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Delage C, Palayer M, Etain B, Hagenimana M, Blaise N, Smati J, Chouchana M, Bloch V, Besson VC. Valproate, divalproex, valpromide: Are the differences in indications justified? Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114051. [PMID: 36521249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In many countries, valproate is indicated for epilepsy only, whereas its derivative divalproex (DVP) and valpromide (VPM) are indicated for bipolar disorders only. DVP is composed of sodium valproate and valproic acid (VA) in a 1:1 molar ratio and VPM is a prodrug completely hydrolyzed in the gastric tract to VA. Whatever the drug, the absorbed and active substance is the valproate ion. In this article, we reviewed the potential reasons that might justify these different indications. We performed a literature review of comparative studies of efficacy, pharmacokinetic parameters, side effects and costs for VPA, DVP, and VPM. We found only studies comparing VA with DVP. None of the eight efficacy studies found differences in epilepsy or mood disorders. The ten studies of side effects reported a difference in terms of gastrointestinal effects, but inconsistently. The United States (US) summary of product characteristics and kinetic comparison studies reported bioequivalence between DVP and VA, but a longer Tmax for DVP, likely due to its gastro-resistant galenic form. VPM summary of product characteristics and pharmacokinetic studies revealed a lower bioavailability (80% vs. 100% for VA) and a delayed Tmax. There is an additional cost for using DVP or VPM as compared to VA (respectively +177% and +77% in France). The differences in indications between valproate derivatives do not seem justified. Interchangeability between VA and DVP in bipolar disorders seems possible, at identical dosage. VPM would require a closer dosing schedule and a 20% reduction in dosage when switching to valproate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Delage
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Service de Pharmacie, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France.
| | - Maeva Palayer
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Etain
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Département de Psychiatrie et Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Monique Hagenimana
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nathan Blaise
- Service de Pharmacie, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Julie Smati
- Service de Pharmacie, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Margot Chouchana
- Service de Pharmacie, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Bloch
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France; Service de Pharmacie, AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Valérie C Besson
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, F-75006 Paris, France
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2
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Khalil NY, Bakheit AH, Alkahtani HM, Al-Muhanna T. Vinpocetine (A comprehensive profile). PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2022; 47:1-54. [PMID: 35396012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.podrm.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vinpocetine (VIN) is a herbal supplement extracted from the periwinkle plant. It is a multi-action agent, which is used to treat various neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Vinpocetine has also anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant property and treats various thinking and memory problems. Currently, vinpocetine is also available in the market as a dietary supplement to enhance cognition and memory. This profile explains the physicochemical properties, methods of preparation, content of related impurities and different spectroscopical behavior of vinpocetine. It also discusses the reported methods of analysis of the drug, which include Compendial Methods, Electrochemical Methods, Spectrophotometric Methods and Chromatographic Methods of analysis. Furthermore, this profile explains the stability of the drug subjected to stress conditions of acid, alkaline and photolytic degradation. In addition, the clinical applications of the drug, its uses, side effects, dosing information, pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasr Y Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed H Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hamad M Alkahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Al-Muhanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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3
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Zhang J, Huang Y. Potassium tert-Butoxide Facilitated Amination of Carboxylic Acids with N,N-Dimethylformamide. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1817-1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHerein a practical and efficient potassium tert-butoxide (KO
t
Bu)-facilitated amination of carboxylic acids with N,N-dimethylamine is described. In the presence of catalytic amount of KO
t
Bu, a variety of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids are transformed to N,N-dimethylamides using DMF as the dimethylamine reagent with the assistance of trimethylacetic anhydride. The applicability of this protocol is demonstrated by late-stage dimethylamidation of complex drug molecules. A plausible reaction mechanism involving KO
t
Bu-facilitated in situ amine generation from formamide decomposition and anhydride-mediated condensation is proposed on the basis of mechanistic investigations.
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4
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Zorina V, Bespalov A, Krasnov K, Melekhova A, Reinuk V. Prospects for the development of new prolonged forms of valproic acid derivatives for the relief of convulsive syndrome. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:14-19. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212207114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Krivoshein AV. α-Substituted Lactams and Acetamides: Ion Channel Modulators that Show Promise in Treating Drug-resistant Epilepsy. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:79-87. [PMID: 32386500 DOI: 10.2174/1871524920666200510005458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The two main problems in the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy are resistance to currently available first-line medications (which occurs in about one third of patients) and the high incidence of side effects. To address these two challenges, extensive efforts are being undertaken to design new, structurally distinct antiepileptic drugs with a broad spectrum of anticonvulsant activity. Tests in animal models of epilepsy indicate that α-substituted lactams and acetamides show a broad spectrum of anticonvulsant activity (including very promising activity in drug-resistant models) as well as an excellent safety profile. Limited clinical results confirm these preclinical findings. In the first part of this review, pharmacology and toxicology of α-substituted lactams and acetamides and their putative protein targets in the brain have been discussed. This is followed by a discussion of structure-activity relationships among α-alkyl-, α-aryl-, and α-aryl-α-alkyl-substituted derivatives. The most promising structures seem to be those related to 3-ethyl-3-phenylpyrrolidin-2-one, 2-phenylbutyramide, and 2- sec-butylvaleramide. The information presented in this review is expected to facilitate rational drug design and development efforts for α-substituted lactams and acetamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcadius V Krivoshein
- Chemistry Program, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX 77058, United States
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6
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Gvozdev VD, Shavrin KN, Nefedov OM. New synthesis of 3,3-disubstituted piperidin-2-ones from esters and 1-(3-halopropyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrroles. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Bellera CL, Di Ianni ME, Talevi A. The application of molecular topology for ulcerative colitis drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:89-101. [PMID: 29088918 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1396314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the therapeutic arsenal against ulcerative colitis has greatly expanded (including the revolutionary advent of biologics), there remain patients who are refractory to current medications while the safety of the available therapeutics could also be improved. Molecular topology provides a theoretic framework for the discovery of new therapeutic agents in a very efficient manner, and its applications in the field of ulcerative colitis have slowly begun to flourish. Areas covered: After discussing the basics of molecular topology, the authors review QSAR models focusing on validated targets for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, entirely or partially based on topological descriptors. Expert opinion: The application of molecular topology to ulcerative colitis drug discovery is still very limited, and many of the existing reports seem to be strictly theoretic, with no experimental validation or practical applications. Interestingly, mechanism-independent models based on phenotypic responses have recently been reported. Such models are in agreement with the recent interest raised by network pharmacology as a potential solution for complex disorders. These and other similar studies applying molecular topology suggest that some therapeutic categories may present a 'topological pattern' that goes beyond a specific mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina L Bellera
- a Medicinal Chemistry/Laboratory of Bioactive Research and Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences , University of La Plata (UNLP) , La Plata , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Mauricio E Di Ianni
- a Medicinal Chemistry/Laboratory of Bioactive Research and Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences , University of La Plata (UNLP) , La Plata , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Alan Talevi
- a Medicinal Chemistry/Laboratory of Bioactive Research and Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences , University of La Plata (UNLP) , La Plata , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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8
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Gantner ME, Peroni RN, Morales JF, Villalba ML, Ruiz ME, Talevi A. Development and Validation of a Computational Model Ensemble for the Early Detection of BCRP/ABCG2 Substrates during the Drug Design Stage. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:1868-1880. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melisa E. Gantner
- Laboratorio
de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Departamento
de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) − Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, B1900AJI Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxana N. Peroni
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín
956 5°, 1113 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan F. Morales
- Laboratorio
de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Departamento
de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) − Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, B1900AJI Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L. Villalba
- Laboratorio
de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Departamento
de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) − Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, B1900AJI Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E. Ruiz
- Laboratorio
de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Departamento
de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) − Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, B1900AJI Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alan Talevi
- Laboratorio
de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Departamento
de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) − Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, B1900AJI Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Sharifi M. Computational approaches to understand the adverse drug effect on potassium, sodium and calcium channels for predicting TdP cardiac arrhythmias. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 76:152-160. [PMID: 28756335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels play a crucial role in the cardiovascular system. Our understanding of cardiac ion channel function has improved since their first discoveries. The flow of potassium, sodium and calcium ions across cardiomyocytes is vital for regular cardiac rhythm. Blockage of these channels, delays cardiac repolarization or tend to shorten repolarization and may induce arrhythmia. Detection of drug risk by channel blockade is considered essential for drug regulators. Advanced computational models can be used as an early screen for torsadogenic potential in drug candidates. New drug candidates that are determined to not cause blockage are more likely to pass successfully through preclinical trials and not be withdrawn later from the marketplace by manufacturer. Several different approved drugs, however, can cause a distinctive polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia known as torsade de pointes (TdP), which may lead to sudden death. The objective of the present study is to review the mechanisms and computational models used to assess the risk that a drug may TdP. KEY POINTS There is strong evidence from multiple studies that blockage of the L-type calcium current reduces risk of TdP. Blockage of sodium channels slows cardiac action potential conduction, however, not all sodium channel blocking antiarrhythmic drugs produce a significant effect, while late sodium channel block reduces TdP. Interestingly, there are some drugs that block the hERG potassium channel and therefore cause QT prolongation, but they are not associated with TdP. Recent studies confirmed the necessity of studying multiple distinctionic ion channels which are responsible for cardiac related diseases or TdP, to obtain an improved clinical TdP risk prediction of compound interactions and also for designing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sharifi
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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10
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Design and Comparative Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant Profile, Carbonic-Anhydrate Inhibition and Teratogenicity of Novel Carbamate Derivatives of Branched Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids with 4-Aminobenzensulfonamide. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1972-1982. [PMID: 28275953 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, with between 34 and 76 per 100,000 people developing epilepsy annually. Epilepsy therapy for the past 100+ years is based on the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Despite the availability of more than twenty old and new AEDs, approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy are not seizure-free with the existing medications. In addition, the clinical use of the existing AEDs is restricted by their side-effects, including the teratogenicity associated with valproic acid that restricts its use in women of child-bearing age. Thus, there is an unmet clinical need to develop new, effective AEDs. In the present study, a novel class of carbamates incorporating phenethyl or branched aliphatic chains with 6-9 carbons in their side-chain, and 4-benzenesulfonamide-carbamate moieties were synthesized and evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity, teratogenicity and carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition. Three of the ten newly synthesized carbamates showed anticonvulsant activity in the maximal-electroshock (MES) and 6 Hz tests in rodents. In mice, 3-methyl-2-propylpentyl(4-sulfamoylphenyl)carbamate(1), 3-methyl-pentan-2-yl-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)carbamate (9) and 3-methylpentyl, (4-sulfamoylphenyl)carbamate (10) had ED50 values of 136, 31 and 14 mg/kg (MES) and 74, 53, and 80 mg/kg (6 Hz), respectively. Compound (10) had rat-MES-ED50 = 13 mg/kg and ED50 of 59 mg/kg at the mouse-corneal-kindling test. These potent carbamates (1,9,10) induced neural tube defects only at doses markedly exceeding their anticonvuslnat-ED50 values. None of these compounds were potent inhibitors of CA IV, but inhibited CA isoforms I, II and VII. The anticonvulsant properties of these compounds and particularly compound 10 make them potential candidates for further evaluation and development as new AEDs.
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11
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Talevi A. Computational approaches for innovative antiepileptic drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:1001-16. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1216965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Di Ianni ME, Del Valle ME, Enrique AV, Rosella MA, Bruno F, Bruno-Blanch LE, Talevi A. Computer-Aided Identification of Anticonvulsant Effect of Natural Nonnutritive Sweeteners Stevioside and Rebaudioside A. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 13:313-8. [PMID: 26258457 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.29010.meddrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Steviol glycosides are natural constituents of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bert. (Asteraceae) that have recently gained worldwide approval as nonnutritive sweeteners by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives. Cheminformatic tools suggested that the aglycone steviol and several of its phase I metabolites were predicted as potential anticonvulsant agents effective in the seizure animal model maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test. Thus, aqueous infusion from S. rebaudiana was tested in the MES test (mice, intraperitoneal administration), confirming dose-dependent anticonvulsant effect. Afterward, isolated stevioside and rebaudioside A were tested in the MES test, with positive results. Though drug repositioning most often focuses on known therapeutics, this article illustrates the possibilities of this strategy to find new functionalities and therapeutic indications for food constituents and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio E Di Ianni
- 1 Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Del Valle
- 2 Natural Products, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea V Enrique
- 1 Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Rosella
- 2 Natural Products, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Bruno
- 2 Natural Products, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis E Bruno-Blanch
- 1 Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alan Talevi
- 1 Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata , Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Garro Martinez JC, Vega-Hissi EG, Andrada MF, Estrada MR. QSAR and 3D-QSAR studies applied to compounds with anticonvulsant activity. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 10:37-51. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.968123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Aboul-Enein MN, El-Azzouny AA, Maklad YA, Ismail MA, Ismail NSM, Hassan RM. Design and synthesis of certain substituted cycloalkanecarboxamides structurally related to safinamide with anticonvulsant potential. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-013-1488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Szlachcic P, Kolek P, Uchacz T, Stadnicka K. Molecular and crystal structure of selected compounds containing 8,11-dioxa[4.3.3]propellane moiety. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Comelli NC, Duchowicz PR, Lobayan RM, Jubert AH, Castro EA. QSPR Study of Valproic Acid and Its Functionalized Derivatives. Mol Inform 2012; 31:181-8. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.201100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Khan HN, Kulsoom S, Rashid H. Ligand based pharmacophore model development for the identification of novel antiepileptic compound. Epilepsy Res 2012; 98:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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18
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Ludtmann MHR, Boeckeler K, Williams RSB. Molecular pharmacology in a simple model system: implicating MAP kinase and phosphoinositide signalling in bipolar disorder. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 22:105-13. [PMID: 21093602 PMCID: PMC3032892 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of drug action has been the primary focus for pharmacological researchers, traditionally using rodent models. However, non-sentient model systems are now increasingly being used as an alternative approach to better understand drug action or targets. One of these model systems, the social amoeba Dictyostelium, enables the rapid ablation or over-expression of genes, and the subsequent use of isogenic cell culture for the analysis of cell signalling pathways in pharmacological research. The model also supports an increasingly important ethical view of research, involving the reduction, replacement and refinement of animals in biomedical research. This review outlines the use of Dictyostelium in understanding the pharmacological action of two commonly used bipolar disorder treatments (valproic acid and lithium). Both of these compounds regulate mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase and inositol phospholipid-based signalling by unknown means. Analysis of the molecular pathways targeted by these drugs in Dictyostelium and translation of discoveries to animal systems has helped to further understand the molecular mechanisms of these bipolar disorder treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe H R Ludtmann
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
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19
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Comelli NC, Fuentealba P, Castro EA, Jubert AH. Theoretical characterization of SOME amides and esters DERIVATIVES of valproic acid. J Mol Model 2010; 16:343-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Abstract
The anticonvulsant properties of VPA (valproic acid), a branched short-chain fatty acid, were serendipitously discovered in 1963. Since then, therapeutic roles of VPA have increased to include bipolar disorder and migraine prophylaxis, and have more recently been proposed in cancer, Alzheimer's disease and HIV treatment. These numerous therapeutic roles elevate VPA to near 'panacea' level. Surprisingly, the mechanisms of action of VPA in the treatment of many of these disorders remain unclear, although it has been shown to alter a wide variety of signalling pathways and a small number of direct targets. To analyse the mechanism of action of VPA, a number of studies have defined the structural characteristics of VPA-related compounds giving rise to distinct therapeutic and cellular effects, including adverse effects such as teratogenicity and hepatotoxicity. These studies raise the possibility of identifying target-specific novel compounds, providing better therapeutic action or reduced side effects. This short review will describe potential therapeutic pathways targeted by VPA, and highlight studies showing structural constraints necessary for these effects.
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Synthesis and preliminary screening of benzothiazol-2-yl thiadiazole derivatives for anticonvulsant activity. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA 2009; 59:441-51. [PMID: 19919933 DOI: 10.2478/v10007-009-0031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various N-(5-chloro-6-substituted-benzothiazol-2-yl)-N'-(substituted phenyl)-[1,3,4]thiadiazole-2,5-diamines (5a-t) were designed and synthesized starting from substituted acetophenones. Structures of all the compounds were confirmed on the basis of spectral and elemental analyses. All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their anticonvulsant activity and were compared with the standard drug phenytoin sodium. Interestingly, all the compounds showed protections against seizures in the range 50-100% indicative of the promising nature of the compounds against seizure spread. Compounds 5b and 5c showed complete protection against MES induced seizures.
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22
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Gavernet L, Elvira JE, Samaja GA, Pastore V, Cravero MS, Enrique A, Estiu G, Bruno-Blanch LE. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of amino acid-derived sulfamides. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1592-601. [PMID: 19249853 DOI: 10.1021/jm800764p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfamides are promising functions for the design of new antiepileptic drugs ( Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007, 15, 1556-1567; 5604-5614 ). Following previous research in this line, a set of amino acid-derived sulfamides has been designed, synthesized, and tested as new anticonvulsant compounds. The experimental data confirmed the ability of some of the structures to suppress the convulsions originated by the electrical seizure (MES test) at low doses (100 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gavernet
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of La Plata, 47 and 115, La Plata B1900BJW, Argentina.
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Gavernet L, Talevi A, Castro E, Bruno-Blanch L. A Combined Virtual Screening 2D and 3D QSAR Methodology for the Selection of New Anticonvulsant Candidates from a Natural Product Library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200730055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shimshoni JA, Bialer M, Yagen B. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of aromatic tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6297-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Martinez JCG, Andrada MF, Estrada MR, Castro EA, Zamarbide GN, Mucsi Z, Csizmadia IG. An exploratory study to investigate possible simple descriptors in order to predict relative activity of antiepileptic enaminones. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Talevi A, Prieto JJ, Bruno-Blanch LE, Castro EA. New similarity-based algorithm and its application to classification of anticonvulsant compounds. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2007; 22:253-65. [PMID: 17674806 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701190170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A similarity-based algorithm based on a previously developed model is applied in the classification of two sets of anticonvulsant and non-anticonvulsant drugs. Each set is composed of a) anticonvulsant compounds that have shown moderate to high activity in the Maximal Electroshock Seizure (MES) test and b) drugs with other biological activities or poor activity in the MES test. The results from the analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicate that the proposed algorithm is able to differentiate anticonvulsant from non-anticonvulsant drugs. The proposed model may then be useful in the identification of new anticonvulsant agents through virtual screening of large virtual libraries of chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Talevi
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), B1900AVV, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Siddiqui N, Rana A, Khan SA, Bhat MA, Haque SE. Synthesis of benzothiazole semicarbazones as novel anticonvulsants—The role of hydrophobic domain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4178-82. [PMID: 17572089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl semicarbazones (1-15) were prepared in satisfactory yield and evaluated for their anticonvulsant, neurotoxicity and other toxicity studies. All the synthesized compounds were in good agreement with elemental and spectral data. Majority of the compounds were active in MES screen. Selected compounds were checked for their lipophilic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Gavernet L, Barrios IA, Cravero MS, Bruno-Blanch LE. Design, synthesis, and anticonvulsant activity of some sulfamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5604-14. [PMID: 17544673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As part of our search for potential anticonvulsant agents, a set of compounds were designed, synthesized, and evaluated against MES and PTZ tests. Bioisosteric functional group information was used to design a new functionality, sulfamides, that complies with the requirements of the pharmacophore previously defined. Some of the molecules showed a promising anticonvulsant profile as selective anti-MES drugs, being active at low concentrations (30mg/kg). The biological data were confirmed in Phase II of the Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program of the National Institute of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gavernet
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of La Plata, 47 and 115, La Plata B1900BJW, Argentina
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Williams WR. Voltage-gated Na+ channel ligands and ATP: relative molecular similarity and implications for channel function. J Pharm Pharmacol 2006; 58:1235-41. [PMID: 16945182 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.9.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channel (VGNC) is targeted by naturally occurring ligands and drugs of diverse structure. ATP modulates VGNC current in-vitro but is given little prominence in models describing channel function. This computational study uses superimposition and molecular fitting to investigate relative molecular similarity within the structures of ATP and VGNC ligands. A motif of 3 linked atoms (C-N-C) in the adenine ring of ATP satisfies the fitting of a wide range of anticonvulsant structures. An alternative group (N-C-N) provides one fitting motif for the ester and amide groups of local anaesthetic drugs; protonated amine and aromatic groups in the same conformers fit to a second motif in the adenine ring. Analogous structures from other drug classes with VGNC blocking activity give the same molecular fits to ATP. Structures fitted to the adenine ring of ATP occlude the intra-molecular space between the nucleoside and triphosphate chain in approximation to their established blocking, activating or neutral effects on Na+ current. The findings are discussed in terms of drug preferences for VGNC states and channel requirements for ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Williams
- School of Care Sciences, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd CF37 1DL, UK.
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