Dual PPAR-alpha and -gamma activators derived from novel benzoxazinone containing thiazolidinediones having antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential

Mothana R, M. Noman O, Eto B, Chigr F, Chigr M. Synthesis and In Silico Analysis of New Polyheterocyclic Molecules Derived from [1,4]-Benzoxazin-3-one and Their Inhibitory Effect against Pancreatic α-Amylase and Intestinal α-Glucosidase

This study focuses on synthesizing a new series of isoxazolinyl-1,2,3-triazolyl-[1,4]-benzoxazin-3-one derivatives 5a-5o. The synthesis method involves a double 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction following a "click chemistry" approach, starting from the respective [1,4]-benzoxazin-3-ones. Additionally, the study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of these newly synthesized compounds through in silico methods. This synthesis approach allows for the combination of three heterocyclic components: [1,4]-benzoxazin-3-one, 1,2,3-triazole, and isoxazoline, known for their diverse biological activities. The synthesis procedure involved a two-step process. Firstly, a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction was performed involving the propargylic moiety linked to the [1,4]-benzoxazin-3-one and the allylic azide. Secondly, a second cycloaddition reaction was conducted using the product from the first step, containing the allylic part and an oxime. The synthesized compounds were thoroughly characterized using spectroscopic methods, including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT-135, and IR. This molecular docking method revealed a promising antidiabetic potential of the synthesized compounds, particularly against two key diabetes-related enzymes: pancreatic α-amylase, with the two synthetic molecules 5a and 5o showing the highest affinity values of 9.2 and 9.1 kcal/mol, respectively, and intestinal α-glucosidase, with the two synthetic molecules 5n and 5e showing the highest affinity values of -9.9 and -9.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Indeed, the synthesized compounds have shown significant potential as antidiabetic agents, as indicated by molecular docking studies against the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Additionally, ADME analyses have revealed that all the synthetic compounds examined in our study demonstrate high intestinal absorption, meet Lipinski's criteria, and fall within the required range for oral bioavailability, indicating their potential suitability for oral drug development.

Thiazolidinedione as a Promising Medicinal Scaffold for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

BACKGROUND

Thiazolidinediones, also known as glitazones, are considered as biologically active scaffold and a well-established class of anti-diabetic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thiazolidinediones act by reducing insulin resistance through elevated peripheral glucose disposal and glucose production. These molecules activate peroxisome proliferated activated receptor (PPARγ), one of the sub-types of PPARs, and a diverse group of its hybrid have also shown numerous therapeutic activities along with antidiabetic activity.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this review was to collect and summarize the research related to the medicinal potential, structure-activity relationship and safety aspects of thiazolidinedione analogues designed and investigated in type 2 diabetes during the last two decades.

METHODS

The mentioned objective was achieved by collecting and reviewing the research manuscripts, review articles, and patents from PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, google scholar and journals related to the topic from different publishers like Wiley, Springer, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis, Indian and International government patent sites etc. Results: The thiazolidinedione scaffold has been a focus of research in the design and synthesis of novel derivatives for the management of type 2 diabetes, specifically in the case of insulin resistance. The complications like fluid retention, idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, weight gain and congestive heart failure in the case of trosiglitazone, and pioglitazone have restricted their use. The newer analogues have been synthesized by different research groups to attain better efficacy and less side effects.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the potential of thiazolidinediones in terms of their chemical evolution, action on nuclear receptors, aldose reductase and free fatty acid receptor 1 is well established. The newer TZD analogues with better safety profiles and tolerability will soon be available in the market for common use without further delay.

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors as Superior Targets for Treating Diabetic Disease, Design Strategies - Review Article

Thiazolidinedione (TZD), a class of drugs that are mainly used to control type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), acts fundamentally as a ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Besides activating pathways responsible for glycemic control by enhancing insulin sensitivity and lipid homeostasis, activating PPARs leads to exciting other pathways related to bone formation, inflammation, and cell proliferation. Unfortunately, this diverse effect of activating several pathways may show in some studies adverse health outcomes as osteological, hepatic, cardiovascular, and carcinogenic effects. Thus, a silver demand is present to find and develop new active and potent antiglycemic drugs for treating T2DM. To achieve this goal, the structure of TZD for research is considered a leading structure domain. This review will guide future research in the design of novel TZD derivatives by highlighting the general modifications conducted on the structure component of TZD scaffold affecting their potency, binding efficacy, and selectivity for the control of T2DM.

ZnCl2-promoted domino reaction of 2-hydroxybenzonitriles with ketones for synthesis of 1,3-benzoxazin-4-ones

A ZnCl2-promoted synthesis of 1,3-benzoxazin-4-one from 2-hydroxybenzonitriles and ketones was developed. This method displays facile access to a diverse range of substituted 1,3-benzoxazin-4-ones in good yields. This synthetic protocol has advantages: (i) easy availability of starting material; (ii) strong corrosive acid-free condition; (iii) high yield.

Application of bioorthogonal hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 5-arylidene derivatives of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid and vinyl thioether for imaging inside living cells

New bioorthogonal cycloaddition of 5-arylidene derivatives of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid as 1-oxa-1,3-butadienes and vinyl thioether as a dienophile has been applied to imaging inside living cells. The reaction is high yielding, selective, and fast in aqueous media. The proposed 1-oxa-1,3-butadiene derivative conjugated to a FITC fluorochrome selectively and rapidly labels the cancer cells pretreated with the dienophile-taxol. The second order rate constants k2 for various proposed bioorthogonal cycloadditions were estimated to be in the range from 0.9 × 10-2 M-1 s-1 to 1.4 M-1 s-1, which is much better than in the case of the first generation TQ-ligation (o-quinolinone quinone methide and vinyl thioether ligation, k2 = 1.5 × 10-3 M-1 s-1) and comparable or better to that for the second generation TQ-ligation (k2 = 2.8 × 10-2 M-1 s-1). The reaction rate constants k2 of proposed ligation reactions are in the range of the rate constants k2 for tetrazines and norbornenes or tetrazines and cyclopropenes. These findings indicate that this chemistry is suitable for in vitro imaging experiments.

Rhoda-Electrocatalyzed Bimetallic C-H Oxygenation by Weak O-Coordination

Rhodium-electrocatalyzed arene C-H oxygenation by weakly O-coordinating amides and ketones have been established by bimetallic electrocatalysis. Likewise, diverse dihydrooxazinones were selectively accessed by the judicious choice of current, enabling twofold C-H functionalization. Detailed mechanistic studies by experiment, mass spectroscopy and cyclovoltammetric analysis provided support for an unprecedented electrooxidation-induced C-H activation by a bimetallic rhodium catalysis manifold.

Base-Promoted Chemodivergent Formation of 1,4-Benzoxazepin-5(4H)-ones and 1,3-Benzoxazin-4(4H)-ones Switched by Solvents

The KOH-promoted chemodivergent benzannulation of ortho-fluorobenzamides with 2-propyn-1-ol can afford either 1,4-benzoxazepin-5(4H)-ones or 1,3-benzoxazin-4(4H)-ones in good yields with high selectivity, depending greatly upon the use of solvents. In the case of using DMSO, the intermolecular benzannulation produced seven-membered benzo-fused heterocycles of 1,4-benzoxazepin-5(4H)-ones, whereas in MeCN, the six-membered benzo-fused heterocycles of 1,3-benzoxazin-4(4H)-ones were formed. The KOH-promoted benzannulation proceeded most probably through the C–F nucleophilic substitution of ortho-fluorobenzamides with 2-propyn-1-ol to give the intermediate of ortho-[(2-propynyl)oxy]benzamide, which underwent the intramolecular hydroamidation in a different manner to afford either seven- or six-membered benzo-fused heterocycles.

Recyclable Keggin Heteropolyacids as an Environmentally Benign Catalyst for the Synthesis of New 2-Benzoylamino-N-phenyl-benzamide Derivatives under Microwave Irradiations at Solvent-Free Conditions and the Evaluation of Biological Activity

2-Benzoylamino-N-phenyl-benzamide derivatives (5a–h) were prepared from 2-phenyl-3,1-(4H)-benzoxazin-4-one 3 and substituted anilines 4a–h in the presence of a Keggin-type heteropolyacids series (H₃PW₁₂O₄₀·13H₂O; H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀·13H₂O; H₄SiMo₁₂O₄₀·13H₂O; and H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀·13H₂O) as catalysts without solvent and under microwave irradiation. We found that the use of H₃PW₁₂O₄₀·13H₂O acid coupled to microwave irradiation allowed obtaining a high-yielding reaction with a short time. The compound structures were established by ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized compounds exhibited an inhibition of the growth of bacteria and fungi.

FeCl3-Mediated Domino Reaction of Benzoxazinones with Aroylmethylidene Malonates: Synthesis to Functionalized Pyrrolobenzoxazines

An efficient domino approach for the synthesis of pyrrolobenzoxazine derivatives is described. The FeCl₃-promoted domino reaction between aroylmethylidene malonates and benzoxazinones has been successfully established to afford the title compounds in good to excellent yield under mild reaction conditions. The domino protocol provides a concise and straightforward access to highly substituted pyrrolobenzoxazines with high efficiency and excellent functional group tolerance.

Novel Benzylidene Thiazolidinedione Derivatives as Partial PPARγ Agonists and their Antidiabetic Effects on Type 2 Diabetes

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has received significant attention as a key regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis. In this study, we synthesized and tested a library of novel 5-benzylidene-thiazolidin-2,4-dione (BTZD) derivatives bearing a substituent on nitrogen of TZD nucleus (compounds 1a-1k, 2i-10i, 3a, 6a, and 8a-10a). Three compounds (1a, 1i, and 3a) exhibited selectivity towards PPARγ and were found to be weak to moderate partial agonists. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) results demonstrated binding affinity of 1a, 1i and 3a towards PPARγ. Furthermore, docking experiments revealed that BTZDs interact with PPARγ through a distinct binding mode, forming primarily hydrophobic contacts with the ligand-binding pocket (LBD) without direct H-bonding interactions to key residues in H12 that are characteristic of full agonists. In addition, 1a, 1i and 3a significantly improved hyperglycemia and hyperlipidaemia in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced diabetic rats at a dose of 36 mg/kg/day administered orally for 15 days. Histopathological investigations revealed that microscopic architecture of pancreatic and hepatic cells improved in BTZDs-treated diabetic rats. These findings suggested that 1a, 1i and 3a are very promising pharmacological agents by selectively targeting PPARγ for further development in the clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Using Thiazolidinediones: Strategy for Design of Novel Antidiabetic Drugs

Thiazolidinediones are a class of well-established antidiabetic drugs, also named as glitazones. Thiazolidinedione structure has been an important structural domain of research, involving design and development of new drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Extensive research on the mechanism of action and the structural requirements has revealed that the intended antidiabetic activity in type 2 diabetes is due to their agonistic effect on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) belonging to the nuclear receptor super family. Glitazones have specific affinity to PPARγ, one of the subtypes of PPARs. Certain compounds under development have dual PPARα/γ agonistic activity which might be beneficial in obesity and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Interesting array of hybrid compounds of thiazolidinedione PPARγ agonists exhibited therapeutic potential beyond antidiabetic activity. Pharmacology and chemistry of thiazolidinediones as PPARγ agonists and the potential of newer analogues as dual agonists of PPARs and other emerging targets for the therapy of type 2 diabetes are presented. This review highlights the possible modifications of the structural components in the general frame work of thiazolidinediones with respect to their binding efficacy, potency, and selectivity which would guide the future research in design of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives for the management of type 2 diabetes.

Sonochemical synthesis of novel pyrano[3,4-e][1,3]oxazines: A green protocol

The atom-efficient and green protocol for formation of pyrano[3,4-e][1,3]oxazines utilizing dimethyl carbonate under ultrasound irradiation in a presence of KF/basic alumina was reported. We provide a novel series of pyrano[3,4-e][1,3]oxazine derivatives interesting for biological screening tests. In general, it was found that ultrasound irradiations enable the reactions to occur which could not be carried out under silent conditions. These remarkable effects appeared in sonicated reactions can be reasonably interpreted in terms of acoustic cavitation phenomenon. Structures of the products were established on analytical and spectral data. This protocol offers several advantages attain many principles of green chemistry including, save energy, atom economy, clean reactions, inexpensive green reagent and use catalysts rather than stoichiometric reagents.

Copper-catalyzed tandem aryl–halogen hydroxylation and CH2Cl2-based N,O-acetalization toward the synthesis of 2,3-dihydrobenzoxazinones

Copper-catalyzed tandem reactions consisting of Ar–halogen hydroxylation andN,O-acetalization are designed for the concise synthesis of 2,3-dihydrobenzoxazinones.

Skeletally Diverse Synthesis of Innovative [2,1-c]-1,4-Oxazepine and [1,4]-Quinoxaline Systems

An efficient, innovative synthesis of [2,1-c]-1, 4-oxazepine and [1,4]-quinoxaline heterocycles along with the embodied pyrimido-pyrrolo motifs was established. Initially, the pyrrole ring was installed using microwave irradiation through an intramolecular base-catalyzed cyclization between acetyl bromomethyl pyrimidine dione and o-amino phenyl methanol or o-phenylenediamine methyl benzoates. Furthermore, oxazepine, and quinoxaline scaffolds were constructed by an acid-catalyzed condensation with a variety of aldehydes by an unconventional Pictet-Spengler reaction strategy. An important aspect of this work is to build novel heterocyclic ring systems with potential medicinal interest.

Nucleophilic addition of amines to ruthenium carbenes: ortho-(alkynyloxy)benzylamine cyclizations towards 1,3-benzoxazines

A new ruthenium-catalyzed cyclization of ortho-(alkynyloxy)benzylamines to dihydro-1,3-benzoxazines is reported. The cyclization is thought to take place via the vinyl ruthenium carbene intermediates which are easily formed from [Cp*RuCl(cod)] and N2 CHSiMe3 . The mild reaction conditions and the efficiency of the procedure allow the easy preparation of a broad range of new 2-vinyl-2-substituted 1,3-benzoxazine derivatives. Rearrangement of an internal C(sp) in the starting material into a tetrasubstituted C(sp(3) ) atom in the final 1,3-benzoxazine is highly remarkable.

Triglyceride-lowering agents

This review is the first attempt at systematization of the literature data on the structures and activities of triglyceride-lowering agents which used in medical practice or are in development. The effects and mechanisms of action of statins, squalene synthase inhibitors, fibrates, PPARα and PPARα/γ agonists, nicotinic acid, omega-3 fatty acids and some other molecular targets were considered. Unfortunately, to date, harmless and effective triglyceride-lowering drug still does not exist and there is still need for development of better triglyceride-lowering agents.

Synthesis of 2H-1,3-benzoxazin-4(3H)-one derivatives containing indole moiety: their in vitro evaluation against PDE4B

A number of 2H-1,3-benzoxazin-4(3H)-one derivatives containing indole or benzofuran moieties were synthesized by using Pd/C-Cu mediated coupling-cyclization strategy as a key step. The o-iodoanilides or o-iodophenol were coupled with 3-{2-(prop-2-ynyloxy)ethyl}-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-4(3H)-one using 10%Pd/C-CuI-PPh3 as a catalyst system and Et3N as a base to give the target compounds. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their PDE4B inhibitory potential in vitro using a cell based cAMP reporter assay. Some of them showed fold increase of the cAMP level when tested at 30 μM. A representative compound showed encouraging PDE4B inhibitory properties that were supported by its docking results.

Recent pharmacological developments on rhodanines and 2,4-thiazolidinediones

Thiazolidines are five-member heterocyclic having sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms in their ring structure and exhibiting potent as well as wide range of pharmacological activities. In this minireview, recent updates on synthesis and pharmacological evaluations of molecules based on 2,4-thiazolidine and rhodanine are discussed.

Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of some novel 2,4-thiazolidinediones as potential cytotoxic, antimicrobial and antihyperglycemic agents

A series of some novel 2,4-thiazolidinediones (TZDs) (2a-x) have been synthesized and characterized by FTIR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and LC mass spectral analysis. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and in vivo antihyperglycemic activities. Among the tested compounds for cytotoxicity using Brine Shrimp Lethality assay, compound 2t ((Z)-5-(4-((E)-3-oxo-3-(thiophen-2-yl)prop-1-enyl)benzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) exhibited significant inhibitory activity at ED(50) value 4.00±0.25 μg/mL and this level of activity was comparable to that of the reference drug podophyllotoxin with ED(50) value 3.61±0.17 μg/mL. Antimicrobial activity was screened using agar well diffusion assay method against selected Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungal strains and the activity expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in μg/mL. From the results of antimicrobial activity compound 2s ((Z)-5-(4-((E)-3-(3,5-bis(benzyloxy)phenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)benzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) was found to be the most active against all the tested strains of microorganisms with MIC value 16 μg/mL. In vivo antihyperglycemic effect of twenty four TZDs (2a-x) at different doses 10, 30 and 50mg/kg b.w (oral) were assessed using percentage reduction of plasma glucose (PG) levels in streptozotocin-induced type II diabetic rat models. From the results, the novel compound 2x ((Z)-5-(4-((E)-3-(9H-fluoren-2-yl)-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)benzylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione) exhibited considerably potent blood glucose lowering activity than that of the standard drug rosiglitazone and it could be a remarkable starting point to evaluate structure-activity relationships and to develop new lead molecules with potential cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and antihyperglycemic activities. In addition molecular docking studies were carried out against PPARγ molecular target using Molegro Virtual Docker v 4.0 to accomplish preliminary confirmation of the observed in vivo antihyperglycemic activity.

Diabetes and hypertension: is there a common metabolic pathway?

Diabetes and hypertension frequently occur together. There is substantial overlap between diabetes and hypertension in etiology and disease mechanisms. Obesity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance are thought to be the common pathways. Recent advances in the understanding of these pathways have provided new insights and perspectives. Physical activity plays an important protective role in the two diseases. Knowing the common causes and disease mechanisms allows a more effective and proactive approach in their prevention and treatment.

Three-component reaction between 4-hydroxycoumarin, ammonium thiocyanate and acid chlorides in the presence of N-methylimidazole under solvent-free conditions

A novel method for oxazine ring formation is established using the reaction of ammonium thiocyanate and acid chlorides with 4-hydroxy coumarin in the presence of N-methylimidazole to afford oxazine derivatives in excellent yields.