New insights into the medicinal importance, physiological functions and bioanalytical aspects of an important bioactive compound of foods ‘Hyperin’: Health benefits of the past, the present, the future

Unlocking the potential of Allium dictyoprasum C.A. Meyer ex Kunth: quantum chemical insights into radical scavenging, chemical composition, phenolic content, and antimicrobial activity

Allium dictyoprasum C.A. Meyer ex Kunth (A. dictyoprasum) underwent comprehensive analysis, encompassing quantum chemical computations to assess its radical scavenging potential, chemical and elemental composition, total phenolic content, and antimicrobial activity. Experimental and theoretical investigations focused on elucidating the radical scavenging properties of polyhydroxy phenolic compounds present in the plant. Quantum chemical calculations were employed to evaluate the antioxidants employed to evaluate selected polyhydroxy phenolic molecules including flavonoids, hydrocinnamic acid derivatives, and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives from natural sources. Thermochemical parameters of these compounds were calculated by the B3LYP/6-311 G++(d,p) level in both gas and solvent phases to elucidate the radical scavenging mechanism including hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET-PT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET). Analysis of A. dictyoprasum extracts obtained via various extraction methods revealed the presence of several major compounds, including dimethyl trisulfide, 3,5-Dihydroxy-6-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4 H-pyran-4-one, 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, Dimethyl phthalate, Methyl palmitate, Methyl oleate, Methyl stearate, (9Z)-9-Octadecenamide. Notably, Malic acid and Quinic acid were identified as major compounds, with concentrations of 43.31 and 17.47 mg kg-1 extract, respectively, based on LC-MS/MS analysis. The total phenolic content of the extract was measured as 17.83 mg gallic acid/mL, while its free radical scavenging activity was 80.89% per mg/mL. Elemental analysis revealed significant levels of Mg, K, Na, Fe, and P, with minor concentrations of elements such as Ti, Tl, B, and Be. Furthermore, A. dictyoprasum exhibited notable antibacterial activity against various bacteria strains, surpassing the efficacy of some commercial antibiotics.

Renoprotective effect of hyperin against CdCl2 prompted renal damage by activation of Nrf-2/Keap-1 ARE pathway in male mice

OBJECTIVES

This study explored the mitigating properties of hyperin (HYP) on renotoxicity induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2).

METHODS

Four groups of seven male albino mice each were used in this experiment. Group 1 served as the control, receiving no treatment. Group 2 received daily oral gavage of CdCl2 at 0.3 mg/kg body weight for 28 d. Group 3 received both CdCl2 (0.3 mg/kg) and HYP (100 mg/kg) daily using the same administration method. Finally, Group 4 received only HYP (100 mg/kg) daily.

RESULTS

Cd exposure significantly increased kidney dysfunction markers (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) and oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species [ROS] and malondialdehyde [MDA]). Conversely, it decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase (GPx] and catalase [CAT]) and glutathione (GSH) levels. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and antioxidant gene expression decreased, while Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 expression increased. Additionally, Cd exposure increased inflammatory mediators (nuclear factor kappa B, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and cyclooxygenase-2) and apoptotic markers (Bax and caspase-3), alongside decreased Bcl-2 expression and renal tissue abnormalities. Mitochondrial dysfunction manifested with diminished activities of Krebs cycle and respiratory chain enzymes, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Co-treatment with HYP significantly attenuated these detrimental effects through its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.

CONCLUSION

HYP co-treatment significantly attenuated CdCl2-induced renal damage in mice, suggesting its potential as a protective agent against Cd-induced kidney toxicity.

A broad assessment of Eremurus spectabilis M. Bieb: chemical and elemental composition, total phenolic and antimicrobial activity analysis, and quantum chemical calculations of radical scavenging potential

Eremurus spectabilis M. Bieb was extensively investigated experimentally and theoretically, including the antioxidant properties of compounds such as flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, and organic acids. Antioxidant activity was investigated using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method based on three known mechanisms: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET-PT), and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET). Subcritical water extraction (SWE), soxhlet extraction (SE), and solvent extraction (SOE) techniques were applied in the extraction process. Malic acid was the major compound with an extract concentration of 38,532.84 ± 1849.58 µg analyte/kg, total phenolics, and free radical scavenging activity were 10.67 mg gallic acid/mL extract and 73.89% per mg/mL extract, respectively. P, Fe, Na, Mg, K, and Ca were the main elements. The antibacterial activity of E. spectabilis against seven bacteria was evaluated, and it was found to be higher than the commercial antibiotics P10 and AMC30.

Ethnomedicinal Importance of Patuletin in Medicine: Pharmacological Activities and Analytical Aspects

BACKGROUND

Plant-derived bioactive molecules have been a major source of therapeutic agents for human and veterinarian purposes. Different traditional medicine system across the globe had relied on natural resources to meet their demand of healthcare. Still in modern world, pharmaceutical industries look for phytochemicals to develop new drugs. The current review explores patuletin, a flavonoid for its diverse reported pharmacological activities along with its analytical techniques.

METHODS

Scientific data published on patuletin was collected from Scopus, Science Direct, Pubmed, Google, and Google Scholar. The collected data were analyzed and arranged as per specific pharmacological activities performed using in-vitro or in-vivo methods. Analytical methods of patuletin have been presented next to pharmacological activities Results: Available scientific literature indicates patuletin has anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, genotoxic, hepatoprotective, antiproliferative, antiplatelet, antinociceptive, and antioxidant activity. In addition to these activities, its biological potential on breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, aldose reductase, and different types of microorganisms has been also presented in this work. Analytical data on patuletin signified the importance of patuletin for the standardization of herbal products and derived medicine.

CONCLUSION

It may be concluded that patuletin with its diverse biological activities and readily available analytical methods, holds the potential to be translated into a new drug entity.

Unleashing Nature's potential: a computational approach to discovering novel VEGFR-2 inhibitors from African natural compound using virtual screening, ADMET analysis, molecular dynamics, and MMPBSA calculations

One of the characteristic features of cancer is angiogenesis, the process by which new, aberrant blood vessels are formed from pre-existing blood vessels. The process of angiogenesis begins when VEGF binds to its receptor, the VEGF receptor (VEGFR). The formation of new blood vessels provides nutrients that can promote the growth of cancer cells. When it comes to new blood vessel formation, VEGFR2 is a critical player. Therefore, inhibiting VEGFR2 is an effective way to target angiogenesis in cancer treatment. The aim of our research was to find new VEGFR-2 inhibitors by performing a virtual screening of 13313 from African natural compounds using different in silico techniques. Using molecular docking calculations and ADMET properties, we identified four compounds that exhibited a binding affinity ranging from -11.0 kcal/mol to -11.5 Kcal/mol when bound to VEGFR-2. These four compounds were further analyzed with 100 ns simulations to determine their stability and binding energy using the MM-PBSA method. After comparing the compounds with Regorafenib, a drug approved for anti-angiogenesis treatment, it was found that all the candidates (EANPDB 252, NANPDB 4577, and NANPDB 4580), with the exception of EANPDB 76, could target VEGFR-2 similarly effectively to Regorafenib. Therefore, we recommend three of these agents for anti-angiogenesis treatment because they are likely to deactivate VEGFR-2 and thus inhibit angiogenesis. However, it should be noted that the safety and suitability of these agents for clinical use needs further investigation, as the computer-assisted study did not include in vitro or in vivo experiments.

Unveiling the Potential of Polyphenols as Anti-Amyloid Molecules in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that mostly affects the elderly population. Mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis are yet to be fully revealed, but there are several hypotheses regarding AD. Even though free radicals and inflammation are likely to be linked with AD pathogenesis, still amyloid-beta (Aβ) cascade is the dominant hypothesis. According to the Aβ hypothesis, a progressive buildup of extracellular and intracellular Aβ aggregates has a significant contribution to the AD-linked neurodegeneration process. Since Aβ plays an important role in the etiology of AD, therefore Aβ-linked pathways are mainly targeted in order to develop potential AD therapies. Accumulation of Aβ plaques in the brains of AD individuals is an important hallmark of AD. These plaques are mainly composed of Aβ (a peptide of 39-42 amino acids) aggregates produced via the proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein. Numerous studies have demonstrated that various polyphenols (PPHs), including cyanidins, anthocyanins, curcumin, catechins and their gallate esters were found to markedly suppress Aβ aggregation and prevent the formation of Aβ oligomers and toxicity, which is further suggesting that these PPHs might be regarded as effective therapeutic agents for the AD treatment. This review summarizes the roles of Aβ in AD pathogenesis, the Aβ aggregation pathway, types of PPHs, and distribution of PPHs in dietary sources. Furthermore, we have predominantly focused on the potential of food-derived PPHs as putative anti-amyloid drugs.

Therapeutic effectiveness of sinensetin against cancer and other human complications: A review of biological potential and pharmacological activities

BACKGROUND

Plant and their active phytoproducts have been used in modern medicine and playing an important role in the health sectors since a very early age. Human beings need a considerable amount of these plant-based phytochemicals for their health. The flavonoidal class phytochemical is an important class of natural products in modern healthcare because of their different pharmacological activities and health benefits. Flavonoidal class phytochemicals have been used to treat diabetes and related secondary complications in humans. Flavonoids have anti-apoptotic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant potential in the health sectors. Sinensetin, also called 3',4',5,6,7-pentametoksiflavon is a colorless compound with a molecular weight 372.37g/mol and is found to be present in the Orthosiphon stamineus.

METHODS

In the present investigation, we aim to collect scientific information on sinensetin and analyze it for its biological potential and therapeutic benefits against various types of disorders and complications. Medicinal importance and pharmacological activities data have been collected and analyzed in the present work for sinensetin through literature data analysis of different research works. Google Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were mainly searched to collect the scientific information in the present work. The present work analyzed sinensetin's biological potential, pharmacological activities, and analytical aspects.

RESULTS

Literature data analysis of different scientific research works revealed the biological potential of phytochemicals in medicine, including flavonoids. Sinensetin has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and antibacterial activities through their testing in different in vitro and in vivo models. Sinensetin has physiological functions, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-cancer potential in medicine. Scientific data analysis signified the biological importance of sinensetin against tumors, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, diabetes, influenza H1N1 infection, obesity, inflammation, colitis, brain disorders, and microbial infections. Further biological potential of sinensetin on enzymes and angiogenesis has been analyzed in the present work. Sinensetin was isolated through different analytical and extraction techniques, including chromatographic techniques.

CONCLUSION

Literature data analysis signified sinensetin's biological potential and pharmacological activities in medicine.

The Potential Therapeutic Properties of Prunetin against Human Health Complications: A Review of Medicinal Importance and Pharmacological Activities

BACKGROUND

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found to be present in nature and abundant in flowers and fruits. Flavonoidal class phytochemicals have gained interest in the scientific field because of their important pharmacological activities. Several scientific studies have revealed anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, analgesic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-parasitic and anti-allergic activities of flavonoidal class phytochemicals. Prunetin is an O-methylated isoflavone that belongs to the phytochemical phytoestrogen class, found to be present in licorice, red cherry, soybean and legumes.

METHODS

Biological potential and pharmacological activities of prunetin have been investigated in the present work through scientific data analysis of numerous scientific research works. Numerous literature databases have been searched in order to collect the scientific information on prunetin in the present work. Pharmacological activities of prunetin have been investigated in the present work through literature data analysis of different scientific research works. Scientific data have been collected from Google Scholar, Google, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. Analytical data on prunetin has been collected from literature sources and analyzed in the present work.

RESULTS

Scientific data analysis revealed the biological importance of prunetin in medicine. Prunetin was found to be present in the pea, peach, Oregon cherry, skimmed cheese, cheese, cow kefir and goat kefir. Prunetin is also present in the Prunus avium, Andira surinamensis, Butea superba, Dalbergia sympathetica, Ficus nervosa, Pterospartum tridentatum and Pycnanthus angolensis. Pharmacological data analysis revealed the biological importance of prunetin on bone disorders, cancers, especially hepatocellular carcinoma, urinary bladder cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, human airway, gut health and enzymes. Scientific data analysis revealed biological effectiveness of prunetin for their angiogenic effects, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, estrogenic and vasorelaxant potential. Analytical data revealed the importance of modern analytical techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis of prunetin in the scientific fields.

CONCLUSION

Scientific data analysis in the present investigation revealed the biological importance and pharmacological activities of prunetin in medicine.

Antioxidant and DNA-Protective Potentials, Main Phenolic Compounds, and Microscopic Features of Koelreuteria paniculata Aerial Parts

Interest in plant extracts as a natural source of antioxidants has grown significantly in recent years. The tree species Koelreuteria paniculata deserves attention due to its wide distribution, good adaptability, and growth to the degree of invasiveness in a number of European countries. The purpose of the present study was to analyze flavonoids and phenolic acids of the ethanol extracts from aerial parts of K. paniculata and to screen their antioxidant and DNA-protective activity. HPLC profiling revealed the presence of five flavonoids, with rutin (4.23 mg/g DW), hesperidin (2.97 mg/g DW), and quercetin (2.66 mg/g DW) as the major ones in the leaves, and (−)-epicatechin (2.69 mg/g DW) in the flower buds. Among the nine phenolic acids identified, rosmarinic, p-coumaric, salicylic, vanillic, and gallic acids were the best represented. All the extracts tested showed in vitro antioxidant activity that was determined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays. The highest activity was recorded in the flower parts (in the range from 1133 to 4308 mmol TE/g DW). The DNA-protective capacity of the flower and stem bark extracts from the in vitro nicking assay performed, as well as the main diagnostic microscopic features of the plant substances, are given for the first time. According to the results obtained, the aerial parts of K. paniculata could be valuable sources of natural antioxidants.

Medicinal Importance, Pharmacological Activities and Analytical Aspects of an Isoflavone Glycoside Tectoridin

Background:

Polyphenols are a group of plant secondary metabolites that are produced in plants as a protective system against oxidative stress, UV radiation, pathogens and predator’s attack. Flavonoids are major class of plant phenolics found to be present in fruits, vegetables, tea and red wine. Tectoridin also called 40,5,7-thrihydroxy-6-methoxyisoflavone-7-Ob-D-glucopyranoside is an isoflavone glycoside found to be present in the flower of Porites lobata.

Methods:

Present work focused on the biological importance, therapeutic potential and pharmacological activities of tectoridin in medicine. Numerous scientific data has been collected from different literature databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus in order to know the health beneficial potential of tectoridin. Pharmacological data have been analyzed in the present work to know the biological effectiveness of tectoridin against human disorders. Analytical data of tectoridin have been collected and analyzed in the present work in order to know the importance of modern analytical method in the isolation, separation and identification of tectoridin.

Results:

Scientific data analysis revealed the biological importance and therapeutic benefit of tectoridin in medicine, signifying the therapeutic potential of tectoridin in the healthcare systems. Biological activities of tectoridin are mainly due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet, anti-angiogenic, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor, estrogenic, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity. However effectiveness of tectoridin against rat lens aldose reductase, nitric oxide, skeletal and cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum and enzymes have been also presented in this work. Analytical data signified the importance of modern analytical techniques for the separation, identification and isolation of tectoridin.

Conclusion:

Present work signified the biological importance and therapeutic benefit of tectoridin in the medicine and other allied health sectors.

Antidepressant Potential of Quercetin and its Glycoside Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review and Update

Depression is a global health problem with growing prevalence rates and serious impacts on the daily life of patients. However, the side effects of currently used antidepressants greatly reduce the compliance of patients. Quercetin is a flavonol present in fruits, vegetables, and Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that has been proved to have various pharmacological effects such as anti-depressant, anti-cancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective. This review summarizes the evidence for the pharmacological application of quercetin to treat depression. We clarified the mechanisms of quercetin regulating the levels of neurotransmitters, promoting the regeneration of hippocampal neurons, improving hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, and reducing inflammatory states and anti-oxidative stress. We also summarized the antidepressant effects of some quercetin glycoside derivatives to provide a reference for further research and clinical application.

Therapeutic importance and pharmacological activities of karanjin in the medicine for the treatment of Human disorders: A review through scientific data analysis

Backgrounds:

Plant and derived herbal drugs have been used in the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various forms of human health complications since a very early age. Commercial products prepared from natural herbs have been always valuable for the society in the form of health supplement to medicament. In the ancient time, herbal products were mainly prepared from plants and their derived phytochemical. Plants contain a rich source of pure phytochemical called secondary metabolite and examples are flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and terpenoids etc. Plants and their parts including fruits, flowers, vegetables etc. are the best source of Flavonoid class phytochemicals.

Methods:

Present work summarized the scientific information of karanjin for their health beneficial aspects and pharmacological activities including its analytical aspects. In the present investigation, scientific data of karanjin have been collected from various scientific databases such as Google, Goggle Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed and analyzed to know the health beneficial aspects of karanjin in the medicine. Further pharmacological activity data has been collected and analyzed in the present work to know their biological potential in the medicine. Analytical methods used for the separation, isolation, and identification of karanjin for the standardization of different natural products have been also discussed in the present work.

Results:

Scientific data analysis signified the biological importance of Flavonoid class phytochemicals in the medicine as they are well known for their anti-ischemic, vasodilatory, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, and anti-cancer activities. Scientific data analysis revealed the presences of karanjin in numerous medicinal plants such as Fordia cauliflora, Lonchocarpus latifolius, Millettia pinnata, Millettia pubinervis, Pongamia pinnata, and Tephrosia purpurea. Pharmacological activity data revealed the biological potential of karanjin against cancerous disorders, glucose metabolism abnormalities, gastrointestinal disorders, arthritis, inflammatory disorders, colitis, psoriasis and brain related disorders. However, analytical data signified the importance of RP-HPLC, TLC, HPTLC, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and HSCCC techniques in the medicine for the quantification of karanjin in different samples.

Conclusion:

Presented information about karanjin in this review paper will be beneficial to the scientific peoples of the world to know the health beneficial aspects of karanjin in the medicine.

Health Benefits of Avicularin in the Medicine Against Cancerous Disorders and other Complications: Biological Importance, Therapeutic Benefit and Analytical Aspects

Background:

Herbal drugs and their derived phytochemicals have been used in medicine for the preparation of different types of pharmaceutical products. Pure phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids have been used in medicine for the treatment of different types of human disorders including cancerous disorders. Flavonoids have been well known in medicine for their anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-aging and cardioprotective potential. Avicularin, also called quercetin-3-α-l-arabino furanoside, is a pure flavonoid, a class of phytochemicals, found to be present in Lindera erythrocarpa and Lespedeza cuneata. Avicularin has been well known in medicine for its anti-cancer properties.

Methods:

In the present work, scientific data of avicularin have been collected from different databases such as Google, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Scopus and summarized with reference to medicinal importance, pharmacological activities and analytical aspects of avicularin. The present review summarized the health beneficial properties of avicularin in medicine through data analysis of various scientific research works. Further analytical progress in medicine for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of avicularin in medicine has been also discussed in the present work.

Results:

Scientific data analysis of different literature work revealed the biological importance of flavonoid class of phytochemical ‘avicularin’ in medicine. Scientific data analysis revealed that avicularin was found to be present in the Lindera erythrocarpa, Lespedeza cuneata, Rhododendron schlipenbachii and Psidium guajava. Avicularin has been well known in medicine for its anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor and hepatoprotective activities. Avicularin protects cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and induces cytotoxicity in cancer lines and tumor tissues. Avicularin has positive influence on human hepatocellular carcinoma and inhibits intracellular lipid accumulation. The role of avicularin in rheumatoid arthritis has been also established with its underlying molecular mechanisms in the scientific work. Recent interest in avicularin has focused on pharmacological investigations for its anti-cancer activity in the medicine.

Conclusion:

The present work signified the biological importance of avicularin in medicine through its medicinal uses, pharmacological activities and analytical aspects in the biological system.

Biological Importance and Therapeutic Benefit of Rhamnocitrin: A Review of Pharmacology and Analytical Aspects

BACKGROUND

Humans have a long history of the uses of plant based products, including extracts and pure phytoconstituents for the treatment of human diseases in the different system of medicine. In the developing countries, phytoproducts play an important role in the healthcare systems due to their medicinal importance and pharmacological activities. Flavonoids class phytochemicals are beneficial for human beings because of their free radical scavenging properties and trace metals chelating potential. Flavonoids have inhibitory potential for the growth of bacteria and virus mainly through enzyme inhibition functions and viral translation. Rhamnocitrin is also called 7- methyl-kaempferol is important flavonoids, which has been isolated from different medicinal plants and has pharmacological activities in the medicine.

METHODS

Present paper describes the biological potential and health beneficial aspects of rhamnocitrin in the medicine through the data analysis of published papers in the recent years in the field of medicine and modern medical sciences. Scientific data on rhamnocitrin have been collected from electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Google, Scopus and Science Direct in the present investigation and analyzed to know the biological importance and pharmacological activities of rhamnocitrin. Pharmacological scientific data of rhamnocitrin have been collected and analyzed in the present work with their analytical aspects.

RESULTS

Literature data analysis of different scientific work on rhamnocitrin revealed the biological importance of rhamnocitrin in medicine. Rhamnocitrin is known to be a promising phytoconstituents found to be present in medicinal plants with a wide range of biological activities. Rhamnocitrin was found to have pharmacological activities, including anti-atherogenic, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, enzymatic and neuroprotective potential. Further biological effect of rhamnocitrin on adipocyte differentiation has been also studied in the present work. Analytical data on rhamnocitrin signified the application of different analytical techniques for the separation, isolation and identification of rhamnocitrin in medicine.

CONCLUSION

Literature data analysis of different scientific research works revealed the biological importance and therapeutic benefit of rhamnocitrin in medicine.

Medicinal Importance, Pharmacological Activities and Analytical Aspects of a Flavonoid Glycoside 'Nicotiflorin' in the Medicine

BACKGROUND

Herbal products are derived from different natural sources, mainly used as a source of food material and medicine in the health sectors since ancient times. Herbal products have gained popularity in modern medicine due to their beneficial health properties and pharmacological activities. Flavonoids are an important class of secondary metabolites found to be present in medicinal plants and their derived products. Flavonoids have been known for their anti-allergic, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-proliferative, anti-mutagenic, antithrombotic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective activities in the medicine. Nicotiflorin is a flavonoidal class phytochemical, found in medicinal plants, including Traditional Chinese medicine.

METHODS

Scientific data on the medicinal importance and pharmacological activities of nicotiflorin have been collected and analyzed in the present work in order to know the therapeutic importance of nicotiflorin in medicine. Scientific data have been collected from Google, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed and Scopus and analyzed in the present work. Analytical techniques data of separation, isolation and identification of nicotiflorin have also been collected and presented in the current work. Further biological importance of flavonoidal class phytochemicals was also discussed in the present work to understand the biological importance of nicotiflorin in medicine as it belongs to the flavonoid class.

RESULTS

Scientific data analysis revealed the therapeutic importance and pharmacological activities of nicotiflorin. Nicotiflorin has significant biological potential against coronavirus, ischemia, renal impairment, hepatic complication, memory dysfunction and myocardial infarction. The biological potential of nicotiflorin against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, multiple myeloma cells and insulin secretion has also been discussed in the present work. Analytical data revealed the significance of modern analytical tools in medicine for the isolation, separation and quantification of nicotiflorin.

CONCLUSION

Scientific data analysis of different research works revealed the biological importance and therapeutic potential of nicotiflorin in medicine.

Herbal Phytomedicine 'Irisolidone' in Chronic Diseases: Biological Efficacy and Pharmacological Activity

BACKGROUND

Plant-derived products have been used in medicine as a source of bioactive molecules, mainly due to their medicinal importance and therapeutic potential. Nowadays, plant derived products have been used in the medicine for the development of novel drug leads. Polyphenols are an important class of secondary metabolites found to be present in plants and their derived products. Polyphenols play an important role in the nutrition of human beings and also have a significant role in plant resistance against pests and diseases. Scientific studies have proven the biological importance of flavonoids in medicine and other allied health sectors. Anti-oxidant, analgesic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-tumor and anti-allergic activities are the important pharmacological features of flavonoids. Irisolidone is an important isoflavone found to be present in Pueraria lobata flowers.

METHODS

To know the medicinal importance and therapeutic potential of irisolidone in the medicine, numerous scientific research data have been collected from Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus. Pharmacological activity data of irisolidone has been collected and analyzed in the present works to know their health beneficial aspects in the medicine. Detailed pharmacological activities of irisolidone have been investigated through scientific data analysis of scientific research works.

RESULTS

Scientific research data analysis of irisolidone revealed the anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, anti-cancer, anti-platelet, anti-oxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, immunomodulating, hepatoprotective and estrogenic potential. However, the biological effect of irisolidone on the gastric system, aldose reductase enzymes, malignant gliomas, and JC virus has also been investigated. Scientific data analysis revealed the significance of analytical tools for the separation and identification of irisolidone.

CONCLUSION

Present work signified the biological importance and therapeutic potential of irisolidone in medicine.

Pharmacological activities and Therapeutic potential of kaempferitrin in medicine for the treatment of human disorders: A review of medicinal importance and health benefits

BACKGROUND

Herbal drugs and their derived phytochemicals are valuable for human being as a source of vital component of food material and drugs. Flavonoids are naturally occurring phytochemical produced in plants through metabolisms and they are having anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic activity. Flavonoids have been identified in the fruits, nuts, vegetables, seeds, stem, flowers and tea. Kaempferol is a natural flavonoidal compound present in edible plants such as apples, broccoli, strawberries, beans, grapefruit, propolis and medicinal plants such as Aloe vera, Ginkgo biloba, Rosmarinus officinalis, Crocus sativus L., Hypericum perforatum L. Kaempferol have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, pro-apoptotic, cardio-protective and anti-cancer activities.

METHODS

Glycosides of kaempferol such as kaempferitrin also called kaempferol 3,7-dirhamnoside are known to be more abundant than their flavonoid monomers in plants. Various literature databases have been searched to collect all the scientific information of kaempferitrin in the present investigation and analyzed in order to know the therapeutic benefit and biological potential of kaempferitrin. Moreover all the information has been presented here in two broad sections i.e. pharmacological and analytical.

RESULTS

From the analysis of all the collected and presented information, it was found that kaempferitrin has potent insulin-mimetic potential and could be used for the treatment of diabetes and related complication. However, it has also shown anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, anti-osteoporotic, anti-depressant, anthelmintic, immunostimulatory and natriuretic properties and inhibits cell proliferation and apoptosis. Kaempferitrin also improves meat quality of broiler chickens.

CONCLUSIONS

The presented information in this work will be valuable to justify the biological importance and therapeutic potential of kaempferitrin in the scientific field.

Flavonoids from the Genus Euphorbia: Isolation, Structure, Pharmacological Activities and Structure-Activity Relationships

Plants of the genus Euphorbia are widely distributed across temperate, tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Asia and Africa with established Ayurvedic, Chinese and Malay ethnomedical records. The present review reports the isolation, occurrence, phytochemistry, biological properties, therapeutic potential and structure-activity relationship of Euphorbia flavonoids for the period covering 2000-2020, while identifying potential areas for future studies aimed at development of new therapeutic agents from these plants. The findings suggest that the extracts and isolated flavonoids possess anticancer, antiproliferative, antimalarial, antibacterial, anti-venom, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatitis and antioxidant properties and have different mechanisms of action against cancer cells. Of the investigated species, over 80 different types of flavonoids have been isolated to date. Most of the isolated flavonoids were flavonols and comprised simple O-substitution patterns, C-methylation and prenylation. Others had a glycoside, glycosidic linkages and a carbohydrate attached at either C-3 or C-7, and were designated as d-glucose, l-rhamnose or glucorhamnose. The structure-activity relationship studies showed that methylation of the hydroxyl groups on C-3 or C-7 reduces the activities while glycosylation loses the activity and that the parent skeletal structure is essential in retaining the activity. These constituents can therefore offer potential alternative scaffolds towards development of new Euphorbia-based therapeutic agents.

Complete chloroplast genomes of three important species, Abelmoschus moschatus, A. manihot and A. sagittifolius: Genome structures, mutational hotspots, comparative and phylogenetic analysis in Malvaceae

Abelmoschus is an economically and phylogenetically valuable genus in the family Malvaceae. Owing to coexistence of wild and cultivated form and interspecific hybridization, this genus is controversial in systematics and taxonomy and requires detailed investigation. Here, we present whole chloroplast genome sequences and annotation of three important species: A. moschatus, A. manihot and A. sagittifolius, and compared with A. esculentus published previously. These chloroplast genome sequences ranged from 163121 bp to 163453 bp in length and contained 132 genes with 87 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA and 8 ribosomal RNA genes. Comparative analyses revealed that amino acid frequency and codon usage had similarity among four species, while the number of repeat sequences in A. esculentus were much lower than other three species. Six categories of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected, but A. moschatus and A. manihot did not contain hexanucleotide SSRs. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of A/T, T/A and C/T were the largest number type, and the ratio of transition to transversion was from 0.37 to 0.55. Abelmoschus species showed relatively independent inverted-repeats (IR) boundary traits with different boundary genes compared with the other related Malvaceae species. The intergenic spacer regions had more polymorphic than protein-coding regions and intronic regions, and thirty mutational hotpots (≥200 bp) were identified in Abelmoschus, such as start-psbA, atpB-rbcL, petD-exon2-rpoA, clpP-intron1 and clpP-exon2.These mutational hotpots could be used as polymorphic markers to resolve taxonomic discrepancies and biogeographical origin in genus Abelmoschus. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of 33 Malvaceae species indicated that they were well divided into six subfamilies, and genus Abelmoschus was a well-supported clade within genus Hibiscus.

Important Flavonoids and Their Role as a Therapeutic Agent

Flavonoids are phytochemical compounds present in many plants, fruits, vegetables, and leaves, with potential applications in medicinal chemistry. Flavonoids possess a number of medicinal benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. They also have neuroprotective and cardio-protective effects. These biological activities depend upon the type of flavonoid, its (possible) mode of action, and its bioavailability. These cost-effective medicinal components have significant biological activities, and their effectiveness has been proved for a variety of diseases. The most recent work is focused on their isolation, synthesis of their analogs, and their effects on human health using a variety of techniques and animal models. Thousands of flavonoids have been successfully isolated, and this number increases steadily. We have therefore made an effort to summarize the isolated flavonoids with useful activities in order to gain a better understanding of their effects on human health.

Health Benefits of Quassin from Quassia amara: A Comprehensive Review of their Ethnopharmacological Importance, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Analytical Aspects

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Medicinal plants have been indispensable to human life as they are used in food, cosmetics, medicines, nutraceuticals, perfumery, beverages and many more sectors. The medicinal plant contains various important classes of phytochemicals and broadly they are categorized into either primary or secondary metabolite. A large number of modern medicines are mainly derived from plant and other natural sources. Medicinal properties of plants are mainly due to the presence of their secondary metabolite and good examples are salicylic acid, morphine, quinine, vincristin and vinblastine. In spite of the great discovery of allopathic medicine, plant pure phytoconstituents play an important role in the modern medicine. Various plant based medicine are available in the market and people are using it on the basis of the belief that it is safer compared to the allopathic medicine. Furthermore, based on these believes, people use most of the traditional medicines in their routine life for the treatment of numerous disorders and this is called self-medication. Quassia amara plant belongs to Simaroubaceae family which is one of the best examples of the self-medicated plant. Traditionally Quassia amara has antimalarial, stomachic, antianaemic, antibiotics, cytotoxic and antiamoebic activity. Its reproductive, insecticidal, larvicidal and vermifuge properties have been also reported in the literature. Quassinoids are the important phytoconstituents of this plant and are the main bitter principles of Quassia amara too. Quassin is a white crystalline substance and is widely used in Chinese herbal medicine for their bitter taste. The purpose of this review is to gain an understanding of the Quassin and Quassia amara and to present information and knowledge regarding this phytoconstituent. Medicinal uses, pharmacological importance and various bioanalytical methods of Quassin and Quassia amara have been presented in this review. The benefit of this review is to get better understanding and ideas of Quassin and Quassia amara research findings in various disciplines. Furthermore, there is a need to perform more scientific investigation to explore the other beneficial properties of Quassia amara and Quassin.

Molecular structure and spectral characteristics of hyperoside and analysis of its molecular imprinting adsorption properties based on density functional theory

The structure of hyperoside was optimized according to the skeletal types of different galactopyranosides in hyperoside at the DFT/B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level, and the frequencies were calculated. The accuracy of the theoretical calculations of the ¹H and ¹³C NMR signals was evaluated by linear correlation. The excited state was calculated via time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The stable conformation, NMR, UV-vis, natural bond orbital (NBO), molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and thermodynamic information were obtained. In the most stable conformation of hyperoside, seven intramolecular hydrogen bonds are formed, which affect the imprinting efficiency. The theoretical ¹H and ¹³C NMR results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The B3PW91 function is more suitable than B3LYP for TD-DFT calculations. Combining the UV-vis and NBO analyses, the HOMO→LUMO transition mainly results from the n→π^∗ transition of the phenolic hydroxyl groups and the π→π^∗ transition of the benzene ring on the B ring in ethanol. The HOMO-1→LUMO+1 transition mainly results from the n→π^∗ and π→π^∗ transition on the A ring. The MEP and NBO calculations indicate that the imprinted active sites are mainly located on the carbonyl oxygen atom and the hydroxyl hydrogen atoms. As the temperature increases, the molecular heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy, and activity of the imprinting sites increase. The obtained results provide strong theoretical guidance for hyperoside in the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers and separation techniques.