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Gulone L, Di Gregorio S, Morales M, Haim MS, García S, Perazzi B, Famiglietti A, Mollerach M. The Changing Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Blood Cultures in a University Hospital from Argentina. Microb Drug Resist 2024; 30:109-117. [PMID: 38133499 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2023.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is one of the most common serious bacterial infections worldwide. In this study, we demonstrated changes in SAB epidemiology in an Argentinean University Hospital during an 8-year period (2009-2016). A total of 326 S. aureus clinical isolates were recovered in three periods: P1: 2009-2010, P2: 2012-2014, and P3: 2015-2016. Among these, 127 were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and were characterized by phenotypic and molecular methods. We hereby report a significant decline in multiple drug resistance among MRSA isolates associated with an increase in SCCmec IV between the three periods. A diversity of MRSA-IV clones (mainly ST30-MRSA-IV, ST5-MRSA-IV, and ST8-MRSA-IV) replaced between 2009 and 2016 the previous prevalent MRSA clone causing bloodstream infections at this hospital (ST5-MRSA-I). MRSA population structure continued to diversify between P2 and P3. Notably, ST8-MRSA-IV-t008 related to USA300 was first detected during P2, and ST8-MRSA-IV together with ST30-MRSA-IV related to the Southwest Pacific clone were the more prevalent MRSA genotypes circulating during P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Gulone
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Di Gregorio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia Morales
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Sol Haim
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana García
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz Perazzi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angela Famiglietti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Laboratorio de Bacteriología Clínica, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Mollerach
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Moreno Cardenas C, Çiçek SS. Structure-dependent activity of plant natural products against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1234115. [PMID: 37649631 PMCID: PMC10463185 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1234115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major causes for nosocomial infections and has been classified as "high priority pathogen" by the World Health Organization. Its ability to develop resistances has been a challenge for the last decades and is still a threat to health care systems, as strains with resistances to the so-called drugs of last resort have been discovered. Therefore, new antibiotics are urgently needed. Natural products are an important source for the development of new drugs, thereby mostly serving as lead compounds for further modification. In this review, the data on plant natural products with reported anti-MRSA activity until the end of 2022 is discussed, highlighting the most effective drugs with respect to their inhibitory concentrations as well as with regard to eventual synergistic effects with existing antibiotics. In the latter sense, the class of alkaloids must be mentioned, exhibiting additive or synergistic effects by inhibiting bacterial efflux pumps. With regard to the antibiotic activity, phloroglucinol derivatives certainly belong to the most promising compounds, revealing several candidates with remarkable effects, e.g., lupulone, ivesinol, rhodomyrtone, aspidinol, or hyperforin. Also, the class of terpenoids yielded noteworthy compounds, such as the sesquiterpene lactones parthenolide and lactopicrin as well as acetophenone sesquiterpenes and sphaerodiene type diterpenoids, respectively. In addition, pronounced effects were observed for the macrolide neurymenolide A and three flavonol dicoumaroylrhamnosides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serhat S. Çiçek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Archana GJ, Sinha AY, Annamanedi M, Asrith KP, Kale SB, Kurkure NV, Doijad SP, Nagamani K, Hegde NR. Molecular characterisation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients at a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad, South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:183-191. [PMID: 32883932 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Context Infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) greatly influence clinical outcome. Molecular characterisation of MRSA can help to predict their spread and to institute treatment and hospital protocols. Aim The aim of this study is to understand the diversity of MRSA in a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad, India. Settings and Design Samples collected at Gandhi Medical College, Hyderabad, and designed to assess hospital-or community-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA or CA-MRSA). Subjects and Methods MRSA were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa typing, multi-locus sequence typing and staphylococcal cassette chromosome-mec (SCCmec) typing. Statistical Analysis Used Discriminatory index and 95% confidence interval. Results Of the 30 MRSA, (a) 18 and 12 were HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA, respectively, and (b) 23.3% and 6.6% displayed induced clindamycin and intermediate vancomycin resistance, respectively. Genetic diversity was evident from the presence of (a) 20 pulsotypes, (b) eight spa types, with the predominance of t064 (n = 9) and (c) seven sequence types (ST), with the preponderance of ST22 and ST8 (9 each). ST22 and ST8 were the most prevalent among HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA, respectively. SCCmec type IV was the most frequent (n = 8). 44.4% of HA-MRSA belonged to SCCmec IV and V, whereas 33.3% of CA-MRSA belonged to SCCmec I and III; 33.3% (5/15) of the isolates harbouring the pvl gene belonged to SCCmec IVC/H. Conclusions ST8 was a dominant type along with other previously reported types ST22, ST239, and ST772 from India. The observations highlight the prevalence of genetically diverse clonal populations of MRSA, suggesting potential multiple origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganapuram J Archana
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Akhauri Yash Sinha
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Telangana, India
| | | | | | - Satyajit B Kale
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin V Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swapnil P Doijad
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa, Goa, India
| | - Kammili Nagamani
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nagendra R Hegde
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Husain A, Rawat V, Umesh, Kumar M, Verma PK. Vancomycin, linezolid and daptomycin susceptibility pattern among clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Sub- Himalyan Center. J Lab Physicians 2020; 10:145-148. [PMID: 29692578 PMCID: PMC5896179 DOI: 10.4103/jlp.jlp_92_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The efficacy of vancomycin, drug of choice for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), has become questionable due to the emergence of MRSA isolates with reduced susceptibility. The present study was conducted to determine the vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin susceptibility pattern in clinical isolates of MRSA and to observe minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) creep over 2 years if any. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MIC of vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin were determined by E-test in 198 MRSA isolates and their MIC 50, MIC 90, and geometric mean MIC were calculated. RESULTS: While all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid, and daptomycin, MIC 90 of vancomycin increased from 1.5 μg/ml in 2015 to 2 μg/ml in 2016. The percentage of isolates with vancomycin MIC >2 μg/ml doubled in 2016 (12.9%) as compared to 2015 (6.1%). MIC 90 for linezolid remained steady as 3 μg/ml, but geometric mean MIC increased from 2.20 μg/ml in 2015 to 2.29 μg/ml in 2016, and more than 40% isolates showed MIC 3 μg/ml. MIC 90 and geometric mean MIC of daptomycin decreased from 0.75 μg/ml to 0.5 μg/ml and 0.50 μg/ml to 0.36 μg/ml in 2015 and 2016, respectively. CONCLUSION: MIC creep was observed with vancomycin. Although linezolid MIC was within the susceptible zone, more than 40% strains showing MIC 3 μg/ml may herald the future development of either resistant or heteroresistant. Daptomycin showed good sensitivity against MRSA isolates. Therefore, it could be considered as an alternative agent for the treatment of infections caused by MRSA. However, it should be reserved where this class has a clear therapeutic advantage over other anti-MRSA drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Husain
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vinita Rawat
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Umesh
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Verma
- Department of Surgery, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India
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Tang HJ, Lai CC, Chen CC, Zhang CC, Weng TC, Yu WL, Chen HJ, Chiu YH, Ko WC, Chuang YC. Cephalosporin-Glycopeptide Combinations for Use against Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates: Enhanced In vitro Antibacterial Activity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:884. [PMID: 28572795 PMCID: PMC5435797 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The empirical combination of both a beta-lactam and glycopeptide to counter potential staphylococcal pathogens may improve the clinical outcomes for cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. We reported comparative in vitro studies of combination effects of different cephalosporins (i.e., cefazolin, cefmetazole, cefotaxime, and cefepime) combined with glycopeptides for 34 randomly selected methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates by three methods, including the checkerboard, time-killing, and combination MIC measurement methods. Thirteen SCCmec type III isolates with a cefazolin MIC of ≥ 128 μg/mL were classified as the high-cefazolin MIC (HCM) group, whereas 13 SCCmec type IV and 8 SCCmec type V isolates were classified as the low-cefazolin MIC (LCM) group. With the checkerboard method, synergism was present for vancomycin-based combinations at 30.8–69.2 and 13.6–66.7%, as well as teicoplanin-based combinations of 38.5–84.6 and 0–47.6%, of the HCM and LCM isolates, respectively. No antagonism was noted. The in vitro inhibitory activity was evident even at a low concentration of 1/512x MIC of cephalosporin combined with sub-inhibitory concentrations (1/2x MIC) of a glycopeptide. With time-killing assays, synergism was noted at 1/2x or 1x susceptible breakpoint concentrations (SBCs) of a cephalosporin combined with 1/4 or 1/2 MIC of a glycopeptide. In the presence of 1/2 SBC of a cephalosporin, vancomycin or teicoplanin MICs decreased an average of 2.0- to 6.6- or 1.6- to 5.5-fold, respectively. With 8 μg/mL cephalosporin, the decline of glycopeptide MICs was most obvious in the presence of cefmetazole. In conclusion, cephalosporin-glycopeptide combinations at clinically achievable concentrations can exhibit in vitro synergistic antibacterial activity against clinical MRSA isolates. Such combinations require more clinical data to support their application for use in human MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Jen Tang
- Department of Medicine, Chi Mei Medical CenterTainan, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and ScienceTainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Lai
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Hospital-Liou YingTainan, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Tzu-Chieh Weng
- Department of Medicine, Chi Mei Medical CenterTainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Yu
- Department of Medicine, Chi Mei Medical CenterTainan, Taiwan.,Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical CenterTainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jui Chen
- Department of Medicine, Chi Mei Medical CenterTainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chiu
- Medicine, Chi Mei Hospital-Liou YingTainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center of Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University HospitalTainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ching Chuang
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and ScienceTainan, Taiwan.,Medicine, Chi Mei Hospital-Liou YingTainan, Taiwan
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Rajkumar S, Sistla S, Manoharan M, Sugumar M, Nagasundaram N, Parija SC, Ray P, Bakthavatchalam YD, Veeraraghavan B, Kapil A, Walia K, Ohri VC. Prevalence and genetic mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus species: A multicentre report of the indian council of medical research antimicrobial resistance surveillance network. Indian J Med Microbiol 2017; 35:53-60. [PMID: 28303819 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_16_427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Routine surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an essential component of measures aimed to tackle the growing threat of resistant microbes in public health. This study presents a 1-year multicentre report on AMR in Staphylococcus species as part of Indian Council of Medical Research-AMR surveillance network. MATERIALS AND METHODS Staphylococcus species was routinely collected in the nodal and regional centres of the network and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed against a panel of antimicrobials. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of vancomycin (VAN), daptomycin, tigecycline and linezolid (LNZ) against selected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) isolates were determined by E-test and MIC creep, if any, was determined. Resistant genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction for those isolates showing phenotypic resistance. RESULTS The prevalence of MRSA was found to be range from moderate (21%) to high (45%) among the centres with an overall prevalence of 37.3%. High prevalence of resistance was observed with commonly used antimicrobials such as ciprofloxacin and erythromycin in all the centres. Resistance to LNZ was not encountered except for a single case. Full-blown resistance to VAN in S. aureus was not observed; however, a few VAN-intermediate S. aureus isolates were documented. The most common species of coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) identified was Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Resistance among CoNS was relatively higher than S. aureus. Most phenotypically resistant organisms possessed the corresponding resistance genes. CONCLUSION There were localised differences in the prevalence of resistance between the centres. The efficacy of the anti-MRSA antimicrobials was very high; however, almost all these antimicrobials showed evidence of creeping MIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunanda Rajkumar
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Sujatha Sistla
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Meerabai Manoharan
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Madhan Sugumar
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Niveditha Nagasundaram
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Subhash Chandra Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Pallab Ray
- Department of Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yamuna Devi Bakthavatchalam
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Balaji Veeraraghavan
- Department of Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arti Kapil
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kamini Walia
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - V C Ohri
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Dou JL, Jiang YW, Xie JQ, Zhang XG. New Is Old, and Old Is New: Recent Advances in Antibiotic-Based, Antibiotic-Free and Ethnomedical Treatments against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Wound Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E617. [PMID: 27120596 PMCID: PMC4881443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen of wound infections. Thus far, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has become the major causative agent in wound infections, especially for nosocomial infections. MRSA infections are seldom eradicated by routine antimicrobial therapies. More concerning, some strains have become resistant to the newest antibiotics of last resort. Furthermore, horizontal transfer of a polymyxin resistance gene, mcr-1, has been identified in Enterobacteriaceae, by which resistance to the last group of antibiotics will likely spread rapidly. The worst-case scenario, "a return to the pre-antibiotic era", is likely in sight. A perpetual goal for antibiotic research is the discovery of an antibiotic that lacks resistance potential, such as the recent discovery of teixobactin. However, when considering the issue from an ecological and evolutionary standpoint, it is evident that it is insufficient to solve the antibiotic dilemma through the use of antibiotics themselves. In this review, we summarized recent advances in antibiotic-based, antibiotic-free and ethnomedical treatments against MRSA wound infections to identify new clues to solve the antibiotic dilemma. One potential solution is to use ethnomedical drugs topically. Some ethnomedical drugs have been demonstrated to be effective antimicrobials against MRSA. A decline in antibiotic resistance can therefore be expected, as has been demonstrated when antibiotic-free treatments were used to limit the use of antibiotics. It is also anticipated that these drugs will have low resistance potential, although there is only minimal evidence to support this claim to date. More clinical trials and animal tests should be conducted on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Lin Dou
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yi-Wei Jiang
- Spinal Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicines, Lanzhou 730020, China.
| | - Jun-Qiu Xie
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhang
- Spinal Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicines, Lanzhou 730020, China.
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Vuong C, Yeh AJ, Cheung GYC, Otto M. Investigational drugs to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 25:73-93. [PMID: 26536498 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This is to a large extent due to antibiotic-resistant strains, in particular methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). While the toll of invasive MRSA infections appears to decrease in U.S. hospitals, the rate of community-associated MRSA infections remains constant and there is a surge of MRSA in many other countries, a situation that calls for continuing if not increased efforts to find novel strategies to combat MRSA infections. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of current investigational drugs and therapeutic antibodies against S. aureus in early clinical development (up to phase II clinical development). It includes a short description of the mechanism of action and a presentation of microbiological and clinical data. EXPERT OPINION Increased recent antibiotic development efforts and results from pathogenesis research have led to several new antibiotics and therapies, such as anti-virulence drugs, as well as a more informed selection of targets for vaccination efforts against MRSA. This developing portfolio of novel anti-staphylococcal drugs will hopefully provide us with additional and more efficient ways to combat MRSA infections in the near future and prevent us from running out of treatment options, even if new resistances arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Vuong
- a Principal Scientist/Laboratory Head, Bacteriology , AiCuris GmbH & Co. KG, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 475/Geb. 302, 42117 Wuppertal , Germany
| | - Anthony J Yeh
- b Post-baccalaureate IRTA, Laboratory of Bacteriology , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bldg. 33, 1W10, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda , MD 20892 , USA
| | - Gordon Y C Cheung
- c Staff Scientist, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Bacteriology , Bldg. 33, 1W10, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda , MD 20892 , USA
| | - Michael Otto
- d Senior Investigator, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Bacteriology , Bldg. 33, 1W10, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda , MD 20892 , USA
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