1
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Bołt M, Mermela A, Hanek K, Żak P. Metal-free synthesis of unsymmetric bis(thioesters). Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:956-959. [PMID: 36598061 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05160e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The first metal-free protocol for efficient synthesis of unsymmetric bis(thioesters) via functionalization of dithiols with two different α,β-unsaturated aldehydes is presented. The methodology described leads to a novel class of dithiol-based building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Bołt
- Department of Organometallic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Mermela
- Department of Organometallic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Kamil Hanek
- Department of Organometallic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Żak
- Department of Organometallic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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2
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Monette A, Mouland AJ. Zinc and Copper Ions Differentially Regulate Prion-Like Phase Separation Dynamics of Pan-Virus Nucleocapsid Biomolecular Condensates. Viruses 2020; 12:E1179. [PMID: 33081049 PMCID: PMC7589941 DOI: 10.3390/v12101179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a rapidly growing research focus due to numerous demonstrations that many cellular proteins phase-separate to form biomolecular condensates (BMCs) that nucleate membraneless organelles (MLOs). A growing repertoire of mechanisms supporting BMC formation, composition, dynamics, and functions are becoming elucidated. BMCs are now appreciated as required for several steps of gene regulation, while their deregulation promotes pathological aggregates, such as stress granules (SGs) and insoluble irreversible plaques that are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Treatment of BMC-related diseases will greatly benefit from identification of therapeutics preventing pathological aggregates while sparing BMCs required for cellular functions. Numerous viruses that block SG assembly also utilize or engineer BMCs for their replication. While BMC formation first depends on prion-like disordered protein domains (PrLDs), metal ion-controlled RNA-binding domains (RBDs) also orchestrate their formation. Virus replication and viral genomic RNA (vRNA) packaging dynamics involving nucleocapsid (NC) proteins and their orthologs rely on Zinc (Zn) availability, while virus morphology and infectivity are negatively influenced by excess Copper (Cu). While virus infections modify physiological metal homeostasis towards an increased copper to zinc ratio (Cu/Zn), how and why they do this remains elusive. Following our recent finding that pan-retroviruses employ Zn for NC-mediated LLPS for virus assembly, we present a pan-virus bioinformatics and literature meta-analysis study identifying metal-based mechanisms linking virus-induced BMCs to neurodegenerative disease processes. We discover that conserved degree and placement of PrLDs juxtaposing metal-regulated RBDs are associated with disease-causing prion-like proteins and are common features of viral proteins responsible for virus capsid assembly and structure. Virus infections both modulate gene expression of metalloproteins and interfere with metal homeostasis, representing an additional virus strategy impeding physiological and cellular antiviral responses. Our analyses reveal that metal-coordinated virus NC protein PrLDs initiate LLPS that nucleate pan-virus assembly and contribute to their persistence as cell-free infectious aerosol droplets. Virus aerosol droplets and insoluble neurological disease aggregates should be eliminated by physiological or environmental metals that outcompete PrLD-bound metals. While environmental metals can control virus spreading via aerosol droplets, therapeutic interference with metals or metalloproteins represent additional attractive avenues against pan-virus infection and virus-exacerbated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Monette
- Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Mouland
- Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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3
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Kandasamy M, Amalraj AJJ, Perumal G, Ganesan B, Senadi GC, Lin WY. Continuous flow as a benign strategy for the synthesis of Thioesters via selective C-N bond cleavage. J Flow Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00090-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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4
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Monette A, Niu M, Chen L, Rao S, Gorelick RJ, Mouland AJ. Pan-retroviral Nucleocapsid-Mediated Phase Separation Regulates Genomic RNA Positioning and Trafficking. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107520. [PMID: 32320662 PMCID: PMC8965748 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The duality of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of cellular components into membraneless organelles defines the nucleation of both normal and disease processes including stress granule (SG) assembly. From mounting evidence of LLPS utility by viruses, we discover that HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NC) protein condenses into zinc-finger (ZnF)-dependent LLPSs that are dynamically influenced by cytosolic factors. ZnF-dependent and Zinc (Zn2+)-chelation-sensitive NC-LLPS are formed in live cells. NC-Zn2+ ejection reverses the HIV-1 blockade on SG assembly, inhibits NC-SG assembly, disrupts NC/Gag-genomic RNA (vRNA) ribonucleoprotein complexes, and causes nuclear sequestration of NC and the vRNA, inhibiting Gag expression and virus release. NC ZnF mutagenesis eliminates the HIV-1 blockade of SG assembly and repositions vRNA to SGs. We find that NC-mediated, Zn2+-coordinated phase separation is conserved among diverse retrovirus subfamilies, illustrating that this exquisitely evolved Zn2+-dependent feature of virus replication represents a critical target for pan-antiretroviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Monette
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Meijuan Niu
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Lois Chen
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Shringar Rao
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee634, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert James Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Andrew John Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
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5
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Humbert N, Kovalenko L, Saladini F, Giannini A, Pires M, Botzanowski T, Cherenok S, Boudier C, Sharma KK, Real E, Zaporozhets OA, Cianférani S, Seguin-Devaux C, Poggialini F, Botta M, Zazzi M, Kalchenko VI, Mori M, Mély Y. (Thia)calixarenephosphonic Acids as Potent Inhibitors of the Nucleic Acid Chaperone Activity of the HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein with a New Binding Mode and Multitarget Antiviral Activity. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:687-702. [PMID: 32045204 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid protein (NC) is a highly conserved protein that plays key roles in HIV-1 replication through its nucleic acid chaperone properties mediated by its two zinc fingers and basic residues. NC is a promising target for antiviral therapy, particularly to control viral strains resistant to currently available drugs. Since calixarenes with antiviral properties have been described, we explored the ability of calixarene hydroxymethylphosphonic or sulfonic acids to inhibit NC chaperone properties and exhibit antiviral activity. By using fluorescence-based assays, we selected four calixarenes inhibiting NC chaperone activity with submicromolar IC50 values. These compounds were further shown by mass spectrometry, isothermal titration calorimetry, and fluorescence anisotropy to bind NC with no zinc ejection and to compete with nucleic acids for the binding to NC. Molecular dynamic simulations further indicated that these compounds interact via their phosphonate or sulfonate groups with the basic surface of NC but not with the hydrophobic plateau at the top of the folded fingers. Cellular studies showed that the most soluble compound CIP201 inhibited the infectivity of wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 strains at low micromolar concentrations, primarily targeting the early steps of HIV-1 replication. Moreover, CIP201 was also found to inhibit the flipping and polymerization activity of reverse transcriptase. Calixarenes thus form a class of noncovalent NC inhibitors, endowed with a new binding mode and multitarget antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Humbert
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Lesia Kovalenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Francesco Saladini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, viale Mario Bracci no. 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Giannini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, viale Mario Bracci no. 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Manuel Pires
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Botzanowski
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sergiy Cherenok
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska str. 5, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Christian Boudier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Kamal K. Sharma
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Eleonore Real
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Olga A. Zaporozhets
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022 Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022 Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, viale Mario Bracci no. 16, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vitaly I. Kalchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska str. 5, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022 Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
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Nikolayevskiy H, Scerba MT, Deschamps JR, Appella DH. Reaction Kinetics Direct a Rational Synthesis of an HIV-1 Inactivator of Nucleocapsid Protein 7 and Provide Mechanistic Insight into Cellular Metabolism and Antiviral Activity. Chemistry 2018; 24:9485-9489. [PMID: 29653024 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mercaptobenzamide thioester SAMT-247 is a non-toxic, mutation-resistant HIV-1 maturation inhibitor with a unique mechanism of antiviral activity. NMR spectroscopic analyses of model reactions that mimic the cellular environment answered fundamental questions about the antiviral mechanism and inspired a high-yielding (64 % overall), scalable (75 mmol), and cost-effective ($4 mmol-1 ) three-step synthesis that will enable additional preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Nikolayevskiy
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of, Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of, Health (NIH), 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael T Scerba
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of, Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of, Health (NIH), 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6910, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington D.C., 20375, USA
| | - Daniel H Appella
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of, Bioorganic Chemistry (LBC), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of, Health (NIH), 8 Center Drive, Room 404, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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7
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Deshmukh L, Tugarinov V, Appella DH, Clore GM. Targeting a Dark Excited State of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid by Antiretroviral Thioesters Revealed by NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Deshmukh
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Bethesda MD 20892-0520 USA
- Present address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Vitali Tugarinov
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Bethesda MD 20892-0520 USA
| | - Daniel H. Appella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Bethesda MD 20892-0830 USA
| | - G. Marius Clore
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; Bethesda MD 20892-0520 USA
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8
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Deshmukh L, Tugarinov V, Appella DH, Clore GM. Targeting a Dark Excited State of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid by Antiretroviral Thioesters Revealed by NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2687-2691. [PMID: 29345807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NCp7) is a two Cys2 HisCys zinc knuckle (N-Zn and C-Zn) protein that plays a key role in viral replication. NCp7 conformational dynamics is characterized by NMR relaxation dispersion and chemical exchange saturation transfer measurements. While the N-Zn knuckle is conformationally stable, the C-Zn knuckle interconverts on the millisecond timescale between the major state, in which the zinc is coordinated by three cysteines and a histidine, and two folded minor species (with populations around 1 %) in which one of the coordination bonds (Cys413-Sγ-Zn or His421-Nϵ2-Zn) is hydrolyzed. These findings explain why antiretroviral thioesters specifically disrupt the C-Zn knuckle by initial acylation of Cys413, and show that transient, sparsely-populated ("dark"), excited states of proteins can present effective targets for rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Deshmukh
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA.,Present address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Vitali Tugarinov
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA
| | - Daniel H Appella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0830, USA
| | - G Marius Clore
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA
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9
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Sancineto L, Iraci N, Tabarrini O, Santi C. NCp7: targeting a multitasking protein for next-generation anti-HIV drug development part 1: covalent inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2017; 23:260-271. [PMID: 29107765 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The major internal component of the HIV virion core is the nucleocapsid protein 7 (NCp7), a small, highly basic protein that is essential for multiple stages of the viral replicative cycle, and whose structure is preserved in all viral strains, including clinical isolates from therapy-experienced patients. This key protein is recognised as a potential target for an effective next-generation antiretroviral therapy, because it could offer the possibility to develop broad-spectrum agents that are less prone to select for resistant strains. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the covalent NCp7 inhibitors that have emerged over the past 25 years of drug discovery campaigns, emphasising, where possible, their structure-activity relationships (SARs) and pharmacophoric features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sancineto
- Department of Heterorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Nunzio Iraci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Santi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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10
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Yang Y, Zhu J, Hassink M, Jenkins LMM, Wan Y, Appella DH, Xu J, Appella E, Zhang X. A novel preventive strategy against HIV-1 infection: combinatorial use of inhibitors targeting the nucleocapsid and fusion proteins. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e40. [PMID: 28588284 PMCID: PMC5520304 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The strategy of simultaneously attacking multiple targets is worthy of exploration in the field of microbicide development to combat HIV-1 sequence diversity and minimize the transmission of resistant variants. A combination of S-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioester-10 (SAMT10), an inhibitor of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NCp7), and the fusion inhibitor sifuvirtide (SFT) may exert synergistic effects, since SFT can block viral fusion at an early stage of the viral cycle and SAMT10 can disrupt viral particles at a later stage. In this study, we investigated the effect of the combination of SAMT10 and SFT on HIV-1 infection using in vitro cell culture and ex vivo mucosal explant models. A range of doses for each compound was tested at 10-fold serial dilutions based on their 50% effective concentrations (EC50). We observed a synergistic effect of SAMT10 and SFT in vitro against both the laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strain HIV-1IIIB (subtype B, X4) and three pseudotyped viruses prevalent in Chinese sexually transmitted populations (SVPB16 (subtype B, R5), SVPC12 (subtype C, R5) and SH1.81 (CRF01_AE, R5)). In the ex vivo study, the EC50 values of the inhibitor combinations were reduced 1.5- to 2-fold in colorectal mucosal explants compared to treatment with SAMT10 or SFT alone by using with HIV-1IIIB. These results may provide a novel strategy for microbicide development against HIV-1 sexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Matthew Hassink
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Lisa M Miller Jenkins
- Chemical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Daniel H Appella
- Synthetic Bioactive Molecules Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Ettore Appella
- Chemical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
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11
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Gao F, Zhu W, Zhang D, Li S, Wang J, Liu H. Nickel-Catalyzed ortho-C-H Thiolation of N-Benzoyl α-Amino Acid Derivatives. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9122-9130. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dengyou Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuangjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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12
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Hartman TL, Yang L, Helfrick AN, Hassink M, Shank NI, George Rosenker K, Scerba MT, Saha M, Hughes E, Wang AQ, Xu X, Gupta P, Buckheit RW, Appella DH. Preclinical evaluation of a mercaptobenzamide and its prodrug for NCp7-targeted inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:216-225. [PMID: 27568924 PMCID: PMC7113734 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the effective use of highly active antiretroviral therapy results in the suppression of virus production in infected individuals, it does not eliminate the infection and low level virus production in cells harboring virus in sanctuary sites. Thus, the continued search for new antiretroviral agents with unique and different mechanisms of HIV inhibition remains critical, and compounds that can reduce the level of virus production from cells already infected with HIV, as opposed to preventing de novo infection, would be of great benefit. A mercaptobenzamide (MDH-1-38) and its prodrug (NS1040) are being developed as potential therapeutic compounds targeting the zinc finger of HIV nucleocapsid. In the presence of esterase enzymes, NS1040 is designed to be converted to MDH-1-38 which has antiviral activity. While we presume that NS1040 is rapidly converted to MDH-1-38 in all experiments, the two compounds were tested side-by-side to determine whether the presence of a prodrug affects the antiviral activity or mechanism of action. The two compounds were evaluated against a panel of HIV-1 clinical isolates in human PBMCs and monocyte-macrophages and yielded EC50 values ranging from 0.7 to 13 μM with no toxicity up to 100 μM. MDH-1-38 and NS1040 remained equally active in human PBMCs in the presence of added serum proteins as well as against HIV-1 isolates resistant to reverse transcriptase, integrase or protease inhibitors. Cell-based and biochemical mechanism of antiviral action assays demonstrated MDH-1-38 and NS1040 were virucidal at concentrations of 15 and 50 μM, respectively. Cell to cell transmission of HIV in multiple passages was significantly reduced in CEM-SS and human PBMCs by reducing progeny virus infectivity at compound concentrations greater than 2 μM. The combination of either MDH-1-38 or NS1040 with other FDA-approved HIV drugs yielded additive to synergistic antiviral interactions with no evidence of antiviral antagonism or synergistic toxicity. Serial dose escalation was used in attempts to select for HIV strains resistant to MDH-1-38 and NS1040. Virus at several passages failed to replicate in cells treated at increased compound concentrations, which is consistent with the proposed mechanism of action of the virus inactivating compounds. Through 14 passages, resistance to the compounds has not been achieved. Most HIV inhibitors with mechanism of antiviral action targeting a viral protein would have selected for a drug resistant virus within 14 passages. These studies indicate that these NCp7-targeted compounds represent new potent anti-HIV drug candidates which could be effectively used in combination with all approved anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Yang
- ImQuest Biosciences, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - M Hassink
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N I Shank
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - M T Scerba
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Saha
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - X Xu
- NCATS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Gupta
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - D H Appella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Hadravová R, Rumlová M, Ruml T. FAITH - Fast Assembly Inhibitor Test for HIV. Virology 2015; 486:78-87. [PMID: 26410239 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high number of drug-resistant HIV-1 mutants generated by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), there is continuing demand for new types of inhibitors. Both the assembly of the Gag polyprotein into immature and mature HIV-1 particles are attractive candidates for the blocking of the retroviral life cycle. Currently, no therapeutically-used assembly inhibitor is available. One possible explanation is the lack of a reliable and simple assembly inhibitor screening method. To identify compounds potentially inhibiting the formation of both types of HIV-1 particles, we developed a new fluorescent high-throughput screening assay. This assay is based on the quantification of the assembly efficiency in vitro in a 96-well plate format. The key components of the assay are HIV-1 Gag-derived proteins and a dual-labelled oligonucleotide, which emits fluorescence only when the assembly of retroviral particles is inhibited. The method was validated using three (CAI, BM2, PF74) reported assembly inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Hadravová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry IOCB Research Centre & Gilead Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry IOCB Research Centre & Gilead Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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14
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Mori M, Kovalenko L, Lyonnais S, Antaki D, Torbett BE, Botta M, Mirambeau G, Mély Y. Nucleocapsid Protein: A Desirable Target for Future Therapies Against HIV-1. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 389:53-92. [PMID: 25749978 PMCID: PMC7122173 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The currently available anti-HIV-1 therapeutics is highly beneficial to infected patients. However, clinical failures occur as a result of the ability of HIV-1 to rapidly mutate. One approach to overcome drug resistance is to target HIV-1 proteins that are highly conserved among phylogenetically distant viral strains and currently not targeted by available therapies. In this respect, the nucleocapsid (NC) protein, a zinc finger protein, is particularly attractive, as it is highly conserved and plays a central role in virus replication, mainly by interacting with nucleic acids. The compelling rationale for considering NC as a viable drug target is illustrated by the fact that point mutants of this protein lead to noninfectious viruses and by the inability to select viruses resistant to a first generation of anti-NC drugs. In our review, we discuss the most relevant properties and functions of NC, as well as recent developments of small molecules targeting NC. Zinc ejectors show strong antiviral activity, but are endowed with a low therapeutic index due to their lack of specificity, which has resulted in toxicity. Currently, they are mainly being investigated for use as topical microbicides. Greater specificity may be achieved by using non-covalent NC inhibitors (NCIs) targeting the hydrophobic platform at the top of the zinc fingers or key nucleic acid partners of NC. Within the last few years, innovative methodologies have been developed to identify NCIs. Though the antiviral activity of the identified NCIs needs still to be improved, these compounds strongly support the druggability of NC and pave the way for future structure-based design and optimization of efficient NCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mori
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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15
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Ugaonkar SR, Clark JT, English LB, Johnson TJ, Buckheit KW, Bahde RJ, Appella DH, Buckheit RW, Kiser PF. An Intravaginal Ring for the Simultaneous Delivery of an HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitor and Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor for Prophylaxis of HIV Transmission. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3426-39. [PMID: 26149293 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nucleocapsid 7 (NCp7) inhibitors have been investigated extensively for their role in impeding the function of HIV-1 replication machinery and their ability to directly inactivate the virus. A class of NCp7 zinc finger inhibitors, S-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioesters (SAMTs), was investigated for topical drug delivery. SAMTs are inherently unstable because of their hydrolytically labile thioester bond, thus requiring formulation approaches that can lend stability. We describe the delivery of N-[2-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoylthio)benzoyl]-β-alaninamide (SAMT-10), as a single agent antiretroviral (ARV) therapeutic and in combination with the HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor pyrimidinedione IQP-0528, from a hydrophobic polyether urethane (PEU) intravaginal ring (IVR) for a month. The physicochemical stability of the ARV-loaded IVRs was confirmed after 3 months at 40°C/75% relative humidity. In vitro, 25 ± 3 mg/IVR of SAMT-10 and 86 ± 13 mg/IVR of IQP-0528 were released. No degradation of the hydrolytically labile SAMT-10 was observed within the matrix. The combination of ARVs had synergistic antiviral activity when tested in in vitro cell-based assays. Toxicological evaluations performed on an organotypic EpiVaginal(™) tissue model demonstrated a lack of formulation toxicity. Overall, SAMT-10 and IQP-0528 were formulated in a stable PEU IVR for sustained release. Our findings support the need for further preclinical evaluation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:3426-3439, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta R Ugaonkar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Justin T Clark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208
| | - Lexie B English
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Todd J Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | | | - Robert J Bahde
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Daniel H Appella
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | | | - Patrick F Kiser
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208
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16
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Kim BS, Park JA, Kim MJ, Kim SH, Yu KL, You JC. Identification of a novel type of small molecule inhibitor against HIV-1. BMB Rep 2015; 48:121-6. [PMID: 25413304 PMCID: PMC4352614 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a new chemical inhibitor against HIV-1 with a novel structure and mode of action. The inhibitor, designated as A1836, inhibited HIV-1 replication and virus production with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 2.0 μM in an MT-4 cell-based and cytopathic protection antiviral assay, while its 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) was much higher than 50 μM. Examination of the effect of A1836 on in vitro HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase showed that neither were molecular targets of A1836. The characterization and re-infection assay of the HIV-1 virions generated in the presence of A1836 showed that the synthesis of early RT products in the cells infected with the virions was inhibited dose-dependently, due in part to abnormal protein formation within the virions, thus resulting in an impaired infectivity. These results suggest that A1836 might be a novel candidate for the development of a new type of HIV-1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Seon Hee Kim
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Kyung Lee Yu
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Ji Chang You
- Avixgen Inc., Korea
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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17
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Garg D, Torbett BE. Advances in targeting nucleocapsid-nucleic acid interactions in HIV-1 therapy. Virus Res 2014; 193:135-43. [PMID: 25026536 PMCID: PMC4252855 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The continuing challenge of HIV-1 treatment resistance in patients creates a need for the development of new antiretroviral inhibitors. The HIV nucleocapsid (NC) protein is a potential therapeutic target. NC is necessary for viral RNA packaging and in the early stages of viral infection. The high level of NC amino acid conservation among all HIV-1 clades suggests a low tolerance for mutations. Thus, NC mutations that could arise during inhibitor treatment to provide resistance may render the virus less fit. Disruption of NC function provides a unique opportunity to strongly dampen replication at multiple points during the viral life cycle with a single inhibitor. Although NC exhibits desirable features for a potential antiviral target, the structural flexibility, size, and the presence of two zinc fingers makes small molecule targeting of NC a challenging task. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in strategies to develop inhibitors of NC function and present a perspective on potential novel approaches that may help to overcome some of the current challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divita Garg
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bruce E Torbett
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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Retrospective on the all-in-one retroviral nucleocapsid protein. Virus Res 2014; 193:2-15. [PMID: 24907482 PMCID: PMC7114435 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective reviews 30 years of research on the retroviral nucleocapsid protein (NC) focusing on HIV-1 NC. Originally considered as a non-specific nucleic-acid binding protein, NC has seminal functions in virus replication. Indeed NC turns out to be a all-in-one viral protein that chaperones viral DNA synthesis and integration, and virus formation. As a chaperone NC provides assistance to genetic recombination thus allowing the virus to escape the immune response and antiretroviral therapies against HIV-1.
This review aims at briefly presenting a retrospect on the retroviral nucleocapsid protein (NC), from an unspecific nucleic acid binding protein (NABP) to an all-in-one viral protein with multiple key functions in the early and late phases of the retrovirus replication cycle, notably reverse transcription of the genomic RNA and viral DNA integration into the host genome, and selection of the genomic RNA together with the initial steps of virus morphogenesis. In this context we will discuss the notion that NC protein has a flexible conformation and is thus a member of the growing family of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) where disorder may account, at least in part, for its function as a nucleic acid (NA) chaperone and possibly as a protein chaperone vis-à-vis the viral DNA polymerase during reverse transcription. Lastly, we will briefly review the development of new anti-retroviral/AIDS compounds targeting HIV-1 NC because it represents an ideal target due to its multiple roles in the early and late phases of virus replication and its high degree of conservation.
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19
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Substituted thiobenzoic acid S-benzyl esters as potential inhibitors of a snake venom phospholipase A2: Synthesis, spectroscopic and computational studies. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Controlled-release vaginal ring drug-delivery systems: a key strategy for the development of effective HIV microbicides. Ther Deliv 2012; 1:785-802. [PMID: 22834014 DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over half of all HIV-infected adults are women and heterosexual intercourse is a significant mode of viral transmission. This review examines the potential for using polymeric vaginal ring systems to provide controlled delivery of HIV microbicides in order to prevent heterosexual transmission of the virus. DISCUSSION Continuous delivery of microbicides has the potential to be more effective than one-off dosing. Thus, controlled-release vaginal delivery devices are now a key area of HIV prevention research. Initial clinical trials on vaginal rings loaded with dapivirine (a candidate microbicide) have indicated that these products are safe and well tolerated by women. These devices are female-initiated, robust and capable of long-term delivery of the active agent. CONCLUSIONS Vaginal rings may offer an effective system for the controlled delivery of microbicides to prevent heterosexual transmission of HIV. Candidate vaginal ring microbicide products are now in clinical trials.
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21
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Waheed AA, Freed EO. HIV type 1 Gag as a target for antiviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:54-75. [PMID: 21848364 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gag proteins of HIV-1 are central players in virus particle assembly, release, and maturation, and also function in the establishment of a productive infection. Despite their importance throughout the replication cycle, there are currently no approved antiretroviral therapies that target the Gag precursor protein or any of the mature Gag proteins. Recent progress in understanding the structural and cell biology of HIV-1 Gag function has revealed a number of potential Gag-related targets for possible therapeutic intervention. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of HIV-1 Gag and suggest some approaches for the development of novel antiretroviral agents that target Gag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul A. Waheed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Eric O. Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
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22
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Safe and sustained vaginal delivery of pyrimidinedione HIV-1 inhibitors from polyurethane intravaginal rings. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:1291-9. [PMID: 22155820 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05721-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potent antiretroviral pyrimidinediones IQP-0528 (PYD1) and IQP-0532 (PYD2) were formulated in polyurethane intravaginal rings (IVRs) as prophylactic drug delivery systems to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1. To aid in the selection of a pyrimidinedione candidate and the optimal loading of the drug in the IVR delivery system, four pyrimidinedione IVR formulations (PYD1 at 0.5 wt% [PYD1(0.5 wt%)], PYD1(1 wt%), PYD2(4 wt%), and PYD2(14 wt%)) were evaluated in pigtail macaques over 28 days for safety and pyrimidinedione vaginal biodistribution. Kinetic analysis of vaginal proinflammatory cytokines, native microflora, and drug levels suggested that all formulations were safe, but only the high-loaded PYD2(14 wt%) IVR demonstrated consistently high pyrimidinedione vaginal fluid and tissue levels over the 28-day study. This formulation delivered drug in excess of 10 μg/ml to vaginal fluid and 1 μg/g to vaginal tissue, a level over 1,000 times the in vitro 50% effective concentration. The in vitro release of PYD1 and PYD2 under nonsink conditions correlated well with in vivo release, both in amount and in kinetic profile, and therefore may serve as a more biologically relevant means of evaluating release in vitro than typically employed sink conditions. Lastly, the pyrimidinediones in the IVR formulation were chemically stable after 90 days of storage at elevated temperature, and the potent nanomolar-level antiviral activity of both molecules was retained after in vitro release. Altogether, these results point to the successful IVR formulation and vaginal biodistribution of the pyrimidinediones and demonstrate the usefulness of the pigtail macaque model in evaluating and screening antiretroviral IVR formulations prior to preclinical and clinical evaluation.
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23
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Delay of simian human immunodeficiency virus infection and control of viral replication in vaccinated macaques challenged in the presence of a topical microbicide. AIDS 2011; 25:1833-41. [PMID: 21750420 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32834a1d94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of an effective vaccine or topical compound to prevent HIV transmission remains a major goal for control of the AIDS pandemic. Using a nonhuman primate model of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission, we tested whether a topical microbicide that reduces viral infectivity can potentiate the efficacy of a T-cell-based HIV vaccine. DESIGN A DNA prime and rAd5 virus boost vaccination strategy was employed, and a topical microbicide against the HIV nucleocapsid protein was used. To rigorously test the combination hypothesis, the vaccine constructs contained only two transgenes and the topical microbicide inhibitor was used at a suboptimal dose. Vaccinees were exposed in the absence and presence of the topical microbicide to repeated vaginal R5 simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)(SF162P3) challenge at an escalating dose to more closely mimic high-risk exposure of women to HIV. METHODS Infection status was determined by PCR. Antiviral immune responses were evaluated by gp120 ELISA and intracellular cytokine staining. RESULTS A significant delay in SHIV acquisition (log-rank test; P = 0.0416) was seen only in vaccinated macaques that were repeatedly challenged in the presence of the topical microbicide. Peak acute viremia was lower (Mann-Whitney test; P = 0.0387) and viral burden was also reduced (Mann-Whitney test; P = 0.0252) in the combination-treated animals. CONCLUSION The combined use of a topical microbicide to lower the initial viral seeding/spread and a T-cell-based vaccine to immunologically contain the early virological events of mucosal transmission holds promise as a preventive approach to control the spread of the AIDS epidemic.
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Bahde RJ, Appella DH, Trenkle WC. A one-pot preparation of N-2-mercaptobenzoyl-amino amides. Tetrahedron Lett 2011; 52:4103-4105. [PMID: 21931465 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NCp7), structurally defined by zinc-binding domains, participates in crucial stages of the HIV-1 lifecycle and is mutationally nonpermissive, making it an attractive anti-HIV target. Mode of action studies have shown that the secondary structure and activity of NCp7 can be disrupted by acyl transfer from N-2-mercaptobenzoyl-amino amides. We have developed an improved one-pot reaction that affords N-2-mercaptobenzoyl-amino acids on multi-gram scales. This synthetic route allows for rapid modular construction and has greatly expanded the scope of easily accessible potential NCp7 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Bahde
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, U.S.A
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25
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Miller Jenkins LM, Ott DE, Hayashi R, Coren LV, Wang D, Xu Q, Schito ML, Inman JK, Appella DH, Appella E. Small-molecule inactivation of HIV-1 NCp7 by repetitive intracellular acyl transfer. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:887-9. [PMID: 20953192 PMCID: PMC2997617 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The zinc fingers of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein, NCp7, are prime targets for antiretroviral therapeutics. Here we show that S-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioester (SAMT) chemotypes inhibit HIV by modifying the NCp7 region of Gag in infected cells, thereby blocking Gag processing and reducing infectivity. The thiol produced by SAMT reaction with NCp7 is acetylated by cellular enzymes to regenerate active SAMTs via a recycling mechanism unique among small-molecule inhibitors of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Miller Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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26
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Zhu L, Zhang GH, Zheng YT. [Application studies of animal models in evaluating safety and efficacy of HIV-1 microbicides]. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2010; 31:66-76. [PMID: 20446456 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2010.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As the HIV/AIDS pandemic continues unabated, novel prophylactic strategy for the spread of HIV are urgently needed. Topical microbicides are designed to prevent transmission of HIV when applied vaginally or rectally. Although there are many microbicide candidates in the pipeline, animal models for evaluating their safety and efficacy are urgently needed. On the basis of comparing the non-primate small animal models and the non-human primate animal models in evaluating safety and efficacy of HIV microbicides, this review summarizes the major advantages and disadvantages of the relevant animal models. The suggested direction of research that would benefit the development of microbicides is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
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27
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Goldschmidt V, Miller Jenkins LM, de Rocquigny H, Darlix JL, Mély Y. The nucleocapsid protein of HIV-1 as a promising therapeutic target for antiviral drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) is a major HIV-1 structural protein that plays key roles in viral replication, mainly through its conserved zinc fingers that direct specific interactions with the viral nucleic acids. Owing to its high degree of conservation and critical functions, NCp7 represents a target of choice for drugs that can potentially complement HAART, thus possibly impairing the circulation of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains. Zinc ejectors showing potent antiretroviral activity were developed, but early generations suffered from limited selectively and significant toxicity. Compounds with improved selectivity have been developed and are being explored as topical microbicide candidates. Several classes of molecules inhibiting the interaction of NCp7 with the viral nucleic acids have also been developed. Although small molecules would be more suited for drug development, most molecules selected by screening showed limited antiretroviral activity. Peptides and RNA aptamers appear to be more promising, but the mechanism of their antiretroviral activity remains elusive. Substantial and more concerted efforts are needed to further develop anti-HIV drugs targeting NCp7 and bring them to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Goldschmidt
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR-CNRS 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Cedex, France
| | - Lisa M Miller Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hugues de Rocquigny
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR-CNRS 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- LaboRetro, Unité de Virologie Humaine INSERM 758, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Yves Mély
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR-CNRS 7213, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Cedex, France
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28
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Henao Castañeda IC, Della Védova CO, Piro OE, Metzler-Nolte N, Jios JL. Synthesis of two new thioesters bearing ferrocene: Vibrational characterization and ab initio calculations. X-ray crystal structure of S-(2-methoxyphenyl)ferrocenecarbothioate. Polyhedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid inhibitors impede trans infection in cellular and explant models and protect nonhuman primates from infection. J Virol 2009; 83:9175-82. [PMID: 19587055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00820-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report that the S-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioester (SAMT) class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) inhibitors was able to prevent transmission of HIV-1 from infected cells, including primary cells. Furthermore, when SAMTs were introduced during an HIV-1 challenge of cervical explant tissue, inhibition of dissemination of infectious virus by cells emigrating from the tissue explants was observed. Preliminary studies using a rhesus macaque vaginal challenge model with mixed R5 and X4 simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection found that five of six monkeys were completely protected, with the remaining animal being partially protected, infected only by the R5 virus. These data suggest that SAMTs may be promising new drug candidates for further development in anti-HIV-1 topical microbicide applications.
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30
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Berkhout B, Gorelick R, Summers MF, Mély Y, Darlix JL. 6th international symposium on retroviral nucleocapsid. Retrovirology 2008; 5:21. [PMID: 18298807 PMCID: PMC2276516 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses and LTR-retrotransposons are widespread in all living organisms and, in some instances such as for HIV, can be a serious threat to the human health. The retroviral nucleocapsid is the inner structure of the virus where several hundred nucleocapsid protein (NC) molecules coat the dimeric, genomic RNA. During the past twenty years, NC was found to play multiple roles in the viral life cycle (Fig. 1), notably during the copying of the genomic RNA into the proviral DNA by viral reverse transcriptase and integrase, and is therefore considered to be a prime target for anti-HIV therapy. The 6th NC symposium was held in the beautiful city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on the 20th and 21st of September 2007. All aspects of NC biology, from structure to function and to anti-HIV vaccination, were covered during this meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam K3-110, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Gorelick
- AIDS Vaccine Program SAIC-Frederick, Inc. NCI-Frederick P.O. Box B Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Michael F Summers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Yves Mély
- Départment Pharmacologie et Physico-chimie, UMR 7175 CNRS, Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Université Louis Pasteur, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- LaboRetro INSERM #758, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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31
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Nucleocapsid protein function in early infection processes. Virus Res 2008; 134:39-63. [PMID: 18279991 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of nucleocapsid protein (NC) in the early steps of retroviral replication appears largely that of a facilitator for reverse transcription and integration. Using a wide variety of cell-free assay systems, the properties of mature NC proteins (e.g. HIV-1 p7(NC) or MLV p10(NC)) as nucleic acid chaperones have been extensively investigated. The effect of NC on tRNA annealing, reverse transcription initiation, minus-strand-transfer, processivity of reverse transcription, plus-strand-transfer, strand-displacement synthesis, 3' processing of viral DNA by integrase, and integrase-mediated strand-transfer has been determined by a large number of laboratories. Interestingly, these reactions can all be accomplished to varying degrees in the absence of NC; some are facilitated by both viral and non-viral proteins and peptides that may or may not be involved in vivo. What is one to conclude from the observation that NC is not strictly required for these necessary reactions to occur? NC likely enhances the efficiency of each of these steps, thereby vastly improving the productivity of infection. In other words, one of the major roles of NC is to enhance the effectiveness of early infection, thereby increasing the probability of productive replication and ultimately of retrovirus survival.
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32
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Turpin JA, Schito ML, Jenkins LMM, Inman JK, Appella E. Topical microbicides: a promising approach for controlling the AIDS pandemic via retroviral zinc finger inhibitors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2008; 56:229-56. [PMID: 18086414 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jim A Turpin
- Preventions Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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33
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Gresh N, Cisneros GA, Darden TA, Piquemal JP. Anisotropic, Polarizable Molecular Mechanics Studies of Inter- and Intramolecular Interactions and Ligand-Macromolecule Complexes. A Bottom-Up Strategy. J Chem Theory Comput 2007; 3:1960-1986. [PMID: 18978934 PMCID: PMC2367138 DOI: 10.1021/ct700134r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We present an overview of the SIBFA polarizable molecular mechanics procedure, which is formulated and calibrated on the basis of quantum chemistry (QC). It embodies nonclassical effects such as electrostatic penetration, exchange-polarization, and charge transfer. We address the issues of anisotropy, nonadditivity, and transferability by performing parallel QC computations on multimolecular complexes. These encompass multiply H-bonded complexes and polycoordinated complexes of divalent cations. Recent applications to the docking of inhibitors to Zn-metalloproteins are presented next, namely metallo-beta-lactamase, phosphomannoisomerase, and the nucleocapsid of the HIV-1 retrovirus. Finally, toward third-generation intermolecular potentials based on density fitting, we present the development of a novel methodology, the Gaussian electrostatic model (GEM), which relies on ab initio-derived fragment electron densities to compute the components of the total interaction energy. As GEM offers the possibility of a continuous electrostatic model going from distributed multipoles to densities, it allows an inclusion of short-range quantum effects in the molecular mechanics energies. The perspectives of an integrated SIBFA/GEM/QM procedure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohad Gresh
- Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, U648 INSERM, UFR Biomédicale, Université René-Descartes, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris, France, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, and Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, UMR 7616 CNRS, case courrier 137, 4, place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
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34
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Castañeda IH, Jios J, Piro O, Tobón G, Della Védova C. Conformational and vibrational analysis of S-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-substituted-benzenecarbothioates, using X-ray, infrared and Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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