent of OAC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Connolly
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.J.C., J.S.H., E.P.B.-C., K. Balasubramanian, K. Brady, P.J.D., M.S., C.R., S.Y., R.P.W.)
| | - Jeff S. Healey
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.J.C., J.S.H., E.P.B.-C., K. Balasubramanian, K. Brady, P.J.D., M.S., C.R., S.Y., R.P.W.)
| | - Emilie P. Belley-Cote
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.J.C., J.S.H., E.P.B.-C., K. Balasubramanian, K. Brady, P.J.D., M.S., C.R., S.Y., R.P.W.)
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.J.C., J.S.H., E.P.B.-C., K. Balasubramanian, K. Brady, P.J.D., M.S., C.R., S.Y., R.P.W.)
| | - Domenico Paparella
- University of Foggia, Italy (D.P.)
- Santa Maria Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Bari, Italy (D.P.)
| | - Katheryn Brady
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.J.C., J.S.H., E.P.B.-C., K. Balasubramanian, K. Brady, P.J.D., M.S., C.R., S.Y., R.P.W.)
| | - Wilko Reents
- Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Germany (W.R.)
| | | | - P.J. Devereaux
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.J.C., J.S.H., E.P.B.-C., K. Balasubramanian, K. Brady, P.J.D., M.S., C.R., S.Y., R.P.W.)
| | - Mukul Sharma
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.J.C., J.S.H., E.P.B.-C., K. Balasubramanian, K. Brady, P.J.D., M.S., C.R., S.Y., R.P.W.)
| | - Chinthanie Ramasundarahettige
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.J.C., J.S.H., E.P.B.-C., K. Balasubramanian, K. Brady, P.J.D., M.S., C.R., S.Y., R.P.W.)
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.J.C., J.S.H., E.P.B.-C., K. Balasubramanian, K. Brady, P.J.D., M.S., C.R., S.Y., R.P.W.)
| | - Richard P. Whitlock
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.J.C., J.S.H., E.P.B.-C., K. Balasubramanian, K. Brady, P.J.D., M.S., C.R., S.Y., R.P.W.)
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Arockiaraj M, Paul D, Clement J, Tigga S, Jacob K, Balasubramanian K. Novel molecular hybrid geometric-harmonic-Zagreb degree based descriptors and their efficacy in QSPR studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2023; 34:569-589. [PMID: 37538006 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2023.2239149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical characteristics of polycyclic aromatic compounds critical to environmental modelling such as octanol partition coefficients, solubility, lipophilicity, polarity and several equilibrium constants are functions of their underlying molecular structures, prompting the development of mathematical models to predict such characteristics for which experimental results are difficult to obtain. We propose twelve novel descriptors derived from geometric, harmonic and Zagreb degree-based descriptors and then test the effectiveness of these descriptors on a data set consisting of 55 benzenoid hydrocarbons of environmental importance. Our computations show that the proposed descriptors have a good linear correlation and predictive power when compared to the degree and distance type descriptors. We have also derived the QSPR expressions for four properties of a large series of polycyclic aromatics arising from circumscribing coronenes and show that a scaling factor can be deduced to derive physicochemical properties of such series up to 2D graphene sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arockiaraj
- Department of Mathematics, Loyola College, Chennai, India
| | - D Paul
- Department of Mathematics, Sri Sairam Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - J Clement
- Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - S Tigga
- Department of Mathematics, Loyola College, Chennai, India
| | - K Jacob
- Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - K Balasubramanian
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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7
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Joseph P, Roy A, Lonn E, Störk S, Floras J, Mielniczuk L, Rouleau JL, Zhu J, Dzudie A, Balasubramanian K, Karaye K, AlHabib KF, Gómez-Mesa JE, Branch KR, Makubi A, Budaj A, Avezum A, Wittlinger T, Ertl G, Mondo C, Pogosova N, Maggioni AP, Orlandini A, Parkhomenko A, ElSayed A, López-Jaramillo P, Grinvalds A, Temizhan A, Hage C, Lund LH, Kazmi K, Lanas F, Sharma SK, Fox K, McMurray JJV, Leong D, Dokainish H, Khetan A, Yonga G, Kragholm K, Wagdy Shaker K, Mwita JC, Al-Mulla AA, Alla F, Damasceno A, Silva-Cardoso J, Dans AL, Sliwa K, O'Donnell M, Bazargani N, Bayés-Genís A, McCready T, Probstfield J, Yusuf S. Global Variations in Heart Failure Etiology, Management, and Outcomes. JAMA 2023; 329:1650-1661. [PMID: 37191704 PMCID: PMC10189564 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Importance Most epidemiological studies of heart failure (HF) have been conducted in high-income countries with limited comparable data from middle- or low-income countries. Objective To examine differences in HF etiology, treatment, and outcomes between groups of countries at different levels of economic development. Design, Setting, and Participants Multinational HF registry of 23 341 participants in 40 high-income, upper-middle-income, lower-middle-income, and low-income countries, followed up for a median period of 2.0 years. Main Outcomes and Measures HF cause, HF medication use, hospitalization, and death. Results Mean (SD) age of participants was 63.1 (14.9) years, and 9119 (39.1%) were female. The most common cause of HF was ischemic heart disease (38.1%) followed by hypertension (20.2%). The proportion of participants with HF with reduced ejection fraction taking the combination of a β-blocker, renin-angiotensin system inhibitor, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist was highest in upper-middle-income (61.9%) and high-income countries (51.1%), and it was lowest in low-income (45.7%) and lower-middle-income countries (39.5%) (P < .001). The age- and sex- standardized mortality rate per 100 person-years was lowest in high-income countries (7.8 [95% CI, 7.5-8.2]), 9.3 (95% CI, 8.8-9.9) in upper-middle-income countries, 15.7 (95% CI, 15.0-16.4) in lower-middle-income countries, and it was highest in low-income countries (19.1 [95% CI, 17.6-20.7]). Hospitalization rates were more frequent than death rates in high-income countries (ratio = 3.8) and in upper-middle-income countries (ratio = 2.4), similar in lower-middle-income countries (ratio = 1.1), and less frequent in low-income countries (ratio = 0.6). The 30-day case-fatality rate after first hospital admission was lowest in high-income countries (6.7%), followed by upper-middle-income countries (9.7%), then lower-middle-income countries (21.1%), and highest in low-income countries (31.6%). The proportional risk of death within 30 days of a first hospital admission was 3- to 5-fold higher in lower-middle-income countries and low-income countries compared with high-income countries after adjusting for patient characteristics and use of long-term HF therapies. Conclusions and Relevance This study of HF patients from 40 different countries and derived from 4 different economic levels demonstrated differences in HF etiologies, management, and outcomes. These data may be useful in planning approaches to improve HF prevention and treatment globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Joseph
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ambuj Roy
- Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Eva Lonn
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Störk
- Department Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Department Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - John Floras
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Mielniczuk
- University of Ottawa, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jun Zhu
- FuWai Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Anastase Dzudie
- Department of Global Health and Population, Lown Scholars Program, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamilu Karaye
- Bayero University and Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Khalid F AlHabib
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Fahad Cardiac Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Abel Makubi
- Community Development, Gender, Elderly, and Children, Ministry of Health, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Andrzej Budaj
- Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Cardiology, Grochowski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alvaro Avezum
- International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas Wittlinger
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Hospital Goslar, Goslar, Germany
| | - Georg Ertl
- Department Clinical Research and Epidemiology, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Department Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Nana Pogosova
- Medical Research Center of Cardiology named after E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andres Orlandini
- Estudios Clínicos Latino America Collaborative Group, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alexander Parkhomenko
- Emergency Cardiology Department, National Scientific Centre, Strazhesko Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Alex Grinvalds
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmet Temizhan
- Clinic of Cardiology, University of Health Science, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Camilla Hage
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Cardiology Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Heart and Vascular Theme, Heart Failure Section, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars H Lund
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Cardiology Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Heart and Vascular Theme, Heart Failure Section, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Khawar Kazmi
- Department of Cardiology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Keith Fox
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Darryl Leong
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hisham Dokainish
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aditya Khetan
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerald Yonga
- University of Nairobi, Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, Nairobi, Nairobi City County, Kenya
| | - Kristian Kragholm
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kerolos Wagdy Shaker
- Aswan Heart Center, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Department of Cardiology, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | | | - François Alla
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - José Silva-Cardoso
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- São João University Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio L Dans
- University of the Philippines, Medicine, Quezon City, National Capital Region, Philippines
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin O'Donnell
- College of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Antoni Bayés-Genís
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, CIBERCV, Spain
| | - Tara McCready
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Marcucci M, Painter TW, Conen D, Lomivorotov V, Sessler DI, Chan MTV, Borges FK, Leslie K, Duceppe E, Martínez-Zapata MJ, Wang CY, Xavier D, Ofori SN, Wang MK, Efremov S, Landoni G, Kleinlugtenbelt YV, Szczeklik W, Schmartz D, Garg AX, Short TG, Wittmann M, Meyhoff CS, Amir M, Torres D, Patel A, Ruetzler K, Parlow JL, Tandon V, Fleischmann E, Polanczyk CA, Lamy A, Jayaram R, Astrakov SV, Wu WKK, Cheong CC, Ayad S, Kirov M, de Nadal M, Likhvantsev VV, Paniagua P, Aguado HJ, Maheshwari K, Whitlock RP, McGillion MH, Vincent J, Copland I, Balasubramanian K, Biccard BM, Srinathan S, Ismoilov S, Pettit S, Stillo D, Kurz A, Belley-Côté EP, Spence J, McIntyre WF, Bangdiwala SI, Guyatt G, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ. Hypotension-Avoidance Versus Hypertension-Avoidance Strategies in Noncardiac Surgery : An International Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:605-614. [PMID: 37094336 DOI: 10.7326/m22-3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among patients having noncardiac surgery, perioperative hemodynamic abnormalities are associated with vascular complications. Uncertainty remains about what intraoperative blood pressure to target and how to manage long-term antihypertensive medications perioperatively. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of a hypotension-avoidance and a hypertension-avoidance strategy on major vascular complications after noncardiac surgery. DESIGN Partial factorial randomized trial of 2 perioperative blood pressure management strategies (reported here) and tranexamic acid versus placebo. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03505723). SETTING 110 hospitals in 22 countries. PATIENTS 7490 patients having noncardiac surgery who were at risk for vascular complications and were receiving 1 or more long-term antihypertensive medications. INTERVENTION In the hypotension-avoidance strategy group, the intraoperative mean arterial pressure target was 80 mm Hg or greater; before and for 2 days after surgery, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors were withheld and the other long-term antihypertensive medications were administered only for systolic blood pressures 130 mm Hg or greater, following an algorithm. In the hypertension-avoidance strategy group, the intraoperative mean arterial pressure target was 60 mm Hg or greater; all antihypertensive medications were continued before and after surgery. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was a composite of vascular death and nonfatal myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, stroke, and cardiac arrest at 30 days. Outcome adjudicators were masked to treatment assignment. RESULTS The primary outcome occurred in 520 of 3742 patients (13.9%) in the hypotension-avoidance group and in 524 of 3748 patients (14.0%) in the hypertension-avoidance group (hazard ratio, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.88 to 1.12]; P = 0.92). Results were consistent for patients who used 1 or more than 1 antihypertensive medication in the long term. LIMITATION Adherence to the assigned strategies was suboptimal; however, results were consistent across different adherence levels. CONCLUSION In patients having noncardiac surgery, our hypotension-avoidance and hypertension-avoidance strategies resulted in a similar incidence of major vascular complications. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Canadian Institutes of Health Research, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), and Research Grant Council of Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Marcucci
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Thomas W Painter
- Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (T.W.P.)
| | - David Conen
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Vladimir Lomivorotov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Centre, Novosibirsk, Russia (V.L., S.I.)
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- Anesthesiology Institute, Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (D.I.S., K.R., S.A., K.M., A.K.)
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.)
| | - Flavia K Borges
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Kate Leslie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.L.)
| | - Emmanuelle Duceppe
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (E.D.)
| | - María José Martínez-Zapata
- Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, IIB Sant Pau, CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain (M.J.M.)
| | - Chew Yin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W., C.C.C.)
| | - Denis Xavier
- St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, India (D.X.)
| | - Sandra N Ofori
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Michael Ke Wang
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Sergey Efremov
- Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Russia (S.E.)
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy (G.L.)
| | - Ydo V Kleinlugtenbelt
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.)
| | - Wojciech Szczeklik
- Centre for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (W.S.)
| | - Denis Schmartz
- CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium (D.S.)
| | - Amit X Garg
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (A.X.G.)
| | - Timothy G Short
- Department of Anaesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.)
| | - Maria Wittmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.)
| | - Christian S Meyhoff
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.S.M.)
| | - Mohammed Amir
- Department of Surgery, Shifa International Hospital and Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.)
| | - David Torres
- Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile (D.T.)
| | - Ameen Patel
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.P., V.T.)
| | - Kurt Ruetzler
- Anesthesiology Institute, Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (D.I.S., K.R., S.A., K.M., A.K.)
| | - Joel L Parlow
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (J.L.P.)
| | - Vikas Tandon
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (A.P., V.T.)
| | - Edith Fleischmann
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.F.)
| | - Carisi A Polanczyk
- UFRGS, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, IATS; Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.)
| | - Andre Lamy
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Raja Jayaram
- Department of Anaesthetics, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom (R.J.)
| | - Sergey V Astrakov
- Department of Anesthesiology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia (S.V.A.)
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.)
| | - Chao Chia Cheong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W., C.C.C.)
| | - Sabry Ayad
- Anesthesiology Institute, Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (D.I.S., K.R., S.A., K.M., A.K.)
| | - Mikhail Kirov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia (M.K.)
| | - Miriam de Nadal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (M. de N.)
| | | | - Pilar Paniagua
- Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (P.P.)
| | - Hector J Aguado
- Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain (H.J.A.)
| | - Kamal Maheshwari
- Anesthesiology Institute, Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (D.I.S., K.R., S.A., K.M., A.K.)
| | - Richard P Whitlock
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Michael H McGillion
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Jessica Vincent
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Ingrid Copland
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Bruce M Biccard
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa (B.M.B.)
| | - Sadeesh Srinathan
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (S.S.)
| | - Samandar Ismoilov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Centre, Novosibirsk, Russia (V.L., S.I.)
| | - Shirley Pettit
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - David Stillo
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Andrea Kurz
- Anesthesiology Institute, Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (D.I.S., K.R., S.A., K.M., A.K.)
| | - Emilie P Belley-Côté
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Jessica Spence
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - William F McIntyre
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (G.G.)
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
| | - P J Devereaux
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., I.C., K.B., S.P., D.S., E.P.B., J.S., W.F.M., S.I.B., S.Y., P.J.D.)
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9
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Borges FK, Devereaux PJ, Cuerden M, Sontrop JM, Bhandari M, Guerra-Farfán E, Patel A, Sigamani A, Umer M, Neary J, Tiboni M, Tandon V, Ramokgopa MT, Sancheti P, Lawendy AR, Balaguer-Castro M, Jenkinson R, Ślęczka P, Nur AN, Wood GCA, Feibel RJ, McMahon JS, Biccard BM, Ortalda A, Szczeklik W, Wang CY, Tomás-Hernández J, Vincent J, Harvey V, Pettit S, Balasubramanian K, Slobogean G, Garg AX. Accelerated Surgery Versus Standard Care in Hip Fracture (HIP ATTACK-1): A Kidney Substudy of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2022; 80:686-689. [PMID: 35346742 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.01.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia K Borges
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Perioperative Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - P J Devereaux
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meaghan Cuerden
- Division of Nephrology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica M Sontrop
- Division of Nephrology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohit Bhandari
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ernesto Guerra-Farfán
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ameen Patel
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Perioperative Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alben Sigamani
- Clinical Research, Narayana Hrudayalaya Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Masood Umer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - John Neary
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Tiboni
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vikas Tandon
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mmampapatla Thomas Ramokgopa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Parag Sancheti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sancheti Institute for Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Pune, India
| | | | - Mariano Balaguer-Castro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Richard Jenkinson
- Department of Surgery and Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Aamer Nabi Nur
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gavin C A Wood
- Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Feibel
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Bruce M Biccard
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Alessandro Ortalda
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Wojciech Szczeklik
- Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Chew Yin Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Malaya, Faculty of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jordi Tomás-Hernández
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jessica Vincent
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Harvey
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shirley Pettit
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerard Slobogean
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amit X Garg
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Nephrology, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Petch J, Nelson W, Di S, Balasubramanian K, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ, Borges FK, Bangdiwala SI. Machine learning for detecting centre-level irregularities in randomized controlled trials: A pilot study. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 122:106963. [PMID: 36252935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Centralized statistical monitoring is sometimes employed as an alternative to onsite monitoring for randomized control trials. Current central monitoring methods have limitations, in that they are relatively resource intensive and do not necessarily generalize to studies where an irregularity pattern has not been observed before. Machine learning has been effective in detecting irregularities in industries such as finance and manufacturing, but to date none have been applied to clinical trials. We conducted a pilot study for the use of machine learning to identify center-level irregularities in data from multicenter clinical trials. We employed unsupervised machine learning methods, which do not rely on labelled data, and therefore allow for the automated discovery of previously unseen irregularity patterns while maintaining flexibility when applied to new data with different structures. This pilot study employs unsupervised machine learning to compute distance matrices between centres, which we used to produce centre-level continuous features. We then used a one-class support vector machine to learn the underlying distribution of each data set to identify data that was substantially different from these distributions. We evaluated our approach against current automatable centralized monitoring methods on two trials with known irregularities. While current approaches performed well on one trial (AUROC 0.752 for monitoring vs. 0.584 for machine learning), our techniques performed substantially better on the other (AUROC 0.140 for monitoring vs 0.728 for machine learning). The results of this pilot study suggest both the feasibility and the potential value of a machine learning-based approach to irregularity detection in RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Petch
- Centre for Data Science and Digital Health, Hamilton Health Sciences, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Walter Nelson
- Centre for Data Science and Digital Health, Hamilton Health Sciences, Canada; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Shuang Di
- Centre for Data Science and Digital Health, Hamilton Health Sciences, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Canada
| | - P J Devereaux
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Flavia K Borges
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Canada.
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Johansson I, Balasubramanian K, Bangdiwala S, Mielniczuk L, Hage C, Sharma SK, Branch K, Yonga G, Kragholm K, Sliwa K, Roy A, Stork S, McMurray JJV, Conen D, Yusuf S. Factors associated with health-related quality of life in heart failure in 23,000 patients from 40 countries: results of the global congestive heart failure research program. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Poor health-related quality of life (HRQL) is common in heart failure (HF) and strongly predicts death and HF hospitalization in all regions of the world. Understanding facors associated with HRQL could therefore lead to improved prognosis in HF patients. Despite that the majority of HF occurs in low- and middle-income countries, there are limited data characterizing self-perceived health HRQL and its correlates in these settings.
Purpose
To examine clinical and social correlates of HRQL in patients with HF from high- (HIC), upper middle- (UMIC), lower middle-(LMIC) and low-income (LIC) countries.
Methods
Between 2017 and 2020, we enrolled 23,292 patients with HF (32% inpatients, 61% men) from 40 countries in the Global Congestive Heart Failure Study. We recorded HRQL at baseline using Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ)-12. In a cross-sectional analysis, we compared age- and sex-adjusted mean KCCQ-12 summary scores (SS: 0–100, higher=better) between patients from different country income levels. We used multivariable linear regression examining correlations (estimates expressed as β-coefficients) of KCCQ-12-SS with sociodemographic-, comorbidity-, treatment- and symptom-covariates. The adjusted model (37 covariates) was informed by univariable findings, clinical importance and backward selection. We used partial R2-estimates to understand the contribution to the variability in KCCQ-12-SS of 4 different groups of covariates. (sociodemographic, comorbidities, treatments and signs and symptoms of congestion).
Results
Mean age was 63 years and 40% were in NYHA class III–IV. Average HRQL was 55± SD 0.5. It was 62.5 (95% CI 62.0–63.1) in HIC, 56.8 (56.1–57.4) in UMIC, 48.6 (48.0–49.3) in LMIC, and 38.5 (37.3–39.7) in LICs (p<0.0001). Strong correlates (β-coefficient [95% CI]) of KCCQ-12-SS were NYHA class III vs class I/II (−12.1 [−12.8 to −11.4] and class IV vs. class I/II (−16.5 [−17.7 to −15.3]), effort dyspnea (−9.5 [−10.2 to −8.8]) and living in LIC vs. HIC (−5.8 [−7.1 to −4.4]). Symptoms explained most of the KCCQ-12-SS variability (partial R2=0.32 of total adjusted R2=0.51), followed by sociodemographic factors (R2=0.12). Results were consistent in populations across income levels.
Conclusion
The most important correlates of HRQL in HF patients relate to HF symptom severity, irrespective of country-income level. Improved symptom control may have a big impact on HRQL, especially in LICs.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): Bayer AG
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Affiliation(s)
- I Johansson
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - K Balasubramanian
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - S Bangdiwala
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - L Mielniczuk
- Ottawa Heart Institute, Division of Cardiology , Ottawa , Canada
| | - C Hage
- Karolinska Institute, Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine K2 , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - S K Sharma
- B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences , Dharan , Nepal
| | - K Branch
- University of Washington Medical Center, Division of Cardiology , Seattle , United States of America
| | - G Yonga
- University of Nairobi , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - K Kragholm
- Aalborg University Hospital , Aalborg , Denmark
| | - K Sliwa
- University of Cape Town, Department of Medicine and Cardiology , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - A Roy
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Department of Cardiology , New Delhi , India
| | - S Stork
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center (CHFC) , Wurzburg , Germany
| | - J J V McMurray
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre , Glasgow , United Kingdom
| | - D Conen
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
| | - S Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
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12
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Connolly SJ, Karthikeyan G, Ntsekhe M, Haileamlak A, El Sayed A, El Ghamrawy A, Damasceno A, Avezum A, Dans AML, Gitura B, Hu D, Kamanzi ER, Maklady F, Fana G, Gonzalez-Hermosillo JA, Musuku J, Kazmi K, Zühlke L, Gondwe L, Ma C, Paniagua M, Ogah OS, Molefe-Baikai OJ, Lwabi P, Chillo P, Sharma SK, Cabral TTJ, Tarhuni WM, Benz A, van Eikels M, Krol A, Pattath D, Balasubramanian K, Rangarajan S, Ramasundarahettige C, Mayosi B, Yusuf S. Rivaroxaban in Rheumatic Heart Disease-Associated Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:978-988. [PMID: 36036525 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2209051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing of factor Xa inhibitors for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatic heart disease-associated atrial fibrillation has been limited. METHODS We enrolled patients with atrial fibrillation and echocardiographically documented rheumatic heart disease who had any of the following: a CHA2DS2VASc score of at least 2 (on a scale from 0 to 9, with higher scores indicating a higher risk of stroke), a mitral-valve area of no more than 2 cm2, left atrial spontaneous echo contrast, or left atrial thrombus. Patients were randomly assigned to receive standard doses of rivaroxaban or dose-adjusted vitamin K antagonist. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of stroke, systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, or death from vascular (cardiac or noncardiac) or unknown causes. We hypothesized that rivaroxaban therapy would be noninferior to vitamin K antagonist therapy. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding according to the International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis. RESULTS Of 4565 enrolled patients, 4531 were included in the final analysis. The mean age of the patients was 50.5 years, and 72.3% were women. Permanent discontinuation of trial medication was more common with rivaroxaban than with vitamin K antagonist therapy at all visits. In the intention-to-treat analysis, 560 patients in the rivaroxaban group and 446 in the vitamin K antagonist group had a primary-outcome event. Survival curves were nonproportional. The restricted mean survival time was 1599 days in the rivaroxaban group and 1675 days in the vitamin K antagonist group (difference, -76 days; 95% confidence interval [CI], -121 to -31; P<0.001). A higher incidence of death occurred in the rivaroxaban group than in the vitamin K antagonist group (restricted mean survival time, 1608 days vs. 1680 days; difference, -72 days; 95% CI, -117 to -28). No significant between-group difference in the rate of major bleeding was noted. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with rheumatic heart disease-associated atrial fibrillation, vitamin K antagonist therapy led to a lower rate of a composite of cardiovascular events or death than rivaroxaban therapy, without a higher rate of bleeding. (Funded by Bayer; INVICTUS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02832544.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Connolly
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Ganesan Karthikeyan
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Mpiko Ntsekhe
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Abraham Haileamlak
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Ahmed El Sayed
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Alaa El Ghamrawy
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Albertino Damasceno
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Alvaro Avezum
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Antonio M L Dans
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Bernard Gitura
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Dayi Hu
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Emmanuel R Kamanzi
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Fathi Maklady
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Golden Fana
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - J Antonio Gonzalez-Hermosillo
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - John Musuku
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Khawar Kazmi
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Lillian Gondwe
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Changsheng Ma
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Maria Paniagua
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Okechukwu S Ogah
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Onkabetse J Molefe-Baikai
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Peter Lwabi
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Pilly Chillo
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Sanjib K Sharma
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Tantchou T J Cabral
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Wadea M Tarhuni
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Alexander Benz
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Martin van Eikels
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Amy Krol
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Divya Pattath
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Chinthanie Ramasundarahettige
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Bongani Mayosi
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
| | - Salim Yusuf
- From the Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada (S.J.C., A.B., A.K., D.P., K.B., S.R., C.R., S.Y.); the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (G.K.); the Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town (M.N., B.M.), and the South African Medical Research Council (L.Z.) - both in Cape Town, South Africa; Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia (A.H.); the University of Gazira, Wad Madani, Sudan (A.E.S.); Mahalla Heart Center, El Mahalla El Kubra (A.E.G.), and Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia (F.M.) - both in Egypt; the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique (A.D.); the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (A.A.); the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.M.L.D.); Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi (B.G.); the People's Hospital of Peking University (D.H.) and the Beijing Anzhen Hospital (C.M.) - both in Beijing; the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda (E.R.K.); the University of Zimbabwe, College of Health Sciences, Harare (G.F.); Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City (J.A.G.-H.); the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia (J.M.); the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan (K.K.); Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi (L.G.); Barrio Obrero Hospital, Asuncion, Paraguay (M.P.); the Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan-College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria (O.S.O.); Princess Marina Hospital, University of Botswana, Gaborone (O.J.M.-B.); Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala (P.L.); Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (P.C.); the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal (S.K.S.); St. Elizabeth Catholic General Hospital, Kumbo, Cameroon (T.T.J.C.); the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, the Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, and the Windsor Cardiac Centre, Windsor, ON - all in Canada (W.M.T.); the Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz (A.B.), and Bayer, Berlin (M.E.) - both in Germany
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Devereaux PJ, Marcucci M, Painter TW, Conen D, Lomivorotov V, Sessler DI, Chan MTV, Borges FK, Martínez-Zapata MJ, Wang CY, Xavier D, Ofori SN, Wang MK, Efremov S, Landoni G, Kleinlugtenbelt YV, Szczeklik W, Schmartz D, Garg AX, Short TG, Wittmann M, Meyhoff CS, Amir M, Torres D, Patel A, Duceppe E, Ruetzler K, Parlow JL, Tandon V, Fleischmann E, Polanczyk CA, Lamy A, Astrakov SV, Rao M, Wu WKK, Bhatt K, de Nadal M, Likhvantsev VV, Paniagua P, Aguado HJ, Whitlock RP, McGillion MH, Prystajecky M, Vincent J, Eikelboom J, Copland I, Balasubramanian K, Turan A, Bangdiwala SI, Stillo D, Gross PL, Cafaro T, Alfonsi P, Roshanov PS, Belley-Côté EP, Spence J, Richards T, VanHelder T, McIntyre W, Guyatt G, Yusuf S, Leslie K. Tranexamic Acid in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1986-1997. [PMID: 35363452 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2201171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative bleeding is common in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic drug that may safely decrease such bleeding. METHODS We conducted a trial involving patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive tranexamic acid (1-g intravenous bolus) or placebo at the start and end of surgery (reported here) and, with the use of a partial factorial design, a hypotension-avoidance or hypertension-avoidance strategy (not reported here). The primary efficacy outcome was life-threatening bleeding, major bleeding, or bleeding into a critical organ (composite bleeding outcome) at 30 days. The primary safety outcome was myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, nonhemorrhagic stroke, peripheral arterial thrombosis, or symptomatic proximal venous thromboembolism (composite cardiovascular outcome) at 30 days. To establish the noninferiority of tranexamic acid to placebo for the composite cardiovascular outcome, the upper boundary of the one-sided 97.5% confidence interval for the hazard ratio had to be below 1.125, and the one-sided P value had to be less than 0.025. RESULTS A total of 9535 patients underwent randomization. A composite bleeding outcome event occurred in 433 of 4757 patients (9.1%) in the tranexamic acid group and in 561 of 4778 patients (11.7%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 0.87; absolute difference, -2.6 percentage points; 95% CI, -3.8 to -1.4; two-sided P<0.001 for superiority). A composite cardiovascular outcome event occurred in 649 of 4581 patients (14.2%) in the tranexamic acid group and in 639 of 4601 patients (13.9%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.14; upper boundary of the one-sided 97.5% CI, 1.14; absolute difference, 0.3 percentage points; 95% CI, -1.1 to 1.7; one-sided P = 0.04 for noninferiority). CONCLUSIONS Among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, the incidence of the composite bleeding outcome was significantly lower with tranexamic acid than with placebo. Although the between-group difference in the composite cardiovascular outcome was small, the noninferiority of tranexamic acid was not established. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others; POISE-3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03505723.).
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Devereaux
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Maura Marcucci
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Thomas W Painter
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - David Conen
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Vladimir Lomivorotov
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Flavia K Borges
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - María J Martínez-Zapata
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Chew Yin Wang
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Denis Xavier
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Sandra N Ofori
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Michael K Wang
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Sergey Efremov
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Ydo V Kleinlugtenbelt
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Wojciech Szczeklik
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Denis Schmartz
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Amit X Garg
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Timothy G Short
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Maria Wittmann
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Christian S Meyhoff
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Mohammed Amir
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - David Torres
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Ameen Patel
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Emmanuelle Duceppe
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Kurt Ruetzler
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Joel L Parlow
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Vikas Tandon
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Edith Fleischmann
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Carisi A Polanczyk
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Andre Lamy
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Sergey V Astrakov
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Mangala Rao
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - William K K Wu
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Keyur Bhatt
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Miriam de Nadal
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Valery V Likhvantsev
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Pilar Paniagua
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Hector J Aguado
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Richard P Whitlock
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Michael H McGillion
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Michael Prystajecky
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Jessica Vincent
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - John Eikelboom
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Ingrid Copland
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Alparslan Turan
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Shrikant I Bangdiwala
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - David Stillo
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Peter L Gross
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Teresa Cafaro
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Pascal Alfonsi
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Pavel S Roshanov
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Emilie P Belley-Côté
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Jessica Spence
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Toby Richards
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Tomas VanHelder
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - William McIntyre
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Salim Yusuf
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
| | - Kate Leslie
- From the Population Health Research Institute (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.L., R.P.W., M.H.M., J.V., J.E., I.C., K. Balasubramanian, S.I.B., D. Stillo, T.C., P.S.R., E.P.B.-C., J.S., W.M., S.Y.), the Departments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., S.N.O., M.K.W., A.X.G., S.I.B., J.S., G.G.), Medicine (P.J.D., M.M., D.C., F.K.B., M.K.W., A.P., V.T., J.E., P.L.G., E.P.B.-C., W.M., G.G., S.Y.), Surgery (A.L., R.P.W.), and Anesthesia (J.S., T.V.) and the School of Nursing (M.H.M.), McMaster University, Hamilton, the Departments of Medicine (A.X.G., P.S.R.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.X.G.), Western University, London, and the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston (J.L.P.), ON, the Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (E.D.), and the Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University (T.C.), Montreal, and the Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (M.P.) - all in Canada; the Discipline of Acute Care Medicine, University of Adelaide (T.W.P.), and the Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Adelaide Hospital (T.W.P.), Adelaide, SA, and the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University (T.R.), and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne (K.L.), Melbourne, VIC - all in Australia; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center (V.L.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (V.L.) and the Department of Anesthesiology, V. Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology (S.V.A.), Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg (S.E.), and V. Negovsky Reanimatology Research Institute, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow (V.V.L.) - all in Russia; the Departments of Outcomes Research (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.) and General Anesthesia (K.R., A.T.) and the Anesthesiology Institute (D.I.S., K.R., A.T.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China (M.T.V.C., W.K.K.W.); Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (M.J.M.-Z.), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (M.N.), and the Anesthesiology Department, Santa Creu i Sant Pau University Hospital (P.P.), Barcelona, and the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid (H.J.A.) - all in Spain; the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.); St. John's Medical College, Bangalore (D.X., M.R.), and the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Surat Institute of Digestive Sciences Hospital and Research Center, Surat (K. Bhatt) - both in India; the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan (G.L.); the Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, the Netherlands (Y.V.K.); Jagiellonian University Medical College, Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Krakow, Poland (W.S.); Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels (D. Schmartz); the Department of Anesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, and the School of Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (T.G.S.); the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany (M.W.); the Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (C.S.M.); Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.); Departamento de Epidemiología y Estudios en Salud, Universidad de Los Andes, and Servicio de Anestesiología, Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile (D.T.); the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (E.F.); Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, National Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil (C.A.P.); and the Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Paris Saint Joseph, University of Paris, Paris (P.A.)
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14
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Johansson I, Balasubramanian K, Bangdiwala S, Mielniczuk L, Hage C, Sharma SK, Branch K, Zhu J, Kragholm K, Sliwa K, Alla F, Yonga G, Roy A, Orlandini A, Grinvalds A, McCready T, Pogosova N, Störk S, McMurray JJ, Conen D, Yusuf S. Factors associated with health‐related quality of life in heart failure in 23,000 patients from 40 countries: Results of the
G‐CHF
Research Program. Eur J Heart Fail 2022; 24:1478-1490. [DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Johansson
- Population Health Research Institute McMaster University Hamilton Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences Hamilton
| | | | - Shrikant Bangdiwala
- Population Health Research Institute McMaster University Hamilton Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences Hamilton
| | - Lisa Mielniczuk
- Division of Cardiology University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa Ontario
| | - Camilla Hage
- Karolinska University Hospital Heart, Vascular and Neuro Theme Heart Failure Section
- Karolinska Institutet Department of Medicine Cardiology Unit
| | | | - Kelly Branch
- Division of Cardiology University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle
| | - Jun Zhu
- 3 Fuwai Hospital, CAMS & PUMC China
| | | | - Karen Sliwa
- Cape Heart Institute, Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town
| | - Francois Alla
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center. Inserm Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
- Prevention department, CHU, Bordeaux, France. Bordeaux Population Health Research Center. Inserm Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
| | | | - Ambuj Roy
- Department of Cardiology All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi Delhi India
| | | | - Alex Grinvalds
- Population Health Research Institute McMaster University Hamilton Canada
| | - Tara McCready
- Population Health Research Institute McMaster University Hamilton Canada
| | - Nana Pogosova
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Moscow Russia
| | - Stefan Störk
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center University and University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | | | - David Conen
- Population Health Research Institute McMaster University Hamilton Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences Hamilton
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute McMaster University Hamilton Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences Hamilton
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15
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Maideen NMP, Balasubramaniam R, Manavalan G, Balasubramanian K, Nivedhitha S, Thirumal M, Kumar S V. An Insight of Clinical Evidences of Ayurveda Interventions in the Management of COVID-19 Patients. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:74-82. [PMID: 35319399 DOI: 10.2174/1871526522666220321152504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the patients with COVID-19 might be managed with traditional medicine like Ayurveda alone or in combination with standard allopathic treatment as Ayurveda is one of the oldest traditional medicinal systems followed by millions around the globe. METHODS The literature was searched in databases such as LitCOVID, Google Scholar, Science Direct, EBSCO, Scopus, Web of science, EMBASE, and reference lists to identify articles relevant to the use of Ayurvedic medicines in the management of COVID-19. RESULTS Several clinical studies have determined the efficacy of Ayurvedic medicines and formulations in the management of patients with COVID-19. CONCLUSION The Ayurvedic medicines and formulations having antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties could be used along with standard allopathic medicines to assist in the earlier clearance of virus, speedy recovery of patients with COVID-19, faster discharge from hospitals, and the prevention of further deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gobinath Manavalan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy, Nellore, AP, India
| | | | - Nivedhitha S
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy, Nellore, AP, India
| | - Thirumal M
- Department of Pharmacognosy, SRM College of Pharmacy, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Vasanth Kumar S
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KK College of Pharmacy, Gerugambakkam, TN, India
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16
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Marcucci M, Painter TW, Conen D, Leslie K, Lomivorotov VV, Sessler D, Chan MTV, Borges FK, Martínez Zapata MJ, Wang CY, Xavier D, Ofori SN, Landoni G, Efremov S, Kleinlugtenbelt YV, Szczeklik W, Schmartz D, Garg AX, Short TG, Wittmann M, Meyhoff CS, Amir M, Torres D, Patel A, Duceppe E, Ruetzler K, Parlow JL, Tandon V, Wang MK, Fleischmann E, Polanczyk CA, Jayaram R, Astrakov SV, Rao M, VanHelder T, Wu WKK, Cheong CC, Ayad S, Abubakirov M, Kirov M, Bhatt K, de Nadal M, Likhvantsev V, Iglesisas PP, Aguado HJ, McGillion M, Lamy A, Whitlock RP, Roshanov P, Stillo D, Copland I, Vincent J, Balasubramanian K, Bangdiwala SI, Biccard B, Kurz A, Srinathan S, Petit S, Eikelboom J, Richards T, Gross PL, Alfonsi P, Guyatt G, Belley-Cote E, Spence J, McIntyre W, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ. Rationale and design of the PeriOperative ISchemic Evaluation-3 (POISE-3): a randomized controlled trial evaluating tranexamic acid and a strategy to minimize hypotension in noncardiac surgery. Trials 2022; 23:101. [PMID: 35101083 PMCID: PMC8805242 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
For patients undergoing noncardiac surgery, bleeding and hypotension are frequent and associated with increased mortality and cardiovascular complications. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic agent with the potential to reduce surgical bleeding; however, there is uncertainty about its efficacy and safety in noncardiac surgery. Although usual perioperative care is commonly consistent with a hypertension-avoidance strategy (i.e., most patients continue their antihypertensive medications throughout the perioperative period and intraoperative mean arterial pressures of 60 mmHg are commonly accepted), a hypotension-avoidance strategy may improve perioperative outcomes.
Methods
The PeriOperative Ischemic Evaluation (POISE)-3 Trial is a large international randomized controlled trial designed to determine if TXA is superior to placebo for the composite outcome of life-threatening, major, and critical organ bleeding, and non-inferior to placebo for the occurrence of major arterial and venous thrombotic events, at 30 days after randomization. Using a partial factorial design, POISE-3 will additionally determine the effect of a hypotension-avoidance strategy versus a hypertension-avoidance strategy on the risk of major cardiovascular events, at 30 days after randomization. The target sample size is 10,000 participants. Patients ≥45 years of age undergoing noncardiac surgery, with or at risk of cardiovascular and bleeding complications, are randomized to receive a TXA 1 g intravenous bolus or matching placebo at the start and at the end of surgery. Patients, health care providers, data collectors, outcome adjudicators, and investigators are blinded to the treatment allocation. Patients on ≥ 1 chronic antihypertensive medication are also randomized to either of the two blood pressure management strategies, which differ in the management of patient antihypertensive medications on the morning of surgery and on the first 2 days after surgery, and in the target mean arterial pressure during surgery. Outcome adjudicators are blinded to the blood pressure treatment allocation. Patients are followed up at 30 days and 1 year after randomization.
Discussion
Bleeding and hypotension in noncardiac surgery are common and have a substantial impact on patient prognosis. The POISE-3 trial will evaluate two interventions to determine their impact on bleeding, cardiovascular complications, and mortality.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03505723. Registered on 23 April 2018.
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17
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Cairns JA, Healey JS, Epstein AE, Themeles E, Balasubramanian K, Connolly SJ. Prospective long-term follow-up of silicone-polyurethane–insulated implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads. Heart Rhythm O2 2021; 3:57-64. [PMID: 35243436 PMCID: PMC8859782 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Cairns
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Address reprint requests and correspondence: Dr John A. Cairns, UBC Division of Cardiology, Rm 9113, GLD Health Care Centre, 2775 Laurel St, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9 Canada.
| | - Jeff S. Healey
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Andrew E. Epstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellison Themeles
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Stuart J. Connolly
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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18
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Durrani R, Friedrich MG, Schulze KM, Awadalla P, Balasubramanian K, Black SE, Broet P, Busseuil D, Desai D, Dummer T, Dick A, Hicks J, Iype T, Kelton D, Kirpalani A, Lear SA, Leipsic J, Li W, McCreary CR, Moody AR, Noseworthy MD, Parraga G, Poirier P, Rangarajan S, Szczesniak D, Szuba A, Tardif JC, Teo K, Vena JE, Zatonska K, Zimny A, Lee DS, Yusuf S, Anand SS, Smith EE. Effect of Cognitive Reserve on the Association of Vascular Brain Injury With Cognition: Analysis of the PURE and CAHHM Studies. Neurology 2021; 97:e1707-e1716. [PMID: 34504021 PMCID: PMC8605614 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To determine whether cognitive reserve attenuates the association of vascular brain injury with cognition. METHODS Cross-sectional data were analyzed from 2 harmonized studies: the Canadian Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Healthy Minds (CAHHM) and the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Markers of cognitive reserve were education, involvement in social activities, marital status, height, and leisure physical activity, which were combined into a composite score. Vascular brain injury was defined as nonlacunar brain infarcts or high white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden on MRI. Cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Tool (MoCA) and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). RESULTS There were 10,916 participants age 35-81. Mean age was 58.8 years (range 35-81) and 55.8% were female. Education, moderate leisure physical activity, being in a marital partnership, being taller, and participating in social groups were each independently associated with higher cognition, as was the composite cognitive reserve score. Vascular brain injury was associated with lower cognition (β -0.35 [95% confidence interval [CI] -0.53 to -0.17] for MoCA and β -2.19 [95% CI -3.22 to -1.15] for DSST) but the association was not modified by the composite cognitive reserve variable (interaction p = 0.59 for MoCA and p = 0.72 for DSST). CONCLUSIONS Both vascular brain injury and markers of cognitive reserve are associated with cognition. However, the effects were independent such that the adverse effects of covert vascular brain injury were not attenuated by higher cognitive reserve. To improve cognitive brain health, interventions to both prevent cerebrovascular disease and promote positive lifestyles are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romella Durrani
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Matthias G Friedrich
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Karleen M Schulze
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Philip Awadalla
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Philippe Broet
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - David Busseuil
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Dipika Desai
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Trevor Dummer
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alexander Dick
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jason Hicks
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Thomas Iype
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - David Kelton
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anish Kirpalani
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Scott A Lear
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jonathon Leipsic
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Cheryl R McCreary
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alan R Moody
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Michael D Noseworthy
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Grace Parraga
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sumathy Rangarajan
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Dorota Szczesniak
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Andrzej Szuba
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Koon Teo
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Vena
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Katarzyna Zatonska
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anna Zimny
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Douglas S Lee
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada
| | - Eric E Smith
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.D., E.E.S.) and Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences (C.R.M.), University of Calgary; Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology (M.G.F.), McGill University, Montreal; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (K.M.S., K.B., D.D., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Medicine (K.M.S., K.B., S.R., K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering (M.D.N.), and Department of Health Evidence and Impact (K.T., S.Y., S.S.A.), McMaster University, Hamilton; Department of Molecular Genetics, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (P.A.), Department of Medicine (Neurology) (S.B.), Sunnybrook Research Institute (S.B.), and Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto; Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital (A.K.), and Department of Medicine, ICES (D.S.L.), University of Toronto; Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, École de Santé Publique (P.B.), and Research Centre, Montreal Heart Institute (D.B., J.-C.T.), Université de Montréal; Research Centre (P.B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal; School of Population and Public Health (T.D.) and Department of Radiology, St. Paul's Hospital (J.L.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Division of Cardiology (A.D.), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa; Atlantic PATH (J.H.), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada; Department of Neurology (T.I.), Government Medical College Thiruvananthapuram, India; Diagnostic Imaging (D.K.), Brampton Civic Hospital, William Osler Health System, Etobicoke; Faculty of Health Sciences (S.A.L.), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases (W.L.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fu Wai Hospital, Beijing, China; Diagnostic Imaging (M.D.N.), St. Joseph's Health Care, Hamilton; Department of Medical Biophysics and Robarts Research Institute (G.P.), Western University, London; Institut de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (P.P.), Université Laval, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry (D.S.), Angiology (A.S.), Social Medicine (K.Z.), and General and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology (A.Z.), Wroclaw Medical University, Poland; and Cancer Research and Analytics (J.E.V.), Cancer Care Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
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Whitlock RP, Belley-Cote EP, Paparella D, Healey JS, Brady K, Sharma M, Reents W, Budera P, Baddour AJ, Fila P, Devereaux PJ, Bogachev-Prokophiev A, Boening A, Teoh KHT, Tagarakis GI, Slaughter MS, Royse AG, McGuinness S, Alings M, Punjabi PP, Mazer CD, Folkeringa RJ, Colli A, Avezum Á, Nakamya J, Balasubramanian K, Vincent J, Voisine P, Lamy A, Yusuf S, Connolly SJ. Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion during Cardiac Surgery to Prevent Stroke. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:2081-2091. [PMID: 33999547 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2101897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical occlusion of the left atrial appendage has been hypothesized to prevent ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, but this has not been proved. The procedure can be performed during cardiac surgery undertaken for other reasons. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, randomized trial involving participants with atrial fibrillation and a CHA2DS2-VASc score of at least 2 (on a scale from 0 to 9, with higher scores indicating greater risk of stroke) who were scheduled to undergo cardiac surgery for another indication. The participants were randomly assigned to undergo or not undergo occlusion of the left atrial appendage during surgery; all the participants were expected to receive usual care, including oral anticoagulation, during follow-up. The primary outcome was the occurrence of ischemic stroke (including transient ischemic attack with positive neuroimaging) or systemic embolism. The participants, research personnel, and primary care physicians (other than the surgeons) were unaware of the trial-group assignments. RESULTS The primary analysis population included 2379 participants in the occlusion group and 2391 in the no-occlusion group, with a mean age of 71 years and a mean CHA2DS2-VASc score of 4.2. The participants were followed for a mean of 3.8 years. A total of 92.1% of the participants received the assigned procedure, and at 3 years, 76.8% of the participants continued to receive oral anticoagulation. Stroke or systemic embolism occurred in 114 participants (4.8%) in the occlusion group and in 168 (7.0%) in the no-occlusion group (hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.53 to 0.85; P = 0.001). The incidence of perioperative bleeding, heart failure, or death did not differ significantly between the trial groups. CONCLUSIONS Among participants with atrial fibrillation who had undergone cardiac surgery, most of whom continued to receive ongoing antithrombotic therapy, the risk of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism was lower with concomitant left atrial appendage occlusion performed during the surgery than without it. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and others; LAAOS III ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01561651.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Whitlock
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Emilie P Belley-Cote
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Domenico Paparella
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Jeff S Healey
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Katheryn Brady
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Mukul Sharma
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Wilko Reents
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Petr Budera
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Andony J Baddour
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Petr Fila
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - P J Devereaux
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Alexander Bogachev-Prokophiev
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Andreas Boening
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Kevin H T Teoh
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Georgios I Tagarakis
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Mark S Slaughter
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Alistair G Royse
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Shay McGuinness
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Marco Alings
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Prakash P Punjabi
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - C David Mazer
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Richard J Folkeringa
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Andrea Colli
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Álvaro Avezum
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Juliet Nakamya
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Jessica Vincent
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Pierre Voisine
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Andre Lamy
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Salim Yusuf
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
| | - Stuart J Connolly
- From McMaster University (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton Health Sciences (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (R.P.W., E.P.B.-C., J.S.H., K. Brady, M.S., P.J.D., J.N., K. Balasubramanian, J.V., A.L., S.Y., S.J.C.), Hamilton, ON, Southlake Regional Health Centre, Newmarket, ON (K.H.T.T.), the University of Toronto and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (C.D.M.), and Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC (P.V.) - all in Canada; University of Foggia, Foggia (D.P.), Santa Maria Hospital, Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Bari (D.P.), and the University of Pisa, Pisa (A.C.) - all in Italy; Rhön-Klinikum Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt (W.R.), and University Hospital Giessen, Giessen (A.B.) - both in Germany; the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague (P.B.), and the Center of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno (P.F.) - both in the Czech Republic; "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital (A.J.B.) and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (G.I.T.) - both in Thessaloniki, Greece; E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia (A.B.-P.); the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY (M.S.S.); the University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (A.G.R.); Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (S.M.); Amphia Ziekenhuis, Breda (M.A.), and Medical Center Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden (R.J.F.) - both in the Netherlands; the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London (P.P.P.); and the International Research Center, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo (Á.A.)
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Patel H, Panda N, Kanoongo N, Balasubramanian K, Singh MJ, Chakraborty A. Manufacturing Technologies for Ultra-High-Vacuum–Compatible 10 MW/m 2 High Heat Flux Components for Application in Fusion Devices. Fusion Science and Technology 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2021.1898856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Patel
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar 382428, India
| | - Nirmal Panda
- Nonferrous Materials Technology Development Centre, Kanchan Bagh, Hyderabad 500058, India
| | - Nitin Kanoongo
- Nonferrous Materials Technology Development Centre, Kanchan Bagh, Hyderabad 500058, India
| | - K. Balasubramanian
- Nonferrous Materials Technology Development Centre, Kanchan Bagh, Hyderabad 500058, India
| | - M. J. Singh
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar 382428, India
| | - Arun Chakraborty
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar 382428, India
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21
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Conen D, Alonso-Coello P, Douketis J, Chan MTV, Kurz A, Sigamani A, Parlow JL, Wang CY, Villar JC, Srinathan SK, Tiboni M, Malaga G, Guyatt G, Sivakumaran S, Rodriguez Funes MV, Cruz P, Yang H, Dresser GK, Alvarez-Garcia J, Schricker T, Jones PM, Drummond LW, Balasubramanian K, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ. Risk of stroke and other adverse outcomes in patients with perioperative atrial fibrillation 1 year after non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:645-651. [PMID: 31237939 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine the 1-year risk of stroke and other adverse outcomes in patients with a new diagnosis of perioperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after non-cardiac surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS The PeriOperative ISchemic Evaluation (POISE)-1 trial evaluated the effects of metoprolol vs. placebo in 8351 patients, and POISE-2 compared the effect of aspirin vs. placebo, and clonidine vs. placebo in 10 010 patients. These trials included patients with, or at risk of, cardiovascular disease who were undergoing non-cardiac surgery. For the purpose of this study, we combined the POISE datasets, excluding 244 patients who were in atrial fibrillation (AF) at the time of randomization. Perioperative atrial fibrillation was defined as new AF that occurred within 30 days after surgery. Our primary outcome was the incidence of stroke at 1 year of follow-up; secondary outcomes were mortality and myocardial infarction (MI). We compared outcomes among patients with and without POAF using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. Among 18 117 patients (mean age 69 years, 57.4% male), 404 had POAF (2.2%). The stroke incidence 1 year after surgery was 5.58 vs. 1.54 per 100 patient-years in patients with and without POAF, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 3.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.00-5.90; P < 0.001. Patients with POAF also had an increased risk of death (incidence 31.37 vs. 9.34; aHR 2.51, 95% CI 2.01-3.14; P < 0.001) and MI (incidence 26.20 vs. 8.23; aHR 5.10, 95% CI 3.91-6.64; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Patients with POAF have a significantly increased risk of stroke, MI, and death at 1 year. Intervention studies are needed to evaluate risk reduction strategies in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Conen
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Pablo Alonso-Coello
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada.,Iberoamerican Cochrane Center, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau-CIBERESP), Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - James Douketis
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special administrative Region, China
| | - Andrea Kurz
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44120, USA
| | - Alben Sigamani
- Department of Clinical Research, Narayana Hrudayalaya Limited, 258/A, Hosur Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Anekal Taluk, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Joel L Parlow
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre and Queen's University, 76 Stuart St, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Chew Yin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juan C Villar
- Departamento de Investigaciones, Fundación Cardioinfantil -Instituto de Cardiología and Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Av. 42 ##48 - 11, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Sadeesh K Srinathan
- Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Rm. GE61, 820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Maria Tiboni
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - German Malaga
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martín de Porres 15102, Lima, Peru
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Soori Sivakumaran
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Maria-Virginia Rodriguez Funes
- Unidad de Investigacion Cientifica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de El Salvador, Final 25 Ave norte, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Patricia Cruz
- Department of Anesthesia, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Calle del Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Homer Yang
- Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - George K Dresser
- Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, 800 Commissioners Rd E, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Jesus Alvarez-Garcia
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, CIBERCV, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Carrer de Sant Quintí, 89, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Schricker
- Department of Anesthesia, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Philip M Jones
- Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Leanne W Drummond
- Department of Anaesthesia, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Umbilo, 4001, South Africa
| | | | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - P J Devereaux
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
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22
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Huynh JT, Healey JS, Um KJ, Vadakken ME, Rai AS, Conen D, Meyre P, Butt JH, Kamel H, Reza SJ, Nguyen ST, Oqab Z, Devereaux P, Balasubramanian K, Benz AP, Belley-Cote EP, McIntyre WF. Association Between Perioperative Atrial Fibrillation and Long-term Risks of Stroke and Death in Noncardiac Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. CJC Open 2021; 3:666-674. [PMID: 34027371 PMCID: PMC8134907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is frequently reported as a complication of noncardiac surgery. It is unknown whether new-onset perioperative AF is associated with an increased risk of stroke and death beyond the perioperative period. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the long-term risks of stroke and mortality associated with new-onset perioperative AF after noncardiac surgery. METHODS MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from inception to March 2020 for studies reporting on the association between perioperative AF and the risk of stroke and death occurring beyond 30 days after noncardiac surgery. Reference screening, study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed in duplicate. Data were pooled using inverse variance-weighted random-effects models and presented as risk ratios (RRs). RESULTS From 7344 citations, we included 31 studies (3,529,493 patients). The weighted mean incidence of perioperative AF was 0.7%. During a mean follow-up of 28.1 ± 9.4 months, perioperative AF was associated with an increased risk of stroke (1.5 vs 0.9 strokes per 100 patient-years; RR: 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1-3.9, I2 = 78%). Perioperative AF was also associated with a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (21.0 vs 7.6 deaths per 100 patient-years; RR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.5-2.2, I2 = 94%). The pooled adjusted hazard ratios for stroke and all-cause mortality were 1.9 (95% CI: 1.6-2.2, I2 = 31%) and 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3-1.7, I2 = 20%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patients who had perioperative AF after noncardiac surgery had a higher long-term risk of stroke and mortality compared with patients who did not. Whether this risk is modifiable with oral anticoagulation therapy should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica T. Huynh
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff S. Healey
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin J. Um
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria E. Vadakken
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anand S. Rai
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Conen
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pascal Meyre
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jawad H. Butt
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hooman Kamel
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Seleman J. Reza
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie T. Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zardasht Oqab
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - P.J. Devereaux
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander P. Benz
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emilie P. Belley-Cote
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - William F. McIntyre
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Johansson I, Joseph P, Balasubramanian K, McMurray JJV, Lund LH, Ezekowitz JA, Kamath D, Alhabib K, Bayes-Genis A, Budaj A, Dans ALL, Dzudie A, Probstfield JL, Fox KAA, Karaye KM, Makubi A, Fukakusa B, Teo K, Temizhan A, Wittlinger T, Maggioni AP, Lanas F, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Silva-Cardoso J, Sliwa K, Dokainish H, Grinvalds A, McCready T, Yusuf S. Health-Related Quality of Life and Mortality in Heart Failure: The Global Congestive Heart Failure Study of 23 000 Patients From 40 Countries. Circulation 2021; 143:2129-2142. [PMID: 33906372 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.050850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor health-related quality of life (HRQL) is common in heart failure (HF), but there are few data on HRQL in HF and the association between HRQL and mortality outside Western countries. METHODS We used the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12 (KCCQ-12) to record HRQL in 23 291 patients with HF from 40 countries in 8 different world regions in the G-CHF study (Global Congestive Heart Failure). We compared standardized KCCQ-12 summary scores (adjusted for age, sex, and markers of HF severity) among regions (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher score indicating better HRQL). We used multivariable Cox regression with adjustment for 15 variables to assess the association between KCCQ-12 summary scores and the composite of all-cause death, HF hospitalization, and each component over a median follow-up of 1.6 years. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 65 years; 61% were men; 40% had New York Heart Association class III or IV symptoms; and 46% had left ventricular ejection fraction ≥40%. Average HRQL differed between regions (lowest in Africa [mean± SE, 39.5±0.3], highest in Western Europe [62.5±0.4]). There were 4460 (19%) deaths, 3885 (17%) HF hospitalizations, and 6949 (30%) instances of either event. Lower KCCQ-12 summary score was associated with higher risk of all outcomes; the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for each 10-unit KCCQ-12 summary score decrement was 1.18 (95% CI, 1.17-1.20) for death. Although this association was observed in all regions, it was less marked in South Asia, South America, and Africa (weakest association in South Asia: HR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.03-1.14]; strongest association in Eastern Europe: HR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.21-1.42]; interaction P<0.0001). Lower HRQL predicted death in patients with New York Heart Association class I or II and III or IV symptoms (HR, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.14-1.19] and HR, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.12-1.17]; interaction P=0.13) and was a stronger predictor for the composite outcome in New York Heart Association class I or II versus class III or IV (HR 1.15 [95% CI, 1.13-1.17] versus 1.09 [95% CI, [1.07-1.11]; interaction P<0.0001). HR for death was greater in ejection fraction ≥40 versus <40% (HR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.20-1.26] and HR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.13-1.17]; interaction P<0.0001). CONCLUSION HRQL is a strong and independent predictor of all-cause death and HF hospitalization across all geographic regions, in mildly and severe symptomatic HF, and among patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03078166.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Johansson
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada (I.J., P.J., K.B., B.F., K.T., A.G., T.M., S.Y.).,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada (S.Y., I.J.)
| | - Philip Joseph
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada (I.J., P.J., K.B., B.F., K.T., A.G., T.M., S.Y.)
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada (I.J., P.J., K.B., B.F., K.T., A.G., T.M., S.Y.)
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland (J.J.V.M.)
| | - Lars H Lund
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (L.H.L.).,Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (L.H.L.)
| | - Justin A Ezekowitz
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta Canadian VIGOUR Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (J.A.E.)
| | - Deepak Kamath
- Division of Clinical Research and Training, St John's Research Institute, India (D.K.)
| | - Khalid Alhabib
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Fahad Cardiac Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (K.A.)
| | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- Heart Institute, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (A.B.-G.).,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, CIBERCV, Spain (A.B.-G.)
| | - Andrzej Budaj
- Department of Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Grochowski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (A.B.)
| | - Antonio L L Dans
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Philippines, Manila, Philippines (A.L.L.D.)
| | - Anastase Dzudie
- Douala General Hospital, Cameroon (A.D.).,Clinical Research Education, Networking and Consultancy, Douala, Cameroon (A.D.).,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon (A.D.)
| | | | - Keith A A Fox
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (K.A.A.F.)
| | - Kamilu M Karaye
- Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital and Bayero University Kano, Nigeria (K.M.K.)
| | - Abel Makubi
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania (A.M.)
| | - Bianca Fukakusa
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada (I.J., P.J., K.B., B.F., K.T., A.G., T.M., S.Y.)
| | - Koon Teo
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada (I.J., P.J., K.B., B.F., K.T., A.G., T.M., S.Y.)
| | - Ahmet Temizhan
- Ankara City Hospital, Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences, Turkey (A.T.)
| | | | - Aldo P Maggioni
- ANMCO Research Center, Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri, Florence, Italy (A.P.M.)
| | | | - Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo
- Masira Research Institute, UDES, Bucaramanga, Colombia (P.L.-J.).,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, UTE, Quito, Ecuador (P.L.-J.)
| | - José Silva-Cardoso
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Sao Joao University Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal (J.S.-C.)
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.)
| | - Hisham Dokainish
- Echocardiography Laboratory, Circulate Cardiac and Vascular Centre, Burlington, Canada (H.D.)
| | - Alex Grinvalds
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada (I.J., P.J., K.B., B.F., K.T., A.G., T.M., S.Y.)
| | - Tara McCready
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada (I.J., P.J., K.B., B.F., K.T., A.G., T.M., S.Y.)
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada (I.J., P.J., K.B., B.F., K.T., A.G., T.M., S.Y.).,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada (S.Y., I.J.)
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Conjeevaram MD A, Aggarwal G, Namagondlu G, Penmatsa K, Dassi M, Janardhana A, Aralapuram K, Langote A, Balasubramanian K. POS-514 MULTI-CENTRIC HEMODIALYSIS ELECTRONIC PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURES (ePROM) SURVEY. Kidney Int Rep 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.03.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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25
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Balasubramanian K, Bragadeesvaran S, Ajay Adarsh S, Baranitharan M, Gokulakrishnan K. Surface properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy treated by plasma ion nitriding process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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26
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Benz AP, Eikelboom JW, Yusuf S, Hohnloser SH, Kahl A, Beresh H, Balasubramanian K, Healey JS, Connolly SJ. Long-Term Treatment with Apixaban in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Outcomes during the Open-Label Extension following AVERROES. Thromb Haemost 2020; 121:518-528. [PMID: 33011964 PMCID: PMC7982299 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1717115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AVERROES, a randomized controlled trial in high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation, unsuitable for vitamin K antagonist therapy, demonstrated efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with aspirin. At the conclusion of the double-blind phase, an open-label extension was initiated to allow study participants to receive apixaban until it became locally available. This study reports outcomes of patients on apixaban during the open-label extension. METHODS Rates of stroke or systemic embolism, hemorrhagic stroke, major bleeding, and other outcomes during the open-label extension are reported. RESULTS Of the 5,599 participants enrolled in AVERROES, 3,275 (58.5%) received apixaban during the open-label extension. Median (interquartile range) follow-up in the open-label extension was 3.0 (2.5-3.5) years. The rate of stroke or systemic embolism during the open-label extension was 1.0% per year, and the annual rates of hemorrhagic stroke and major bleeding were 0.3 and 1.2%, respectively. After adjustment for imbalances in patient variables, event rates in patients on apixaban during the open-label extension were similar to those of patients receiving apixaban during AVERROES. Additional analyses in all patients who received apixaban, at any time from the start of AVERROES to the end of the open-label extension, were performed. This cohort (n = 4,414) showed annual event rates of 1.1% for stroke or systemic embolism, 0.3% for hemorrhagic stroke, and 1.2% for major bleeding. CONCLUSION During the open-label extension, annual rates of stroke or systemic embolism, hemorrhagic stroke, and major bleeding remained as low as those observed during apixaban treatment in AVERROES. These data support the long-term efficacy and safety of apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan H Hohnloser
- Division Clinical Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anja Kahl
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, Unites States
| | - Heather Beresh
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jeff S Healey
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Joseph P, Dokainish H, McCready T, Budaj A, Roy A, Ertl G, Gomez-Mesa JE, Leong D, Ezekowitz J, Hage C, Lanas F, Maggioni AP, Sliwa K, Zhu J, Rouleau J, Balasubramanian K, Yusuf S. A multinational registry to study the characteristics and outcomes of heart failure patients: The global congestive heart failure (G-CHF) registry. Am Heart J 2020; 227:56-63. [PMID: 32679282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the global congestive heart failure (G-CHF) registry is to collect comparative international data on heart failure characteristics, management, and outcomes and to better understand the determinants that impact the clinical course of heart failure. METHODS: G-CHF is a multicenter, prospective cohort study of adult patients with a new or prior clinical diagnosis of heart failure. We have enrolled 23,047 participants from 257 centers in 40 countries from 8 major geographic regions of the world, with recruitment ongoing. Approximately 4,000 participants will also participate in substudies to assess frailty, comorbidity, diet, barriers to care, biomarkers, and planned detailed echocardiographic analyses. Follow-up is planned for a period of 5 years. The primary outcome is cause-specific mortality. Key secondary outcomes include hospitalizations, quality of life, and major cardiovascular and noncardiovascular outcomes. A total of 31.9% of participants were enrolled as inpatients. Thus far, mean age of the cohort at baseline is 63.1 years, and 60.8% are male. Participants most commonly have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (53.6%) followed by preserved ejection fraction (24.2%) and midrange ejection fraction (20.6%). The most common causes of heart failure are ischemic (37.8%) followed by hypertensive (20.0%), idiopathic (15.1%), and valvular disease (8.8%). CONCLUSION: G-CHF will provide a greater understanding of the characteristics of the global heart failure population, variations in its management, clinical outcomes, and what continues to impact morbidity and mortality in this high-risk population.
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28
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Marcucci M, Duceppe E, Le Manach Y, Kearon C, Eikelboom JW, Pohl K, Vincent J, Darvish-Kazem S, Srinathan SK, Neary JDD, Parlow JL, Kurz A, Gross PL, Mrkobrada M, Balasubramanian K, Sessler DI, Devereaux PJ. Tranexamic acid and rosuvastatin in patients at risk of cardiovascular events after noncardiac surgery: a pilot of the POISE-3 randomized controlled trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2020; 6:104. [PMID: 32699643 PMCID: PMC7372857 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-020-00643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surgical bleeding is associated with postoperative cardiovascular complications. The efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) in noncardiac surgery are still uncertain. Statins may prevent perioperative cardiovascular complications. We conducted a pilot to assess the feasibility of a perioperative trial of TXA and rosuvastatin. Methods Using a factorial design, we randomized patients at cardiovascular risk undergoing noncardiac surgery to intravenous TXA (1 g at the start and end of surgery) or placebo, and oral rosuvastatin (40 mg before and 20 mg daily for 30 days after surgery) or placebo. Feasibility outcomes included recruitment rates, follow-up, and compliance to interventions. Clinical outcomes were secondarily explored. Results After 3 months, we changed the design to a partial factorial due to the difficult recruitment of statin-naive patients. Over 6 months, 100 patients were randomized in the TXA trial (49 TXA, 51 placebo), 34 in the rosuvastatin trial (18 rosuvastatin, 16 placebo). Ninety-two percent (95% CI 80–98) of TXA and 86% (95% CI 74–94) of TXA-placebo patients received the 2 study doses. Thirty-three percent (95% CI 13–59) of rosuvastatin patients and 37% (95% CI 15–65) of rosuvastatin-placebo patients discontinued the study drug. A major cardiovascular complication occurred at 30 days in 1 TXA and 6 TXA-placebo patients, and 1 rosuvastatin and no rosuvastatin-placebo patients. Conclusions Our pilot study supports the feasibility of a perioperative TXA trial in noncardiac surgery. Feasibility of a perioperative rosuvastatin trial is uncertain because of a high prevalence of statin use in the target population and concerns about compliance. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.govNCT02546648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Marcucci
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Duceppe
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Yannick Le Manach
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Clive Kearon
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - John W Eikelboom
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Kayla Pohl
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | | | - Saeed Darvish-Kazem
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.,William Osler Health System, Brampton, ON Canada
| | | | - John D D Neary
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Joel L Parlow
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Kingston General Hospital and Queen's University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Andrea Kurz
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Peter L Gross
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Marko Mrkobrada
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | | | - Daniel I Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - P J Devereaux
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON Canada
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29
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Sessler DI, Conen D, Leslie K, Yusuf S, Popova E, Graham M, Kurz A, Villar JC, Mrkobrada M, Sigamani A, Biccard BM, Meyhoff CS, Parlow JL, Guyatt G, Xavier D, Chan MTV, Kumar PA, Forget P, Malaga G, Fleischmann E, Amir M, Torres D, Wang CY, Paniagua P, Berwanger O, Srinathan S, Landoni G, Manach YL, Whitlock R, Lamy A, Balasubramanian K, Gilron I, Turan A, Pettit S, Devereaux PJ. One-year Results of a Factorial Randomized Trial of Aspirin versus Placebo and Clonidine versus Placebo in Patients Having Noncardiac Surgery. Anesthesiology 2020; 132:692-701. [PMID: 32022771 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors previously reported that perioperative aspirin and/or clonidine does not prevent a composite of death or myocardial infarction 30 days after noncardiac surgery. Moreover, aspirin increased the risk of major bleeding and clonidine caused hypotension and bradycardia. Whether these complications produce harm at 1 yr remains unknown. METHODS The authors randomized 10,010 patients with or at risk of atherosclerosis and scheduled for noncardiac surgery in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to clonidine/aspirin, clonidine/aspirin placebo, clonidine placebo/aspirin, or clonidine placebo/aspirin placebo. Patients started taking aspirin or placebo just before surgery; those not previously taking aspirin continued daily for 30 days, and those taking aspirin previously continued for 7 days. Patients were also randomly assigned to receive clonidine or placebo just before surgery, with the study drug continued for 72 h. RESULTS Neither aspirin nor clonidine had a significant effect on the primary 1-yr outcome, a composite of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction, with a 1-yr hazard ratio for aspirin of 1.00 (95% CI, 0.89 to 1.12; P = 0.948; 586 patients [11.8%] vs. 589 patients [11.8%]) and a hazard ratio for clonidine of 1.07 (95% CI, 0.96 to 1.20; P = 0.218; 608 patients [12.1%] vs. 567 patients [11.3%]), with effect on death or nonfatal infarction. Reduction in death and nonfatal myocardial infarction from aspirin in patients who previously had percutaneous coronary intervention at 30 days persisted at 1 yr. Specifically, the hazard ratio was 0.58 (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.95) in those with previous percutaneous coronary intervention and 1.03 (95% CI, 0.91to 1.16) in those without (interaction P = 0.033). There was no significant effect of either drug on death, cardiovascular complications, cancer, or chronic incisional pain at 1 yr (all P > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS Neither perioperative aspirin nor clonidine have significant long-term effects after noncardiac surgery. Perioperative aspirin in patients with previous percutaneous coronary intervention showed persistent benefit at 1 yr, a plausible sub-group effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Sessler
- From the Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (D.I.S., A.K., A.T.) Population Health Research Institute (D.I.S., D.C., S.Y., Y.L.M., A.L., K.B., S.P., P.J.D.) Department of Medicine (D.C., S.Y., G.G., P.J.D.) Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.C., S.Y., G.G., Y.L.M., A.L., P.J.D.) Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesia (Y.L.M.) Department of Surgery (R.W., A.L.), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Centre for Integrated Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (K.L.) Public Health and Clinical Epidemiology-Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Barcelona, Spain (E.P.) University of Alberta and Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (M.G.) Department of Research, Foundation for Pediatric Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology and Faculty of Health Sciences (Departamento de Investigaciones, Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología and Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud), Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Colombia (J.C.V.) University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (M.M.) Department of Clinical Research, Narayana Hrudayalaya Limited, Bangalore, India (A.S.) University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa (B.M.B.) Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.S.M.) Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre and Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (J.L.P., I.G.) St. John's Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India (D.X.) Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (M.T.V.C.) University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hills, North Carolina (P.A.K.) NHS Grampian and the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom (P.F.) Knowledge and Evidence Unite (Unidad de Conocimiento y Evidencia), Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (G.M.) Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.F.) Shifa International Hospitals, Islamabad, Pakistan (M.A.) University of the Andes and Santa Maria Clinic (Universidad de Los Andes and Clinica Santa María), Santiago, Chile (D.T.) Department of Anesthesiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (C.Y.W.) Biomedical Research Institute (IIB - Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain (P.P.) Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil (O.B.) Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (S.S.) Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy (G.L.)
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Arockiaraj M, Clement J, Tratnik N, Mushtaq S, Balasubramanian K. Weighted Mostar indices as measures of molecular peripheral shapes with applications to graphene, graphyne and graphdiyne nanoribbons. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2020; 31:187-208. [PMID: 31960721 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2019.1708459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study we consider relatively new bond-additive Mostar indices that appear to provide quantitative measures of peripheral shapes of molecules. We have computed weighted Mostar, edge-Mostar and total-Mostar indices of graphene, [Formula: see text]-types of graphyne and graphdiyne, which are of considerable interest owing to their novel properties and thus find applications in a number of areas such as sensors, catalysis, chemisorption and nanomedicine. We have implemented the results to analyse the weighted Mostar indices and have obtained exact analytical expressions for the title molecules. We propose that Mostar indices together with frontier molecular orbitals, and HOMO-LUMO gaps can provide measures of chemical reactivity and analysis of peripheral molecular shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arockiaraj
- Department of Mathematics, Loyola College, Chennai, India
| | - J Clement
- Department of Mathematics, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai, India
| | - N Tratnik
- Faculty of Education, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - S Mushtaq
- Department of Mathematics, Loyola College, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - K Balasubramanian
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Borges FK, Bhandari M, Guerra-Farfan E, Patel A, Sigamani A, Umer M, Tiboni ME, Villar-Casares MDM, Tandon V, Tomas-Hernandez J, Teixidor-Serra J, Avram VRA, Winemaker M, Ramokgopa MT, Szczeklik W, Landoni G, Wang CY, Begum D, Neary JD, Adili A, Sancheti PK, Lawendy AR, Balaguer-Castro M, Ślęczka P, Jenkinson RJ, Nur AN, Wood GCA, Feibel RJ, McMahon SJ, Sigamani A, Popova E, Biccard BM, Moppett IK, Forget P, Landais P, McGillion MH, Vincent J, Balasubramanian K, Harvey V, Garcia-Sanchez Y, Pettit SM, Gauthier LP, Guyatt GH, Conen D, Garg AX, Bangdiwala SI, Belley-Cote EP, Marcucci M, Lamy A, Whitlock R, Le Manach Y, Fergusson DA, Yusuf S, Devereaux PJ, Veevaete L, le Polain de Waroux B, Lavand'homme P, Cornu O, Tribak K, Yombi JC, Touil N, Reul M, Bhutia JT, Clinckaert C, De Clippeleir D, Reul M, Patel A, Tandon V, Gauthier LP, Avram VRA, Winemaker M, de Beer J, Simpson DL, Worster A, Alvarado KA, Gregus KK, Lawrence KH, Leong DP, Joseph PG, Magloire P, Deheshi B, Bisland S, Wood TJ, Tushinski DM, Wilson DAJ, Kearon C, Le Manach Y, Adili A, Tiboni ME, Neary JD, Cowan DD, Khanna V, Zaki A, Farrell JC, MacDonald AM, Conen D, Wong SCW, Karbassi A, Wright DS, Shanthanna H, Coughlin R, Khan M, Wikkerink S, Quraishi FA, Lawendy AR, Kishta W, Schemitsch E, Carey T, Macleod MD, Sanders DW, Vasarhelyi E, Bartley D, Dresser GK, Tieszer C, Jenkinson RJ, Shadowitz S, Lee JS, Choi S, Kreder HJ, Nousiainen M, Kunz MR, Tuazon R, Shrikumar M, Ravi B, Wasserstein D, Stephen DJG, Nam D, Henry PDG, Wood GCA, Mann SM, Jaeger MT, Sivilotti MLA, Smith CA, Frank CC, Grant H, Ploeg L, Yach JD, Harrison MM, Campbell AR, Bicknell RT, Bardana DD, Feibel RJ, McIlquham K, Gallant C, Halman S, Thiruganasambandamoorth V, Ruggiero S, Hadden WJ, Chen BPJ, Coupal SA, McMahon SJ, McLean LM, Shirali HR, Haider SY, Smith CA, Watts E, Santone DJ, Koo K, Yee AJ, Oyenubi AN, Nauth A, Schemitsch EH, Daniels TR, Ward SE, Hall JA, Ahn H, Whelan DB, Atrey A, Khoshbin A, Puskas D, Droll K, Cullinan C, Payendeh J, Lefrancois T, Mozzon L, Marion T, Jacka MJ, Greene J, Menon M, Stiegelmahr R, Dillane D, Irwin M, Beaupre L, Coles CP, Trask K, MacDonald S, Trenholm JAI, Oxner W, Richardson CG, Dehghan N, Sadoughi M, Sharma A, White NJ, Olivieri L, Hunt SB, Turgeon TR, Bohm ER, Tran S, Giilck SM, Hupel T, Guy P, O'Brien PJ, Duncan AW, Crawford GA, Zhou J, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Shan L, Wu A, Muñoz JM, Chaudier P, Douplat M, Fessy MH, Piriou V, Louboutin L, David JS, Friggeri A, Beroud S, Fayet JM, Landais P, Leung FKL, Fang CX, Yee DKH, Sancheti PK, Pradhan CV, Patil AA, Puram CP, Borate MP, Kudrimoti KB, Adhye BA, Dongre HV, John B, Abraham V, Pandey RA, Rajkumar A, George PE, Sigamani A, Stephen M, Chandran N, Ashraf M, Georgekutty AM, Sulthan AS, Adinarayanan S, Sharma D, Barnawal SP, Swaminathan S, Bidkar PU, Mishra SK, Menon J, M N, K VZ, Hiremath SA, NC M, Jawali A, Gnanadurai KR, George CE, Maddipati T, KP MKP, Sharma V, Farooque K, Malhotra R, Mittal S, Sawhney C, Gupta B, Mathur P, Gamangati S, Tripathy V, Menon PH, Dhillon MS, Chouhan DK, Patil S, Narayan R, Lal P, Bilchod PN, Singh SU, Gattu UV, Dashputra RP, Rahate PV, Turiel M, De Blasio G, Accetta R, Perazzo P, Stella D, Bonadies M, Colombo C, Fozzato S, Pino F, Morelli I, Colnaghi E, Salini V, Denaro G, Beretta L, Placella G, Giardina G, Binda M, Marcato A, Guzzetti L, Piccirillo F, Cecconi M, Khor HM, Lai HY, Kumar CS, Chee KH, Loh PS, Tan KM, Singh S, Foo LL, Prakasam K, Chaw SH, Lee ML, Ngim JHL, Boon HW, Chin II, Kleinlugtenbelt YV, Landman EBM, Flikweert ER, Roerdink HW, Brokelman RB, Elskamp-Meijerman HF, Horst MR, Cobben JHMG, Umer M, Begum D, Anjum A, Hashmi PM, Ahmed T, Rashid HU, Khattak MJ, Rashid RH, Lakdawala RH, Noordin S, Juman NM, Khan RI, Riaz MM, Bokhari SS, Almas A, Wahab H, Ali A, Khan HN, Khan EK, Nur AN, Janjua KA, Orakzai SH, Khan AS, Mustafa KJ, Sohail MA, Umar M, Khan SA, Ashraf M, Khan MK, Shiraz M, Furgan A, Ślęczka P, Dąbek P, Kumoń A, Satora W, Ambroży W, Święch M, Rycombel J, Grzelak A, Gucwa J, Machala W, Ramokgopa MT, Firth GB, Karera M, Fourtounas M, Singh V, Biscardi A, Iqbal MN, Campbell RJ, Maluleke ML, Moller C, Nhlapo L, Maqungo S, Flint M, Nejthardt MB, Chetty S, Naidoo R, Guerra-Farfan E, Tomas-Hernandez J, Garcia-Sanchez Y, Garrido Clua M, Molero-Garcia V, Minguell-Monyart J, Teixidor-Serra J, Villar-Casares MDM, Selga Marsa J, Porcel-Vazquez JA, Andres-Peiro JV, Aguilar M, Mestre-Torres J, Colomina MJ, Guilabert P, Paños Gozalo ML, Abarca L, Martin N, Usua G, Martinez-Ripol P, Gonzalez Posada MA, Lalueza-Broto P, Sanchez-Raya J, Nuñez Camarena J, Fraguas-Castany A, Balaguer-Castro M, Torner P, Jornet-Gibert M, Serrano-Sanz J, Cámara-Cabrera J, Salomó-Domènech M, Yela-Verdú C, Peig-Font A, Ricol L, Carreras-Castañer A, Martínez-Sañudo L, Herranz S, Feijoo-Massó C, Sianes-Gallén M, Castillón P, Bernaus M, Quintas S, Gómez O, Salvador J, Abarca J, Estrada C, Novellas M, Torra M, Dealbert A, Macho O, Ivanov A, Valldosera E, Arroyo M, Pey B, Yuste A, Mateo L, De Caso J, Anaya R, Higa-Sansone JL, Millan A, Baños V, Herrera-Mateo S, Aguado HJ, Martinez-Municio G, León R, Santiago-Maniega S, Zabalza A, Labrador G, Guerado E, Cruz E, Cano JR, Bogallo JM, Sa-ngasoongsong P, Kulachote N, Sirisreetreerux N, Pengrung N, Chalacheewa T, Arnuntasupakul V, Yingchoncharoen T, Naratreekoon B, Kadry MA, Thayaparan S, Abdlaziz I, Aframian A, Imbuldeniya A, Bentoumi S, Omran S, Vizcaychipi MP, Correia P, Patil S, Haire K, Mayor ASE, Dillingham S, Nicholson L, Elnaggar M, John J, Nanjayan SK, Parker MJ, O'Sullivan S, Marmor MT, Matityahu A, McClellan RT, Comstock C, Ding A, Toogood P, Slobogean G, Joseph K, O'Toole R, Sciadini M, Ryan SP, Clark ME, Cassidy C, Balonov K, Bergese SD, Phieffer LS, Gonzalez Zacarias AA, Marcantonio AJ, Devereaux PJ, Bhandari M, Borges FK, Balasubramanian K, Bangdiwala SI, Harvey V, McGillion MH, Pettit SM, Vincent J, Vincent J, Harvey V, Dragic-Taylor S, Maxwell C, Molnar S, Pettit SM, Wells JR, Forget P, Borges FK, Landais P, Sigamani A, Landoni G, Wang CY, Szczeklik W, Biccard BM, Popova E, Moppett IK, Lamy A, Whitlock R, Ofori SN, Yang SS, Wang MK, Duceppe E, Spence J, Vasquez JP, Marcano-Fernández F, Conen D, Ham H, Tiboni ME, Prada C, Yung TCH, Sanz Pérez I, Neary JD, Bosch MJ, Prystajecky MR, Chowdhury C, Khan JS, Belley-Cote EP, Stella SF, Marcucci M, Heidary B, Tran A, Wawrzycka-Adamczyk K, Chen YCP, Tandon V, González-Osuna A, Patel A, Biedroń G, Wludarczyk A, Lefebvre M, Ernst JA, Staffhorst B, Woodfine JD, Alwafi EM, Mrkobrada M, Parlow S, Roberts R, McAlister F, Sackett D, Wright J. Accelerated surgery versus standard care in hip fracture (HIP ATTACK): an international, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2020; 395:698-708. [PMID: 32050090 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies have suggested that accelerated surgery is associated with improved outcomes in patients with a hip fracture. The HIP ATTACK trial assessed whether accelerated surgery could reduce mortality and major complications. METHODS HIP ATTACK was an international, randomised, controlled trial done at 69 hospitals in 17 countries. Patients with a hip fracture that required surgery and were aged 45 years or older were eligible. Research personnel randomly assigned patients (1:1) through a central computerised randomisation system using randomly varying block sizes to either accelerated surgery (goal of surgery within 6 h of diagnosis) or standard care. The coprimary outcomes were mortality and a composite of major complications (ie, mortality and non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolism, sepsis, pneumonia, life-threatening bleeding, and major bleeding) at 90 days after randomisation. Patients, health-care providers, and study staff were aware of treatment assignment, but outcome adjudicators were masked to treatment allocation. Patients were analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02027896). FINDINGS Between March 14, 2014, and May 24, 2019, 27 701 patients were screened, of whom 7780 were eligible. 2970 of these were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive accelerated surgery (n=1487) or standard care (n=1483). The median time from hip fracture diagnosis to surgery was 6 h (IQR 4-9) in the accelerated-surgery group and 24 h (10-42) in the standard-care group (p<0·0001). 140 (9%) patients assigned to accelerated surgery and 154 (10%) assigned to standard care died, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0·91 (95% CI 0·72 to 1·14) and absolute risk reduction (ARR) of 1% (-1 to 3; p=0·40). Major complications occurred in 321 (22%) patients assigned to accelerated surgery and 331 (22%) assigned to standard care, with an HR of 0·97 (0·83 to 1·13) and an ARR of 1% (-2 to 4; p=0·71). INTERPRETATION Among patients with a hip fracture, accelerated surgery did not significantly lower the risk of mortality or a composite of major complications compared with standard care. FUNDING Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
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Anand SS, Abonyi S, Arbour L, Balasubramanian K, Brook J, Castleden H, Chrisjohn V, Cornelius I, Davis AD, Desai D, de Souza RJ, Friedrich MG, Harris S, Irvine J, L'Hommecourt J, Littlechild R, Mayotte L, McIntosh S, Morrison J, Oster RT, Picard M, Poirier P, Schulze KM, Toth EL. Explaining the variability in cardiovascular risk factors among First Nations communities in Canada: a population-based study. Lancet Planet Health 2019; 3:e511-e520. [PMID: 31868600 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(19)30237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historical, colonial, and racist policies continue to influence the health of Indigenous people, and they continue to have higher rates of chronic diseases and reduced life expectancy compared with non-Indigenous people. We determined factors accounting for variations in cardiovascular risk factors among First Nations communities in Canada. METHODS Men and women (n=1302) aged 18 years or older from eight First Nations communities participated in a population-based study. Questionnaires, physical measures, blood samples, MRI of preclinical vascular disease, and community audits were collected. In this cross-sectional analysis, the main outcome was the INTERHEART risk score, a measure of cardiovascular risk factor burden. A multivariable model was developed to explain the variations in INTERHEART risk score among communities. The secondary outcome was MRI-detected carotid wall volume, a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis. FINDINGS The mean INTERHEART risk score of all communities was 17·2 (SE 0·2), and more than 85% of individuals had a risk score in the moderate to high risk range. Subclinical atherosclerosis increased significantly across risk score categories (p<0·0001). Socioeconomic advantage (-1·4 score, 95% CI -2·5 to -0·3; p=0·01), trust between neighbours (-0·7, -1·2 to -0·3; p=0·003), higher education level (-1·9, -2·9 to -0·8, p<0·001), and higher social support (-1·1, -2·0 to -0·2; p=0·02) were independently associated with a lower INTERHEART risk score; difficulty accessing routine health care (2·2, 0·3 to 4·1, p=0·02), taking prescription medication (3·5, 2·8 to 4·3; p<0·001), and inability to afford prescription medications (1·5, 0·5 to 2·6; p=0·003) were associated with a higher INTERHEART risk score. Collectively, these factors explained 28% variation in the cardiac risk score among communities. Communities with higher socioeconomic advantage and greater trust, and individuals with higher education and social support, had a lower INTERHEART risk score. Communities with difficulty accessing health care, and individuals taking or unable to afford prescription medications, had a higher INTERHEART risk score. INTERPRETATION Cardiac risk factors are lower in communities with high socioeconomic advantage, greater trust, social support and educational opportunities, and higher where it is difficult to access health care or afford prescription medications. Strategies to optimise the protective factors and reduce barriers to health care in First Nations communities might contribute to improved health and wellbeing. FUNDING Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, Canadian Institutes for Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia S Anand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Health Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamiliton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Sylvia Abonyi
- Faculty of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Laura Arbour
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamiliton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Brook
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Castleden
- Department of Geogrophy and Planning, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Vicky Chrisjohn
- Oneida Health Centre, Oneida Nation of the Thames, Southwold, ON, Canada
| | - Ida Cornelius
- Oneida Health Centre, Oneida Nation of the Thames, Southwold, ON, Canada
| | | | - Dipika Desai
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamiliton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Health Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamiliton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthias G Friedrich
- Department of Medicine and Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stewart Harris
- Department of Family Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - James Irvine
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Randy Littlechild
- Maskwacis Health Services, Maskwacis First Nation, Maskwacis, AB, Canada
| | - Lisa Mayotte
- Health Services, Lac La Ronge Indian Band, La Ronge, SK, Canada
| | - Sarah McIntosh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Richard T Oster
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Manon Picard
- Health Services, Wendake Reserve, Wendake, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Quebec, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Karleen M Schulze
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamiliton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ellen L Toth
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Cairns JA, Balasubramanian K, Themeles E, Epstein AE, Healey JS, Connolly SJ. P2859Low rates of mechanical failures of silicone-polyurethane copolymer-coated ICD leads: 11 years prospective follow-up. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz748.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
High rates of ICD lead mechanical failures (insulation abrasion and conductor fracture) resulted in FDA recalls and substantial design modifications. Most subsequent reports of lead failures of newer generation leads are based upon modest-sized, retrospective cohorts with relatively brief follow-up and may be unreliable. Following lead modifications (including silicone-polyurethane copolymer insulation coating), in 2007, one manufacturer established 3 prospective registries, and engaged a university-based methods center to independently review the registries, to adjudicate all reports of lead failures and to independently analyze lead survival. Up to 11 years of follow-up is now available.
Purpose
To adjudicate all reports of leads inactivated because of possible mechanical failure and to independently calculate rates of mechanical failure overall and by specific type.
Methods
Manufacturer expert staff confirm each lead inactivation by site interrogation. Following formal algorithms which incorporate lead testing and remote monitoring, they designate all-cause mechanical failure (fracture; insulation abrasion; failure at crimp, bond or weld; or uncertain) based upon the finding of electrical noise, very low or very high or rapidly rising impedance or alternatively they designate non-mechanical dysfunction (e.g. no impedance criteria but elevated thresholds, over or under sensing). The results of returned product analyses are incorporated when available (31%). The methods center receives electronic data transfers twice yearly, reviews all documentation, adjudicates all instances of possible lead failure, assigns probable cause (by 2 electrophysiologists) and conducts independent analyses of lead survival.
Results
10,866 patients (73% male, mean age 65.9 yr., LVEF 29.3%, NYHA class II or III 89%) with 11,132 leads had follow-up of 4.6 yr. (median) and 11 yr. (maximum) (Aug 31, 2018). Lead follow-up was censored at the time of lead inactivation, death/transplant or administrative withdrawal. Of leads enrolled, there were 26.6% still in follow-up and of those not the status was 7.4% inactivated, 29.5% death or transplant, 33.8% administrative withdrawal and 3.7% reason missing. Following adjudication, there were 156 all-cause mechanical failures (1.40% total, 0.29%/yr.). Rates of cause-specific mechanical failures were: fracture 1.02% total, 0.22%/yr.; insulation abrasion 0.28% total, 0.06%/yr.; miscellaneous/uncertain 0.12% total, 0.02%/yr.; and externalized conductors 0%. Life-table rates of freedom from lead failure by 11 years were: all-cause mechanical failure 95.9%, conductor fracture 97.0%, insulation abrasion 99.1%, mechanical failure other/uncertain type 99.9%, and externalized conductors 100%.
Conclusions
Up to 11 yr prospective follow-up of silicone-polyurethane-coated ICD leads with independent adjudication and analyses of events shows low rates of all-cause mechanical failure and no externalized conductors.
Acknowledgement/Funding
Abbott
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cairns
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - E Themeles
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Canada
| | - A E Epstein
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - J S Healey
- McMaster University, Medicine, Hamilton, Canada
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Allahwala UK, Jolly SS, Džavík V, Cairns JA, Kedev S, Balasubramanian K, Stankovic G, Moreno R, Valettas N, Bertrand O, Lavi S, Velianou JL, Sheth T, Meeks B, Brilakis ES, Bhindi R. The Presence of a CTO in a Non-Infarct-Related Artery During a STEMI Treated With Contemporary Primary PCI Is Associated With Increased Rates of Early and Late Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality: The CTO-TOTAL Substudy. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2019; 11:709-711. [PMID: 29622151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcin.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Devereaux PJ, Duceppe E, Guyatt G, Balasubramanian K, Yusuf S. The MANAGE trial - Authors' reply. Lancet 2019; 393:228. [PMID: 30663594 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Devereaux
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Emmanuelle Duceppe
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gordon Guyatt
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada
| | | | - Salim Yusuf
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Kusneniwar GN, Whelan RM, Betha K, Robertson JM, Ramidi PR, Balasubramanian K, Kamasamudram V, Haggerty CL, Bunker CH, Reddy PS. Cohort Profile: The Longitudinal Indian Family hEalth (LIFE) Pilot Study, Telangana State, India. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 46:788-789j. [PMID: 27649805 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G N Kusneniwar
- SHARE INDIA, MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghanpur, Telangana State-501401, India
| | - R Margaret Whelan
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kalpana Betha
- SHARE INDIA, MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghanpur, Telangana State-501401, India
| | - Jamie M Robertson
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- STRATUS Center for Medical Simulation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - K Balasubramanian
- SHARE INDIA, MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghanpur, Telangana State-501401, India
| | | | | | - Clareann H Bunker
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - P S Reddy
- SHARE INDIA, MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Ghanpur, Telangana State-501401, India
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Biccard BM, Sigamani A, Chan MTV, Sessler DI, Kurz A, Tittley JG, Rapanos T, Harlock J, Szalay D, Tiboni ME, Popova E, Vásquez SM, Kabon B, Amir M, Mrkobrada M, Mehra BR, El Beheiry H, Mata E, Tena B, Sabaté S, Zainal Abidin MK, Shah VR, Balasubramanian K, Devereaux PJ. Effect of aspirin in vascular surgery in patients from a randomized clinical trial (POISE-2). Br J Surg 2018; 105:1591-1597. [PMID: 30019751 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the POISE-2 (PeriOperative ISchemic Evaluation 2) trial, perioperative aspirin did not reduce cardiovascular events, but increased major bleeding. There remains uncertainty regarding the effect of perioperative aspirin in patients undergoing vascular surgery. The aim of this substudy was to determine whether there is a subgroup effect of initiating or continuing aspirin in patients undergoing vascular surgery. METHODS POISE-2 was a blinded, randomized trial of patients having non-cardiac surgery. Patients were assigned to perioperative aspirin or placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of death or myocardial infarction at 30 days. Secondary outcomes included: vascular occlusive complications (a composite of amputation and peripheral arterial thrombosis) and major or life-threatening bleeding. RESULTS Of 10 010 patients in POISE-2, 603 underwent vascular surgery, 319 in the continuation and 284 in the initiation stratum. Some 272 patients had vascular surgery for occlusive disease and 265 had aneurysm surgery. The primary outcome occurred in 13·7 per cent of patients having aneurysm repair allocated to aspirin and 9·0 per cent who had placebo (hazard ratio (HR) 1·48, 95 per cent c.i. 0·71 to 3·09). Among patients who had surgery for occlusive vascular disease, 15·8 per cent allocated to aspirin and 13·6 per cent on placebo had the primary outcome (HR 1·16, 0·62 to 2·17). There was no interaction with the primary outcome for type of surgery (P = 0·294) or aspirin stratum (P = 0·623). There was no interaction for vascular occlusive complications (P = 0·413) or bleeding (P = 0·900) for vascular compared with non-vascular surgery. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the overall POISE-2 results apply to vascular surgery. Perioperative withdrawal of chronic aspirin therapy did not increase cardiovascular or vascular occlusive complications. Registration number: NCT01082874 ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Biccard
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Sigamani
- Narayana Hrudayalaya Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - M T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthetics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - D I Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - A Kurz
- Department of General Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - J G Tittley
- Division of Vascular Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - T Rapanos
- Division of Vascular Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Harlock
- Division of Vascular Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Szalay
- Division of Vascular Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - M E Tiboni
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Popova
- Biomedical Research Institute (IIB - Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S M Vásquez
- Grupo de Cardiología Preventiva Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - B Kabon
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Amir
- Department of Surgery, Shifa International Hospital/Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - M Mrkobrada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - B R Mehra
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, India
| | - H El Beheiry
- University of Toronto, Trillium Health Partners, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Mata
- Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Tena
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Sabaté
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fundació Puigvert (IUNA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M K Zainal Abidin
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | | | - P J Devereaux
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Shobana N, Aruldhas M, Tochhawng L, Loganathan A, Balaji S, Kumar M, Banu L, Navin A, Mayilvanan C, Ilangovan R, Balasubramanian K. Corrigendum to “Transient gestational exposure to drinking water containing excess hexavalent chromium modifies insulin signaling in liver and skeletal muscle of rat progeny” [Chem. Biol. Interact. 277 (2017) 119–128]. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 283:116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ganguly E, Gupta R, Widge A, Reddy RP, Balasubramanian K, Reddy PS. Increasing Full Child Immunization Rates by Government Using an Innovative Computerized Immunization Due List in Rural India. Inquiry 2018; 55:46958017751292. [PMID: 29359630 PMCID: PMC5798730 DOI: 10.1177/0046958017751292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing child vaccination coverage to 85% or more in rural India from the current level of 50% holds great promise for reducing infant and child mortality and improving health of children. We have tested a novel strategy called Rural Effective Affordable Comprehensive Health Care (REACH) in a rural population of more than 300 000 in Rajasthan and succeeded in achieving full immunization coverage of 88.7% among children aged 12 to 23 months in a short span of less than 2 years. The REACH strategy was first developed and successfully implemented in a demonstration project by SHARE INDIA in Medchal region of Andhra Pradesh, and was then replicated in Rajgarh block of Rajasthan in cooperation with Bhoruka Charitable Trust (private partners of Integrated Child Development Services and National Rural Health Mission health workers in Rajgarh). The success of the REACH strategy in both Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan suggests that it could be successfully adopted as a model to enhance vaccination coverage dramatically in other areas of rural India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahul Gupta
- 2 Bhoruka Charitable Trust, Rajasthan, India
| | - Alik Widge
- 3 University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | | | - P S Reddy
- 1 SHARE INDIA, Ghanpur, India.,4 University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Magudeeswaran V, Balasubramanian K. Fuzzy weighted histogram equalisation for contrast enhancement of mammogram images. IJBET 2018. [DOI: 10.1504/ijbet.2018.10015751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pakkir Maideen NM, Manavalan G, Balasubramanian K. Drug interactions of meglitinide antidiabetics involving CYP enzymes and OATP1B1 transporter. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2018; 9:259-268. [PMID: 30181852 PMCID: PMC6116761 DOI: 10.1177/2042018818767220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Meglitinides such as repaglinide and nateglinide are useful to treat type 2 diabetes patients who follow a flexible lifestyle. They are short-acting insulin secretagogues and are associated with less risk of hypoglycemia, weight gain and chronic hyperinsulinemia compared with sulfonylureas. Meglitinides are the substrates of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1 transporter) and the coadministration of the drugs affecting them will result in pharmacokinetic drug interactions. This article focuses on the drug interactions of meglitinides involving CYP enzymes and OATP1B1 transporter. To prevent the risk of hypoglycemic episodes, prescribers and pharmacists must be aware of the adverse drug interactions of meglitinides.
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Dokainish H, Teo K, Zhu J, Roy A, AlHabib KF, ElSayed A, Palileo-Villaneuva L, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Karaye K, Yusoff K, Orlandini A, Sliwa K, Mondo C, Lanas F, Prabhakaran D, Badr A, Elmaghawry M, Damasceno A, Tibazarwa K, Belley-Cote E, Balasubramanian K, Islam S, Yacoub MH, Huffman MD, Harkness K, Grinvalds A, McKelvie R, Bangdiwala SI, Yusuf S, Campos R, Chacón C, Cursack G, Diez F, Escobar C, Garcia C, Vilamajo OG, Hominal M, Ingaramo A, Kucharczuk G, Pelliza M, Rojas A, Villani A, Zapata G, Bourke P, Lanas F, Nahuelpan L, Olivares C, Riquelme R, Ai F, Bai X, Chen X, Chen Y, Gao M, Ge C, He Y, Huang W, Jiang H, Liang T, Liang X, Liao Y, Liu S, Luo Y, Lu L, Qin S, Tan G, Tan H, Wang T, Wang X, Wei F, Xiao F, Zhang B, Zheng T, Mendoza JA, Anaya MB, Gomez E, de Salazar DM, Quiroz F, Rodríguez M, Sotomayor MS, Navas AT, León MB, Montalvo LF, Jaramillo ML, Patiño EP, Perugachi C, Trujillo Cruz F, Elmaghawry M, Wagdy K, Bhardwaj A, Chaturvedi V, Gokhale GK, Gupta R, Honnutagi R, Joshi P, Ladhani S, Negi P, Roy A, Reddy N, Abdullah A, Hassan MA, Balasinga M, Kasim S, Tan W, Yusoff K, Damasceno A, Banze R, Calua E, Novela C, Chemane J, Akintunde A, Ansa V, Gbadamosi H, Karaye K, Mbakwem A, Mohammed S, Nwafor E, Ojji D, Olunuga T, Sa'idu BOH, Umuerri E, Alcaraz J, Palileo-Villanueva L, Palomares E, Timonera MR, Badr A, Alghamdi S, Alhabib K, Almasood A, Alsaif S, Elasfar A, Ghabashi A, Mimish L, Bester F, Kelbe D, Klug E, Sliwa K, Tibarzawa K, Abdalla O, Dimitri M, Mustafa H, Osman O, Saad A, Mondo C. Global mortality variations in patients with heart failure: results from the International Congestive Heart Failure (INTER-CHF) prospective cohort study. The Lancet Global Health 2017; 5:e665-e672. [DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Eikelboom JW, Kearon C, Guyatt G, Sessler DI, Yusuf S, Cook D, Douketis J, Patel A, Kurz A, Allard R, Jones PM, Dennis RJ, Painter TW, Bergese SD, Leslie K, Wijeysundera DN, Balasubramanian K, Duceppe E, Miller S, Diedericks J, Devereaux PJ. Perioperative Aspirin for Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism: The PeriOperative ISchemia Evaluation-2 Trial and a Pooled Analysis of the Randomized Trials. Anesthesiology 2017; 125:1121-1129. [PMID: 27627817 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PeriOperative ISchemia Evaluation-2 (POISE-2) trial compared aspirin with placebo after noncardiac surgery. METHODS The authors randomly assigned 10,010 patients undergoing noncardiac surgery to receive 200 mg aspirin or placebo 2 to 4 h before surgery and then 100 mg aspirin daily or placebo daily for up to 30 days after surgery. Herein, the authors report the effect of aspirin on venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, as well as an updated pooled analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy for VTE prevention in noncardiac surgery patients. RESULTS Six thousand five hundred forty-eight patients (65.4%) received anticoagulant prophylaxis. VTE occurred in 53 patients (1.1%) allocated to aspirin and in 60 patients (1.2%) allocated to placebo (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.61 to 1.28). Major or life-threatening bleeding occurred in 312 patients (6.3%) allocated to aspirin and in 256 patients (5.1%) allocated to placebo (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.44). Concomitant use of anticoagulant prophylaxis did not modify the effect of aspirin on VTE or bleeding. Pooled analysis of the POISE-2 and Pulmonary Embolism Prevention trials demonstrated that symptomatic VTE occurred in 173 (1.3%) of 13,724 patients allocated to aspirin and in 246 (1.8%) of 13,730 patients allocated to placebo (odds ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.89; heterogeneity P = 0.27; I = 17%); the impact of aspirin was very similar in those who did and did not receive pharmacologic prophylaxis. Pooled estimates for symptomatic VTE were similar to the pooled estimates for any deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism from the POISE-2 trial, Pulmonary Embolism Prevention trial, and the Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Aspirin in the POISE-2 trial did not reduce VTE, but two thirds of patients received anticoagulant prophylaxis, there were few VTE events, and results were consistent with a wide range of aspirin effects. A pooled analysis of the randomized trials demonstrates evidence for the efficacy of aspirin for VTE prevention in hospitalized surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Eikelboom
- From the Department of Medicine Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.W.E., C.K., G.G., S.Y., D.C., J. Douketis, A.P., E.D., P.J.D.); Departments of Outcomes Research and General Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (D.I.S., A.K.); Department of Medicine Hamilton, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (D.C., J. Douketis); Department of Anesthesiology, Queen's University and Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada (R.A.), Departments of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (P.M.J.); Research Department, Fundaciòn Cardioinfantil, Bogotà, Colombia (R.J.D.); Department of Anaesthesia, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia (T.W.P.); Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (S.D.B.); Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (K.L.); Toronto General Hospital, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital and Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (D.N.W.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.W.E., S.Y., K.B., E.D., S.M., J. Douketis, P.J.D.); Department of Anesthesia, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (S.M.); and Department of Anaesthesiology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J. Diedericks)
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McInnes N, Smith A, Otto R, Vandermey J, Punthakee Z, Sherifali D, Balasubramanian K, Hall S, Gerstein HC. Piloting a Remission Strategy in Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:1596-1605. [PMID: 28324049 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Medical strategies targeting remission of type 2 diabetes have not been systematically studied. OBJECTIVE This trial assessed the feasibility, safety, and potential to induce remission of a short-term intensive metabolic strategy. DESIGN A randomized, parallel, open-label pilot trial with 83 participants followed for 52 weeks. SETTING Ambulatory care. PARTICIPANTS Patients with type 2 diabetes of up to 3 years in duration. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized to: (1) an 8-week intensive metabolic intervention, (2) a 16-week intensive metabolic intervention, or (3) standard diabetes care. During the intensive intervention period, weight loss and normoglycemia were targeted using lifestyle approaches and treatment with metformin, acarbose, and insulin glargine. Diabetes drugs were then discontinued in the intervention groups and participants were followed for hyperglycemic relapse. PRIMARY OUTCOME On-treatment normoglycemia. RESULTS At 8 weeks, 50.0% of the 8-week intervention group vs 3.6% of controls achieved normoglycemia on therapy [relative risk (RR), 14.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.97 to 99.38), and at 16 weeks, these percentages were 70.4% in the 16-week group and 3.6% in controls (RR, 19.7; 95% CI, 2.83 to 137.13). Twelve weeks after completion of the intervention, 21.4% of the 8-week group compared with 10.7% of controls (RR, 2.00; 95% CI, 0.55 to 7.22) and 40.7% of the 16-week group compared with 14.3% of controls (RR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.03 to 7.87) met hemoglobin A1C criteria for complete or partial diabetes remission. CONCLUSIONS A short course of intensive lifestyle and drug therapy achieves on-treatment normoglycemia and promotes sustained weight loss. It may also achieve prolonged, drug-free diabetes remission and strongly supports ongoing studies of novel medical regimens targeting remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia McInnes
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Ada Smith
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Rose Otto
- Diabetes Care and Research Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Vandermey
- Diabetes Care and Research Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Zubin Punthakee
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Diabetes Care and Research Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
- School of Nursing, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Stephanie Hall
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
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Rotti C, Panda N, Patel H, Kanoongo N, Chakraborty A, Balasubramanian K. Establishing ITER-Grade Properties in CuCrZr: The Indian Experience. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst13-669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Rotti
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29, GIDC Electronic Estate, Sector 25, Gandhinagar-382025, Gujarat, India
| | - N. Panda
- Non-Ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre (NFTDC), Kanchan bagh, Hyderabad-500058, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - H. Patel
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29, GIDC Electronic Estate, Sector 25, Gandhinagar-382025, Gujarat, India
| | - N. Kanoongo
- Non-Ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre (NFTDC), Kanchan bagh, Hyderabad-500058, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - A. Chakraborty
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, A-29, GIDC Electronic Estate, Sector 25, Gandhinagar-382025, Gujarat, India
| | - K. Balasubramanian
- Non-Ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre (NFTDC), Kanchan bagh, Hyderabad-500058, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Abstract
India is a home for a large variety of plants with remarkable medicinal and pharmacological value. Traditional medicine in the form of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani has used many of these plants since ancient days for treating and curing various ailments of the body. When it comes to issues related to reproductive health, people still hesitate to discuss and/or accept it openly and hence look for alternate and natural remedies. The various tribal populations distributed across different parts of the country still use these plant extracts in various formulations for maintenance of good health. The medical utilities of several of these plants have been documented; however, there are many more, whose potential is yet to be explored. This review discusses the role of various plants grown in the Indian subcontinent that have been widely used in maintaining various aspects of reproductive health in men such as infertility, aphrodisiac, contraception, libido, sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract cancers as well as in treating chronic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Lohiya
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
| | - K Balasubramanian
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - A S Ansari
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
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Gupta P, Balasubramanian K. Numerical Investigation of Heat Loss in Nano-Fumed Silica Reinforced Styrene Acrylonitrile Hydrophobic Thermo-Sheath for Heat Inhibition in Hydronic Boiler. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1166/mat.2016.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gupta P, Lapalikar V, Kundu R, Balasubramanian K. Recent Advances in Membrane Based Waste Water Treatment Technology: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1166/eef.2016.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rodés-Cabau J, Jolly SS, Cairns J, Mansour S, L’Allier PL, Teefy PJ, Graham JJ, Le May MR, Cantor WJ, Wood D, Balasubramanian K, DeLarochellière R, Dzavik V. Sealing Intermediate Nonobstructive Coronary Saphenous Vein Graft Lesions With Drug-Eluting Stents as a New Approach to Reducing Cardiac Events. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9:CIRCINTERVENTIONS.116.004336. [DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.116.004336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of sealing intermediate nonobstructive coronary saphenous vein graft (SVG) lesions with drug-eluting stents (DES; paclitaxel- or everolimus-eluting stents) for reducing major adverse cardiac events (MACE).
Methods and Results—
This was a randomized controlled multicenter clinical trial that enrolled patients with a previous coronary artery bypass graft who had developed at least 1 intermediate nonobstructive SVG lesion (30%–60% diameter stenosis by visual estimation). Patients were randomized (1:1) to DES implantation (SVG-DES) or medical treatment (SVG-MT) of the target SVG lesion. The primary efficacy outcome was the first occurrence of MACE defined as the composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization related to the target SVG during the duration of follow-up (minimum of 2 years). Secondary efficacy outcomes included MACE related to the target SVG lesion and overall MACE. A total of 125 patients (mean age 70±9 years, 87% men) were included, with a mean time from coronary artery bypass graft of 12±5 years. Sixty and 65 patients were allocated to the SVG-DES and SVG-MT groups, respectively. There were no events related to the target SVG at 30 days. After a median follow-up of 3.4 (interquartile range: 2.8–3.9) years, the MACE rate related to the target SVG was not significantly different in the 2 groups (SVG-DES: 15.0%, SVG-MT: 20.0%; hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.23–1.53;
P
=0.33). There were no significant differences between groups in MACE related to the target SVG lesion (SVG-DES: 10.0%, SVG-MT: 16.9%; hazard ratio, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.20–1.43;
P
=0.21) or global MACE (SVG-DES: 36.7%, SVG-MT: 44.6%; hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.42–1.27;
P
=0.26).
Conclusions—
Sealing intermediate nonobstructive SVG lesions with DES was safe but was not associated with a significant reduction of cardiac events at 3-year follow-up.
Clinical Trial Registration—
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01223443.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Rodés-Cabau
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
| | - Sanjit S. Jolly
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
| | - John Cairns
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
| | - Samer Mansour
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
| | - Philippe L. L’Allier
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
| | - Patrick J. Teefy
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
| | - John J. Graham
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
| | - Michel R. Le May
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
| | - Warren J. Cantor
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
| | - David Wood
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
| | - Kumar Balasubramanian
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
| | - Robert DeLarochellière
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
| | - Vlad Dzavik
- From the Department of Cardiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada (J.R.-C., R.D.L.); Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada (S.S.J.); Department of Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada (J.C., D.W.); Cardiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.M.); Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada (P.L.L.)
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