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Wang J, Huo X, Wang H, Dong A, Zheng Q, Si J. Undescribed sesquiterpene coumarins from the aerial parts of Ferula sinkiangensis and their anti-inflammatory activities in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 210:113664. [PMID: 36990193 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Eight undescribed sesquiterpene coumarins (1-8) and twenty known ones (9-28), were isolated from the aerial parts of Ferula sinkiangensis K. M. Shen. Their structures were elucidated based on the comprehensive analysis of UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D, and 2D NMR data. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by single crystal X-Ray diffraction, while the absolute configurations of 2-8 were determined by comparisons of experimental and calculated electrostatic circular dichroism spectra. Compound 2 is the first hydroperoxy sesquiterpene coumarin from the genus Ferula, while compound 8 has an unusual 5',8'-peroxo bridge. Griess reaction results indicated compound 18 significantly decreased nitric oxide production of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages with an IC50 value of 2.3 μM, and ELISA results revealed that compound 18 effectively inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaoshuang Huo
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Huaxiang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Aijun Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Qi Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jianyong Si
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Xing H, Huang Y, Yao Q, Kang T, Guo X. Total synthesis of eucryphin and its glycosylation derivatives. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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3
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Shivanand P, Arbie NF, Krishnamoorthy S, Ahmad N. Agarwood-The Fragrant Molecules of a Wounded Tree. Molecules 2022; 27:3386. [PMID: 35684324 PMCID: PMC9181942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood, popularly known as oudh or gaharu, is a fragrant resinous wood of high commercial value, traded worldwide and primarily used for its distinctive fragrance in incense, perfumes, and medicine. This fragrant wood is created when Aquilaria trees are wounded and infected by fungi, producing resin as a defense mechanism. The depletion of natural agarwood caused by overharvesting amidst increasing demand has caused this fragrant defensive resin of endangered Aquilaria to become a rare and valuable commodity. Given that instances of natural infection are quite low, artificial induction, including biological inoculation, is being conducted to induce agarwood formation. A long-term investigation could unravel insights contributing toward Aquilaria being sustainably cultivated. This review will look at the different methods of induction, including physical, chemical, and biological, and compare the production, yield, and quality of such treatments with naturally formed agarwood. Pharmaceutical properties and medicinal benefits of fragrance-associated compounds such as chromones and terpenoids are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Shivanand
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei; (N.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Nurul Fadhila Arbie
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei; (N.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Sarayu Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Water Resources Engineering Division, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India;
| | - Norhayati Ahmad
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei; (N.F.A.); (N.A.)
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tunku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei
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In vivo Study of a Newly Synthesized Chromen-4-one Derivative as an Antitumor Agent against HCC. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:980-989. [PMID: 34698995 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00724-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromenes are a wide group of natural compounds that can be synthesized chemically. The chromen-4-one nucleus acts as a skeleton for varieties of additional active groups that makes the chromene activity vary between antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. In the present study, a newly synthesized chromene compound exhibits different behaviors other than anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities that it is the first time that a member of chromen-4-one compound can control the cancer progress. Inflammation is the first step in tumor development where the severity grade can potentiate tumor growth and progression. In many tumors, pro-inflammatory genes record high expression level such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF). These pro-inflammatory factors act as rate limiting steps in tumor initiation, and controlling its expression acts as an early therapeutic way to control the tumor proliferation. The chromone derivatives have biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity. METHODS In the present study, hepatocellular cancer (HCC) induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in rats and then treated with the new chromene derivative and the parameters TNF-α, VEGF, p53, Cyt C, MMP-9, Bcl2, and Bax were measured. RESULTS The treatment strategy Ch compound is to downregulate pro-inflammatory gene expression of early genes as TNF-α as well as VEGF and subsequently control other factors such as p53, Cyt C, and MMP-9. Also, retrieve the balance between Bcl2 and Bax proteins in DEN-induced HCC in rats. CONCLUSION The ability of the new Ch derivative to control the primary initiators of HCC such as TNF-α offers this derivative an anti-tumor activity and encourages further researches to follow and monitor its effect on the molecular level.
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Synthesis of 4-(3-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)morpholin-4-ium chloride analogues and their inhibitory activities of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127780. [PMID: 33422605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on our previous report that 3-morpholino-1-phenylpropan-1-one 2, one of the fluoxetine's simplified morpholino analogue, inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production, in this paper, various substituted benzene analogues with morpholine hydrochloride of 2 were synthesized and their inhibitory effects on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells were tested. Among the synthesized compounds, 2-trifluoromethyl analogue 16n (IC50 = 8.6 μM) showed a significantly higher inhibitory activity than that of the parent compound 2a (IC50 > 50 μM) and suppressed NO production dose-dependently without cytotoxicity. Compound 16n also inhibited iNOS expression in LPS-induced BV2 cells at 2, 10 and 20 μM concentrations. These results suggest that compound 16n inhibited NO production by suppressing the expression of iNOS and can be used as a lead structure for developing new inhibitor of NO production.
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Ogórek R, Przywara K, Piecuch A, Cal M, Lejman A, Matkowski K. Plant-Fungal Interactions: A Case Study of Epicoccoum nigrum Link. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121691. [PMID: 33271933 PMCID: PMC7760184 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epicoccum nigrum Link is a cosmopolitan species, and it has been described as both an in vitro and in vivo antagonist of many fungal pathogens of plants. However, there are no clear reports about the interactions between E. nigrum and various plant species, and about the effects of culture filtrates produced by this fungus on plants. Therefore, we assessed the interactions between E. nigrum and different plant species, such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Additionally, we evaluated the effect of E. nigrum culture filtrates on garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). Our study showed that the E. nigrum strains varied in terms of the color of excreted culture filtrates and showed different interactions with garden cress. Overall, fungal strains only affected adversely the sprout length in a significant way and, partially, the growth of the tested plant. In addition, we confirmed the suitability of the garden cress as a test plant in in vitro toxicological tests. Most strains of E. nigrum (61.1%) secreted enzymes expected to participate mainly in the later stages of the infection (amylases and proteases) and not those expected to operate in the early phases of host penetration (cellulases and pectinases) that were secreted by 33.3% of fungal strains. The group of pectinolytic enzymes represented the catalysts with the highest activity. Host specialization tests showed that E. nigrum was mainly re-isolated from the plant surface and the number of infected seedlings as well as the disease index depended on a studied plant species, with sugar beet and red clover being most sensitive to infection. In turn, the lowest value of the disease index caused by E. nigrum strains was recorded for spring wheat and winter oilseed rape. Overall, statistically significant differences in the growth of plant seedlings during the host specialization test were noted only for sugar beet and red clover seedlings. The seedlings of plants in the control group (without fungal inoculum) exhibited an increased length compared to those treated with E. nigrum inoculum. Our studies also showed that E. nigrum is probably a facultative saprotroph of plants and it may winter on red clover, which is presumably its main reservoirs, among the species considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Ogórek
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego Street 63-77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (A.P.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-375-6291; Fax: +48-71-325-2151
| | - Katarzyna Przywara
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego Street 63-77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (A.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Agata Piecuch
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego Street 63-77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (A.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Magdalena Cal
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego Street 63-77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland; (K.P.); (A.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Agnieszka Lejman
- Institute of Agroecology and Plant Production, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24A, 53-363 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Matkowski
- Department of Plant Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24A, 53-363 Wrocław, Poland;
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Kumar R, Sharma N, Prakash O. Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in the Synthesis of Flavonoids and Related Compounds. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200420074551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine compounds have proved to be very useful reagents to bring
about various oxidative transformations including (i) α-functionalization of carbonyl compounds,
(ii) oxidation of phenols, and (iii) oxidative rearrangement of ketones and α,β-
unsaturated ketones. These reactions find interesting applications in the development of
newer and convenient approaches for the synthesis of flavonoids. This review focuses on
the use of most common three hypervalent compounds, namely iodobenzene diacetate,
[hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene, and [bis-trifluoroacetoxy(iodo)]benzene in the synthesis
of cis/trans-3-hydroxyflavanones, 3-hydroxyflavones (flavonols), flavones, isoflavones
and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, M.L.N. College, Yamuna Nagar-135001, Haryana, India
| | - Nitya Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, M.L.N. College, Yamuna Nagar-135001, Haryana, India
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
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Nazhand A, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Romano R, Mobilia MA, Izzo AA, Santini A. Human health-related properties of chromones: an overview. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:137-152. [PMID: 31631696 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1678618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds occurring throughout the world are scientifically and practically valuable because of their unique and beneficial properties to control a wide range of disorders in the human body. Chromones are attracting increasing attention as novel therapeutic agents due to their effective bioactivities for human health. Accordingly, the present overview article was designed to scan the biological and pharmacological performance of chromones, including their anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-microbial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Nazhand
- Biotechnology Department, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Moji, Iran
| | | | | | - Raffaele Romano
- Department of Agriculture, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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9
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Minhas R, Bansal Y, Bansal G. Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors: A comprehensive update. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:823-855. [PMID: 31502681 DOI: 10.1002/med.21636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is expressed in response to bacterial/proinflammatory stimuli, generates nitric oxide (NO) that provides cytoprotection. Overexpression of iNOS increases the levels of NO, and this increased NO level is implicated in pathophysiology of complex multifactorial diseases like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Selective inhibition of iNOS is an effective approach in treatment of such complex diseases. l-Arginine, being a substrate for iNOS, is the natural lead to develop iNOS inhibitors. More than 200 research reports on development of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors by different research groups across the globe have appeared in literature so far. The first review on iNOS, in 2002, discussed the iNOS inhibitors under two classes that is, amino acid and non-amino acid derivatives. Other review articles discussing specific chemical classes of iNOS inhibitors also appeared during last decade. In the present review, all reports on both natural and synthetic iNOS inhibitors, published 2002 onwards, are studied, classified, and discussed to provide comprehensive information on iNOS inhibitors. The synthetic inhibitors are broadly classified into two categories that is, arginine and non-arginine analogs. The latter are further classified into amidines, five- or six-membered heterocyclics, fused cyclics, steroidal type, and chalcones analogs. Structures of the most/significantly potent compounds from each report are provided to know the functional groups important for incurring iNOS inhibitory activity and selectivity. This review is aimed to provide a comprehensive view to the medicinal chemists for rational designing of novel and potent iNOS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Minhas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Yogita Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Gulshan Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Modulatory effect of a new benzopyran derivative via COX-2 blocking and down regulation of NF-κB against γ-radiation induced- intestinal inflammation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 192:90-96. [PMID: 30710830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is considered as a primary modality for cancer treatment which accompanied by several side effects. Protection of normal tissues from radiation effects is one of the most significant concerns for researchers. Although many compounds acting as radio protectors, only two compounds were licensed clinically. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as an inflammatory mediator is associated with ROS production with a NF-κB gene up regulation dependent manner in normal tissues. To that extend, his study was designed to target COX-2 and NF-κB by a newly synthesized benzopyran-4-one or chromone derivative; (2E)-2-((4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl) methylene amino-4- nitrobenzoic acid (Ch). Exposure of mice to IRR significantly induced intestinal inflammation via overexpression of COX-2 and NF-κB which is accompanied by an increase in the levels of MDA and iNOS in tissue homogenate and in the production of TNF-α and IL-6 as inflammatory signs. Moreover, the apoptotic effect of IRR was manifested by obvious elevation in caspase-3. Interapretonial injection of Ch significantly controls the inflammatory response by blocking the COX-2 and decrease the expression NF-κB which subsequently decreases other inflammatory parameters. Thus Ch compound might be a promising nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) against radiation-induced inflammation with a specific mode of COX-2 inhibition. Further researches are needed to elucidate its molecular mechanism and its combination with radiotherapy as a protector.
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11
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Benzofuro[3,2-d]pyrimidines inspired from cercosporamide CaPkc1 inhibitor: Synthesis and evaluation of fluconazole susceptibility restoration. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2250-2255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Guo Y, Xiang Y, Wei L, Wan JP. Thermoinduced Free-Radical C–H Acyloxylation of Tertiary Enaminones: Catalyst-Free Synthesis of Acyloxyl Chromones and Enaminones. Org Lett 2018; 20:3971-3974. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Li Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
| | - Jie-Ping Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P. R. China
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13
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Huang C, Li W, Zhang Q, Chen L, Chen W, Zhang H, Ni Y. Anti-inflammatory activities of Guang-Pheretima extract in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:46. [PMID: 29391009 PMCID: PMC5795835 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2086-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guang-Pheretima, which is originated from Pheretima aspergillum, has been documented in academic Chinese herbal studies for nearly 2000 years for its prominent treating effects of various inflammatory diseases such as asthma, cough and fever. However, the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of Guang-Pheretima has been rarely reported. Hence, we investigated the inhibitory effect and the underlying mechanism of Guang-Pheretima aqueous extracts on inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells. METHOD RAW 264.7 macrophages were pretreated with various concentrations of Guang-Pheretima decoction (GPD) or protein-free Guang-Pheretima decoction (PF-GPD) and subsequently stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to trigger the inflammatory response. Productions of nitric oxide (NO) were determined by Griess reaction, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The protein expressions and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) amounts of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were analyzed by Western Blot and Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Finally, the translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB was observed by Western Blot. RESULTS GPD of the experimental concentrations showed no anti-inflammatory activity. In contrast, PF-GPD at concentrations of 40-320 μg/mL significantly inhibited NF-κB activation and reduced the production of inflammatory mediators, such as NO, PGE2, TNF-α, as well as the related key synthases including iNOS and COX-2. Moreover, PF-GPD markedly suppressed the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-6. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the excellent anti-inflammatory properties of PF-GPD, and suggest that Guang-Pheretima may be used to treat and prevent certain inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan No.1 Hospital (Wuhan Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital), 215 Zhongshan Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232 Wai Huan Road East, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232 Wai Huan Road East, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Qiufeng Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232 Wai Huan Road East, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232 Wai Huan Road East, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weiming Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232 Wai Huan Road East, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232 Wai Huan Road East, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuxin Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 232 Wai Huan Road East, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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14
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Matos AM, Cristóvão JS, Yashunsky DV, Nifantiev NE, Viana AS, Gomes CM, Rauter AP. Synthesis and effects of flavonoid structure variation on amyloid-β aggregation. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractDietary flavonoids and synthetic derivatives have a well-known potential for biomedical applications. In this perspective, we report herein new methodologies to access chrysin and 5,7-dihydroxychromone, and these structures were combined with those of naturally occurring quercetin, luteolin, (+)-dihydroquercetin and apigenin to assemble a set of polyphenols with structure variations for in vitro testing over the aggregation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) amyloid peptide Aβ1−42. Using thioflavin-T (ThT) monitored kinetics and subsequent mechanistic analysis by curve fitting, we show that catechol-type flavonoids reduce Aβ1−42 fibril content by 30% at molar ratios over 10. Without affecting secondary nucleation, these compounds accelerate primary nucleation events responsible for early primary oligomer formation, putatively redirecting the latter into off-pathway aggregates. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of reaction end-points allowed a comprehensive topographical analysis of amyloid aggregate populations formed in the presence of each compound. Formation of Aβ1−42 small oligomers, regarded as the most toxic amyloid structures, seems to be limited by flavonoids with a C2 phenyl group, while flavonol 3-OH is not a beneficial structural feature. Overall, the diversity of structural variations within flavonoids opens avenues for their development as chemical tools in the treatment of AD by tackling the formation and distribution of neurotoxic oligomers species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Matos
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- CEDOC Chronic Diseases, Nova Medical School, Rua Câmara Pestana n° 6, 6-A, CEDOC II, 1150-082, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Cristóvão
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa; Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V. Yashunsky
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky, Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky, Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ana S. Viana
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudio M. Gomes
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Amélia P. Rauter
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa and Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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15
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Singh AK, Saxena G, Arshad M. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of ruthenium flavanol complexes against breast cancer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 180:97-104. [PMID: 28282562 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Four Ru(II) DMSO complexes (M1R-M4R) having substituted flavones viz. 3-Hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (HL1), 3-Hydroxy-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (HL2), 3-Hydroxy-2-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (HL3) and 3-Hydroxy-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (HL4) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR spectroscopies and ESI-MS. The molecular structures of the complexes were investigated by integrated spectroscopic and computational techniques (DFT). Both ligands as well as their complexes were screened for anticancer activities against breast cancer cell lines MCF-7. Cytotoxicity was assayed by MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay. All ligands and their complexes exhibited significant cytotoxic potential of 5-40μM concentration at incubation period of 24h. The cell cytotoxicity increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner. In this series of compounds, HL2 (IC50 17.2μM) and its complex M2R (IC50 16μM) induced the highest cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, India.
| | - Gunjan Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, India
| | - M Arshad
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226 007, India
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16
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Silva CFM, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS. Chromones: A Promising Ring System for New Anti-inflammatory Drugs. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2252-2260. [PMID: 27630077 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The quest for safer anti-inflammatory drugs is still the focus of several medicinal chemistry programs. Chromones (4H-chromen-4-ones) are a group of naturally occurring compounds ubiquitous in plants, and the chromone core has proven to be a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Herein we provide an overview of the relevance of chromones as anti-inflammatory agents, specifically as inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), interleukin-5 (IL-5), and nitric oxide (. NO) production. Numerous structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action are discussed. This review is therefore intended to provide a foundation for the design and synthesis of novel chromone-based compound libraries for further development into safer and more efficient anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F M Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana C G A Pinto
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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17
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Biswas P, Ghosh J, Sarkar T, Bandyopadhyay C. Amine-Controlled Reduction of 2-Aminochromone-3-Carbaldehyde with Zn and Acetic Acid. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14477880702453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
On heating with zinc in acetic acid 2-(N-arylamino)chromone-3-carbaldehydes produce 2-(N-arylamino)-3-methylchromones, whereas 2-(N-alkylamino)chromone-3-carbaldehydes produce 4-hydroxy-3-methylcoumarin in moderate yields. Reduction of an aldehyde function to a methyl group has been achieved under very mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata - 700118, West Bengal, India
| | - Jaydip Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata - 700118, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapas Sarkar
- Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur - 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandrakanta Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata - 700118, West Bengal, India
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18
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of N-acylheteroaryl hydrazone derivatives as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Venkateswararao E, Sharma VK, Manickam M, Yun J, Jung SH. Synthesis and SAR studies of bis-chromenone derivatives for anti-proliferative activity against human cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5256-9. [PMID: 25442319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel family of 3-((4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (bis-chromone) derivatives were designed, synthesized and studied for their anti-cancer activity using the XTT assay for the growth inhibition against various human cancer cells. Among them, 3-((5-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methyl)-7-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one and 3-((5-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methyl)-7-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one showed micromolar level of in vitro anti-proliferative activity against human cancer cell lines. The SAR studies indicated bis-chromone as a basic scaffold to design anticancer agents. The 5-cyclohexylmethoxy on the first chromenone ring and electron donating group such as CH3, OCH3 or hydrogen bonding group (OH) on the other chromenone ring of bis-chromone increased the activity. However, saturation of one of chromenone to chromanone in bis-chromones decreased the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeda Venkateswararao
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinay K Sharma
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Manoj Manickam
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Yun
- Bio-Evaluation Center, KRIBB, Cheongwon-gun Chungcheongbuk-do 363-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Sepay N, Dey SP. Synthesis and Chemical Reactivity of 4-Oxo-4 H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehyde. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayim Sepay
- Department of Chemistry; R.K.Mission Vivekananda Centenary College; Rahara Kolkata 700 118 West Bengal India
| | - Sankar P. Dey
- Department of Chemistry; Srikrishna College; Bagula Nadia-741502 West Bengal India
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21
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Chromones as a privileged scaffold in drug discovery: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 78:340-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Gaspar A, Matos MJ, Garrido J, Uriarte E, Borges F. Chromone: A Valid Scaffold in Medicinal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4960-92. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400265z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gaspar
- CIQUP/Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago of Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria João Matos
- CIQUP/Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago of Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jorge Garrido
- CIQUP/Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugenio Uriarte
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago of Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP/Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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23
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Facile conversion of para-benzoquinones to para-alkoxyphenols with primary/secondary alcohols and amberlyst-15: a process showing novel reducing property of such alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of benzofuran-based analogs of cercosporamide against non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 69:823-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Zhang L, Gao Z, Peng C, Bin ZY, Zhao D, Wu J, Xu Q, Li JX. Ultrasound-promoted synthesis and immunosuppressive activity of novel quinazoline derivatives. Mol Divers 2012; 16:579-90. [PMID: 22890961 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-012-9390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly and mild Bischler cyclization was developed to access quinazolines with diverse substitution. Based on this method, a library of 53 quinazoline derivatives was prepared and tested in vitro for cytotoxicity and inhibition on T-cell and B-cell proliferation. Compounds 6b, 7b, 17b, 33, and 35 showed higher inhibitory activity on both T-cell and B-cell proliferations, with IC(50) values of 6.16, 6.30, 5.43, 2.54, and 9.80 μM on T-cell, respectively. All the tested compounds showed no obvious cytotoxicity at 10 μM concentration. The preliminary structure-activity relationship was concluded revealing that 4-position is the key modification site for potent quinazoline immunosuppressive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Klier L, Bresser T, Nigst TA, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Lewis Acid-Triggered Selective Zincation of Chromones, Quinolones, and Thiochromones: Application to the Preparation of Natural Flavones and Isoflavones. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13584-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja306178q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Klier
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F, 81377 Munich,
Germany
| | - Tomke Bresser
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F, 81377 Munich,
Germany
| | - Tobias A. Nigst
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F, 81377 Munich,
Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F, 81377 Munich,
Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F, 81377 Munich,
Germany
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A novel chromone derivative with anti-inflammatory property via inhibition of ROS-dependent activation of TRAF6-ASK1-p38 pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37168. [PMID: 22720096 PMCID: PMC3376149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 MAPK signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in inflammation. Targeting p38 MAPK may be a potential strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we show that a novel chromone derivative, DCO-6, significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide, IL-1β and IL-6, decreased the levels of iNOS, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expression in both RAW264.7 cells and mouse primary peritoneal macrophages, and inhibited LPS-induced activation of p38 MAPK but not of JNK, ERK. Moreover, DCO-6 specifically inhibited TLR4-dependent p38 activation without directly inhibiting its kinase activity. LPS-induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was remarkably impaired by DCO-6, which disrupted the formation of the TRAF6-ASK1 complex. Administering DCO-6 significantly protected mice from LPS-induced septic shock in parallel with the inhibition of p38 activation and ROS production. Our results indicate that DCO-6 showed anti-inflammatory properties through inhibition of ROS-dependent activation of TRAF6-ASK1-p38 pathway. Blockade of the upstream events required for p38 MAPK action by DCO-6 may provide a new therapeutic option in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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29
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Fernandes IPG, Oliveira SCB, Ghalkhani M, Shahrokhian S, Oliveira-Brett AM. Electrochemical Oxidation Mechanisms of the Antioxidants Daidzein and 7-Hydroxy-4-chromone. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Teng P, Liu HL, Zhang L, Feng LL, Huai Y, Deng ZS, Sun Y, Xu Q, Li JX. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel sinomenine derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 50:63-74. [PMID: 22325804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sinomenine (1) is clinically available for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), however, its efficacy is quite weak. In the present study, a library of novel sinomenine-based homodimers and monomers through variable-length linkers were designed and synthesized, and their bioactivities were evaluated using RAW264.7 cells and mice. Among the compounds, 2f and 3b possessed much more potent inhibitory effects on the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) than 1. Preliminary mechanism investigation revealed that 3b inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway specifically, 2f suppressed both NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Moreover, 3b and 2f significantly alleviated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mortality. These two compounds might serve as valuable candidates for anti-inflammatory drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
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31
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