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Nishikawa M, Murose N, Mano H, Yasuda K, Isogai Y, Kittaka A, Takano M, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Robust osteogenic efficacy of 2α-heteroarylalkyl vitamin D analogue AH-1 in VDR (R270L) hereditary vitamin D-dependent rickets model rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12517. [PMID: 35869242 PMCID: PMC9307643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Active vitamin D form 1α,25-dihydroxtvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) plays pivotal roles in calcium homeostasis and osteogenesis via its transcription regulation effect via binding to vitamin D receptor (VDR). Mutated VDR often causes hereditary vitamin D-dependent rickets (VDDR) type II, and patients with VDDR-II are hardly responsive to physiological doses of 1,25(OH)D3. Current therapeutic approaches, including high doses of oral calcium and supraphysiologic doses of 1,25(OH)2D3, have limited success and fail to improve the quality of life of affected patients. Thus, various vitamin D analogues have been developed as therapeutic options. In our previous study, we generated genetically modified rats with mutated Vdr(R270L), an ortholog of human VDR(R274L) isolated from the patients with VDDR-II. The significant reduced affinity toward 1,25(OH)2D3 of rat Vdr(R270L) enabled us to evaluate biological activities of exogenous VDR ligand without 1α-hydroxy group such as 25(OH)D3. In this study, 2α-[2-(tetrazol-2-yl)ethyl]-1α,25(OH)2D3 (AH-1) exerted much higher affinity for Vdr(R270L) in in vitro ligand binding assay than both 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3. A robust osteogenic activity of AH-1 was observed in Vdr(R270L) rats. Only a 40-fold lower dose of AH-1 than that of 25(OH)D3 was effective in ameliorating rickets symptoms in Vdr(R270L) rats. Therefore, AH-1 may be promising for the therapy of VDDR-II with VDR(R274L).
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Yasuda K, Nishikawa M, Mano H, Takano M, Kittaka A, Ikushiro S, Sakaki T. Development of In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation Systems for Vitamin D Derivatives and Their Application to Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111839. [PMID: 34769269 PMCID: PMC8584323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an in vitro system to easily examine the affinity for vitamin D receptor (VDR) and CYP24A1-mediated metabolism as two methods of assessing vitamin D derivatives. Vitamin D derivatives with high VDR affinity and resistance to CYP24A1-mediated metabolism could be good therapeutic agents. This system can effectively select vitamin D derivatives with these useful properties. We have also developed an in vivo system including a Cyp27b1-gene-deficient rat (a type I rickets model), a Vdr-gene-deficient rat (a type II rickets model), and a rat with a mutant Vdr (R270L) (another type II rickets model) using a genome editing method. For Cyp27b1-gene-deficient and Vdr mutant (R270L) rats, amelioration of rickets symptoms can be used as an index of the efficacy of vitamin D derivatives. Vdr-gene-deficient rats can be used to assess the activities of vitamin D derivatives specialized for actions not mediated by VDR. One of our original vitamin D derivatives, which displays high affinity VDR binding and resistance to CYP24A1-dependent metabolism, has shown good therapeutic effects in Vdr (R270L) rats, although further analysis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (K.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (M.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Hiroki Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (K.Y.); (H.M.)
| | - Masashi Takano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (M.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (M.N.); (S.I.)
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (K.Y.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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Takeda R, Kobayashi I, Suzuki R, Kawai K, Kittaka A, Takimoto-Kamimura M, Kurita N. Proposal of potent inhibitors for vitamin-D receptor based on ab initio fragment molecular orbital calculations. J Mol Graph Model 2018; 80:320-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mano H, Nishikawa M, Yasuda K, Ikushiro S, Saito N, Sawada D, Honzawa S, Takano M, Kittaka A, Sakaki T. Novel screening system for high-affinity ligand of heredity vitamin D-resistant rickets-associated vitamin D receptor mutant R274L using bioluminescent sensor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 167:61-66. [PMID: 27864003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR) is caused by mutations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene. Arg274 located in the ligand binding domain (LBD) of VDR is responsible for anchoring 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) by forming a hydrogen bond with the 1α-hydroxyl group of 1α,25(OH)2D3. The Arg274Leu (R274L) mutation identified in patients with HVDRR causes a 1000-fold decrease in the affinity for 1α,25(OH)2D3, and dramatically reduces vitamin D- related gene expression. Recently, we successfully constructed fusion proteins consisting of split-luciferase and LBD of the VDR. The chimeric protein LucC-LBD-LucN, which displays the C-terminal domain of luciferase (LucC) at its N-terminus, can detect and discriminate between VDR agonists and antagonists. The LucC-LBD (R274L)-LucN was constructed to screen high-affinity ligands for the mutant VDR (R274L). Of the 33 vitamin D analogs, 5 showed much higher affinities for the mutant VDR (R274L) than 1α,25(OH)2D3, and 2α-[2-(tetrazol-2-yl)ethyl]-1α,25-(OH)2D3 showed the highest affinity. These compounds might be potential therapeutics for HVDRR caused by the mutant VDR (R274L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mano
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan; Imizu Institute, Topu Bio Research Co., Ltd, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Nozomi Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sawada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Shinobu Honzawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Masashi Takano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan; Imizu Institute, Topu Bio Research Co., Ltd, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
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Czajkowska-Szczykowska D, Morzycki JW, Wojtkielewicz A. Pd-catalyzed steroid reactions. Steroids 2015; 97:13-44. [PMID: 25173819 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We review the most important achievements of the last decade in the field of steroid synthesis in the presence of palladium catalysts. Various palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, including Heck, Suzuki, Stille, Sonogashira, Negishi and others, are exemplified with steroid transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Białystok, Poland.
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Ratnam J, Zdrazil B, Digles D, Cuadrado-Rodriguez E, Neefs JM, Tipney H, Siebes R, Waagmeester A, Bradley G, Chau CH, Richter L, Brea J, Evelo CT, Jacoby E, Senger S, Loza MI, Ecker GF, Chichester C. The application of the open pharmacological concepts triple store (open PHACTS) to support drug discovery research. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115460. [PMID: 25522365 PMCID: PMC4270790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of open access, curated, high-quality information from multiple disciplines in the Life and Biomedical Sciences provides a holistic understanding of the domain. Additionally, the effective linking of diverse data sources can unearth hidden relationships and guide potential research strategies. However, given the lack of consistency between descriptors and identifiers used in different resources and the absence of a simple mechanism to link them, gathering and combining relevant, comprehensive information from diverse databases remains a challenge. The Open Pharmacological Concepts Triple Store (Open PHACTS) is an Innovative Medicines Initiative project that uses semantic web technology approaches to enable scientists to easily access and process data from multiple sources to solve real-world drug discovery problems. The project draws together sources of publicly-available pharmacological, physicochemical and biomolecular data, represents it in a stable infrastructure and provides well-defined information exploration and retrieval methods. Here, we highlight the utility of this platform in conjunction with workflow tools to solve pharmacological research questions that require interoperability between target, compound, and pathway data. Use cases presented herein cover 1) the comprehensive identification of chemical matter for a dopamine receptor drug discovery program 2) the identification of compounds active against all targets in the Epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB) signaling pathway that have a relevance to disease and 3) the evaluation of established targets in the Vitamin D metabolism pathway to aid novel Vitamin D analogue design. The example workflows presented illustrate how the Open PHACTS Discovery Platform can be used to exploit existing knowledge and generate new hypotheses in the process of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseline Ratnam
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Grupo BioFarma-USEF, Departamento de Farmacología, Campus Universitario Sur s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Digles
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emiliano Cuadrado-Rodriguez
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Grupo BioFarma-USEF, Departamento de Farmacología, Campus Universitario Sur s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jean-Marc Neefs
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hannah Tipney
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Ronald Siebes
- Vrije Universiteit, Faculty of Sciences, division of Math. and Computer Science, De Boelelaan 1081a, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andra Waagmeester
- Department of Bioinformatics – BiGCaT, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Glyn Bradley
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Chau Han Chau
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Richter
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jose Brea
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Grupo BioFarma-USEF, Departamento de Farmacología, Campus Universitario Sur s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Chris T. Evelo
- Department of Bioinformatics – BiGCaT, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar Jacoby
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stefan Senger
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Isabel Loza
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Grupo BioFarma-USEF, Departamento de Farmacología, Campus Universitario Sur s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gerhard F. Ecker
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Chichester
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CALIPHO Group, CMU – Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Identification of putative ortholog gene blocks involved in gestant and lactating mammary gland development: a rodent cross-species microarray transcriptomics approach. Int J Genomics 2013; 2013:624681. [PMID: 24288657 PMCID: PMC3830774 DOI: 10.1155/2013/624681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland (MG) undergoes functional and metabolic changes during the transition from pregnancy to lactation, possibly by regulation of conserved genes. The objective was to elucidate orthologous genes, chromosome clusters and putative conserved transcriptional modules during MG development. We analyzed expression of 22,000 transcripts using murine microarrays and RNA samples of MG from virgin, pregnant, and lactating rats by cross-species hybridization. We identified 521 transcripts differentially expressed; upregulated in early (78%) and midpregnancy (89%) and early lactation (64%), but downregulated in mid-lactation (61%). Putative orthologous genes were identified. We mapped the altered genes to orthologous chromosomal locations in human and mouse. Eighteen sets of conserved genes associated with key cellular functions were revealed and conserved transcription factor binding site search entailed possible coregulation among all eight block sets of genes. This study demonstrates that the use of heterologous array hybridization for screening of orthologous gene expression from rat revealed sets of conserved genes arranged in chromosomal order implicated in signaling pathways and functional ontology. Results demonstrate the utilization power of comparative genomics and prove the feasibility of using rodent microarrays to identification of putative coexpressed orthologous genes involved in the control of human mammary gland development.
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Saito H, Takagi K, Horie K, Kakuda S, Takimoto-Kamimura M, Ochiai E, Chida T, Harada Y, Takenouchi K, Kittaka A. Synthesis of novel C-2 substituted vitamin D derivatives having ringed side chains and their biological evaluation on bone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 136:3-8. [PMID: 23416104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Up to the present, numerous vitamin D derivatives have been synthesized, but most of them have straight side chains, and there are few publications described about in vitro and in vivo evaluations on bone by vitamin D derivatives. In our previous paper, we reported the synthesis of various C-2 substituted vitamin D derivatives (2b-2i) with a 2,2-dimethylcyclopentanone unit in the CD-ring side chains, and that the derivatives have strong activity for enhancing bone growth. On the basis of results, this time, we report the synthesis of 2α-substituted vitamin D3 derivatives with chiral cyclopentanone (3-6 and 12-16). These derivatives were obtained by Pd-coupling reaction with A-ring precursor and CD-rings precursor. We evaluated novel derivatives in vitro assays, for affinities for VDR and transactivation assays by human osteosarcoma (HOS) cells. In this research, we demonstrated that some novel vitamin D derivatives (12-MP, 13-MP, 15-MP and 16-LP) have strong transactivation activities in spite of lower affinity for VDR than 1. In addition, we also demonstrated that these derivatives have strong activities for enhancing bone growth using OVX therapeutic rats. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Saito
- Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Ltd., Tokyo 191-8512, Japan.
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Brown AJ, Ritter CS. The vitamin D analog 1α,25-Dihydroxy-2β-(3-Hydroxypropyloxy) vitamin D(3) (Eldecalcitol) is a potent regulator of calcium and phosphate metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 89:372-8. [PMID: 21912832 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-011-9528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D analog 1α,25-dihydroxy-2β-(3-hydroxypropyloxy)vitamin D(3) (ED-71 or eldecalcitol) has been developed for treatment of osteoporosis, but its effects on mineral metabolism have not been investigated in detail. In the present study, we compared the effects of eldecalcitol and calcitriol on calcium (Ca) and phosphate (Pi) handling in rats. Oral administration of eldecalcitol (0, 7.5, 20, or 50 pmol) q.o.d. for 2 weeks dose-dependently increased ionized Ca, intestinal Ca absorption, and urinary Ca excretion, while these doses of calcitriol had no significant effects. The highest dose of eldecalcitol did not alter serum Pi but stimulated both intestinal Pi absorption and urinary Pi excretion; the latter was attributable, in part, to increased serum FGF-23. The effects of high-dose eldecalcitol on Ca and Pi absorption and urinary excretion and FGF-23 persisted for several days following cessation of treatment. The higher potency of eldecalcitol on Ca and Pi handling was also observed in parathyroidectomized rats infused with PTH, excluding a role for differential regulation of PTH. Direct measurement of duodenal Ca absorption by the in situ loop method confirmed the higher potency of eldecalcitol in this segment via induction of TRPV6. These studies indicated that with chronic administration eldecalcitol is more potent than calcitriol at stimulating intestinal absorption of Ca and Pi, as well as FGF-23. The mechanisms responsible for the higher potency of eldecalcitol are speculated to be its higher vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) affinity and resistance to metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Brown
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Ritter CS, Brown AJ. Suppression of PTH by the vitamin D analog eldecalcitol is modulated by its high affinity for the serum vitamin D-binding protein and resistance to metabolism. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1348-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Saitoh H, Chida T, Takagi K, Horie K, Sawai Y, Nakamura Y, Harada Y, Takenouchi K, Kittaka A. Synthesis of C-2 substituted vitamin D derivatives having ringed side chains and their biological evaluation, especially biological effect on bone by modification at the C-2 position. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3954-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kittaka A, Sakaki T, Hara H, Yasuda K, Takano M, A. Arai M, Sawada D, Saito H, Takenouchi K, C. Chen T. Studies on the Synthesis and Metabolism of 14-epi-2α-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-19-norvitamin D3 and Its 2β-Isomer. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-s(e)40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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