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A new approach to pyrimidine-type heterocycles based on Petrenko–Kritschenko synthesis. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Kumar R, Maity J, Mathur D, Verma A, Rana N, Kumar M, Kumar S, Prasad AK. Green synthesis of triazolo-nucleoside conjugates via azide–alkyne C–N bond formation. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Modified nucleosides are the core precursors for the synthesis of artificial nucleic acids, and are important in the field of synthetic and medicinal chemistry. In order to synthesize various triazolo-compounds, copper and ruthenium catalysed azide–alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions also known as click reaction have emerged as a facile and efficient tool due to its simplicity and convenient conditions. Introduction of a triazole ring in nucleosides enhances their therapeutic value and various photophysical properties. This review primarily focuses on the plethora of synthetic methodologies being employed to synthesize sugar modified triazolyl nucleosides, their therapeutic importance and various other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , R.D.S. College, B.R.A. Bihar University , Muzaffarpur , India
| | - Jyotirmoy Maity
- Department of Chemistry , St. Stephen’s College, University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Divya Mathur
- Department of Chemistry , Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Abhishek Verma
- Department of Chemistry , Bioorganic Laboratory, University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Neha Rana
- Department of Chemistry , Bioorganic Laboratory, University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Bioorganic Laboratory, University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Bioorganic Laboratory, University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Ashok K. Prasad
- Department of Chemistry , Bioorganic Laboratory, University of Delhi , Delhi , India
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3
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N JB, Goudgaon N. A comprehensive review on pyrimidine analogs-versatile scaffold with medicinal and biological potential. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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4
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Garlatti L, Huet R, Alvarez K. Efficient access to 3′-deoxy-3′-(4-substituted-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-thymidine derivatives via ligand-promoted CuAAC. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Gomes CB, Balaguez RA, Larroza A, Smaniotto TA, Domingues M, Casaril AM, Silva MS, Rodrigues OED, Savegnago L, Alves D. Organocatalysis in the Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoyl‐zidovudine Derivatives: Synthesis and Preliminary Antioxidant Activity. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina B. Gomes
- LASOL-CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel P.O. Box 354 96010-900 Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Renata A. Balaguez
- LASOL-CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel P.O. Box 354 96010-900 Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Allya Larroza
- LASOL-CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel P.O. Box 354 96010-900 Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Thiago A. Smaniotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGB) Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Micaela Domingues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGB) Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Angela M. Casaril
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGB) Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Márcio S. Silva
- LASOL-CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel P.O. Box 354 96010-900 Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Oscar E. D. Rodrigues
- LabSelen-NanoBio - Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de Santa Maria UFSM 97115-900 Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia (PPGB) Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel Pelotas RS Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- LASOL-CCQFA Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel P.O. Box 354 96010-900 Pelotas RS Brazil
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Kleczewska N, Ruszkowski P, Singh A, Trznadel R, Celewicz L. Synthesis and anticancer activity of 3'-[4-fluoroaryl-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)]-3'-deoxythymidine analogs and their phosphoramidates. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 38:605-641. [PMID: 30968733 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1594282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 4-chlorophenyl N-alkyl phosphoramidates of 3'-[4-fluoroaryl-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)]-3'-deoxythymidines (20-49) was synthesized by means of phosphorylation of 3'-[4-aryl-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)]-3'-deoxythymidines (7-11) with 4-chlorophenyl phosphoroditriazolide (14), followed by a reaction with the appropriate amine. The synthesized compounds 7-11 and 20-49 were evaluated along with four known anticancer compounds for their cytotoxic activity in human cancer cell lines: cervical (HeLa), nasopharyngeal (KB), breast (MCF-7), osteosarcoma (143B) (only selected compounds 20, 24, 28, 32-36, 38, 40, 46) and normal human dermal fibroblast cell line (HDF) using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Among 3'-[4-aryl-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)]-3'-deoxythymidines (7-11) the highest activity in all the investigated cancer cells was displayed by 3'-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)]-3'-deoxythymidine (9) (IC50 in the range of 2.58-3.61 μM) and its activity was higher than that of cytarabine. Among phosphoramidates 20-49 the highest activity was demonstrated by N-n-propyl phosphoramidate of 3'-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)]-3'-deoxythymidine (35) in all the cancer cells (IC50 in the range of 0.97-1.94 μM). Also N-ethyl phosphoramidate of 3'-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)]-3'-deoxythymidine (33) exhibited good activity in all the used cell lines (IC50 in the range of 4.79-4.96 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Ruszkowski
- b Department of Pharmacology , Poznań University of Medical Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Aleksandra Singh
- a Faculty of Chemistry , Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Roksana Trznadel
- a Faculty of Chemistry , Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Lech Celewicz
- a Faculty of Chemistry , Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznań , Poland
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7
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Naphthyl quinoxaline thymidine conjugate is a potent anticancer agent post UVA activation and elicits marked inhibition of tumor growth through vaccination. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:255-264. [PMID: 30925340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer anthracyclines are cytotoxic drugs that can induce antitumor immune response as a secondary effect through immunogenic cell death (ICD) mechanism. However, the immunogenic potency is quite limited, possibly due to that these chemotherapeutic agents are not specifically developed as ICD inducers. Thus, new drug entities through studies focusing on enhanced ICD induction would significantly promote antitumor immune response in the vaccination application. We report here a naphthyl quinoxaline thymidine conjugate as a new class of cytotoxic compounds that effectively induced in vivo antitumor activity through the vaccination application. Synthesized naphthyl quinoxaline conjugates were weak fluorescent thymidine analog yet exhibited a pronounced anticancer activity in the low nanomolar range post UVA activation. The potent activity of naphthyl conjugate was able to induce the marked detection of ICD markers including ATP and HMGB1 extracellular and calreticulin intracellularly at 2 h post UVA activation. Most importantly, mice vaccinated with cells treated with naphthyl conjugate plus UVA exhibited complete tumor growth inhibition in the tumor challenge study, and the induced immunogenic inhibition was much more effective than that of mitoxantrone anthracycline drug. All these results demonstrate the high potential of naphthyl quinoxaline conjugate for the cancer cell vaccine against tumor.
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8
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Edwards L, Gupta R, Filipp FV. Hypermutation of DPYD Deregulates Pyrimidine Metabolism and Promotes Malignant Progression. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 14:196-206. [PMID: 26609109 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED New strategies are needed to diagnose and target human melanoma. To this end, genomic analyses was performed to assess somatic mutations and gene expression signatures using a large cohort of human skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project to identify critical differences between primary and metastatic tumors. Interestingly, pyrimidine metabolism is one of the major pathways to be significantly enriched and deregulated at the transcriptional level in melanoma progression. In addition, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) and other important pyrimidine-related genes: DPYS, AK9, CAD, CANT1, ENTPD1, NME6, NT5C1A, POLE, POLQ, POLR3B, PRIM2, REV3L, and UPP2 are significantly enriched in somatic mutations relative to the background mutation rate. Structural analysis of the DPYD protein dimer reveals a potential hotspot of recurring somatic mutations in the ligand-binding sites as well as the interfaces of protein domains that mediated electron transfer. Somatic mutations of DPYD are associated with upregulation of pyrimidine degradation, nucleotide synthesis, and nucleic acid processing while salvage and nucleotide conversion is downregulated in TCGA SKCM. IMPLICATIONS At a systems biology level, somatic mutations of DPYD cause a switch in pyrimidine metabolism and promote gene expression of pyrimidine enzymes toward malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Edwards
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California
| | - Rohit Gupta
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California
| | - Fabian Volker Filipp
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California.
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Vasilyeva SV, Levina AS, Li-Zhulanov NS, Shatskaya NV, Baiborodin SI, Repkova MN, Zarytova VF, Mazurkova NA, Silnikov VN. SiO₂ nanoparticles as platform for delivery of 3'-triazole analogues of AZT-triphosphate into cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2168-75. [PMID: 25801161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A system for delivery of analogues of AZT-triphosphates (AZT*TP) based on SiO₂ nanoparticles was proposed. For this purpose, a simple and versatile method was developed for the preparation of SiO₂∼dNTP conjugates using the 'click'-reaction between AZTTP and premodified nanoparticles containing the alkyne groups. The substrate properties of SiO₂∼AZT*TP were tested using Klenow fragment and HIV reverse transcriptase. The 3'-triazole derivatives of thymidine triphosphate being a part of the SiO₂∼AZT*TP nanocomposites were shown to be incorporated into the growing DNA chain. It was shown by confocal microscopy that the proposed SiO₂∼AZT*TP nanocomposites penetrate into cells. These nanocomposites were shown to inhibit the reproduction of POX and Herpes viruses at nontoxic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Vasilyeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent'eva 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Asya S Levina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent'eva 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolai S Li-Zhulanov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent'eva 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V Shatskaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergei I Baiborodin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina N Repkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent'eva 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina F Zarytova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent'eva 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia A Mazurkova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology 'Vector', Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Silnikov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Lavrent'eva 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Sirivolu VR, Vernekar SKV, Ilina T, Myshakina NS, Parniak MA, Wang Z. Clicking 3'-azidothymidine into novel potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8765-80. [PMID: 24102161 DOI: 10.1021/jm401232v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
3'-Azidothymidine (AZT) was the first approved antiviral for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Reported efforts in clicking the 3'-azido group of AZT have not yielded 1,2,3-triazoles active against HIV or any other viruses. We report herein the first AZT-derived 1,2,3-triazoles with submicromolar potencies against HIV-1. The observed antiviral activities from the cytopathic effect (CPE) based assay were confirmed through a single replication cycle assay. Structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies revealed two structural features key to antiviral activity: a bulky aromatic ring and the 1,5-substitution pattern on the triazole. Biochemical analysis of the corresponding triphosphates showed lower ATP-mediated nucleotide excision efficiency compared to AZT, which along with molecular modeling suggests a mechanism of preferred translocation of triazoles into the P-site of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT). This mechanism is corroborated with the observed reduction of fold resistance of the triazole analogue to an AZT-resistant HIV variant (9-fold compared to 56-fold with AZT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Ramana Sirivolu
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Mahesh Kumar J, Idris MM, Srinivas G, Vinay Kumar P, Meghah V, Kavitha M, Reddy CR, Mainkar PS, Pal B, Chandrasekar S, Nagesh N. Phenyl 1,2,3-triazole-thymidine ligands stabilize G-quadruplex DNA, inhibit DNA synthesis and potentially reduce tumor cell proliferation over 3'-azido deoxythymidine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70798. [PMID: 23976957 PMCID: PMC3747139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Triazoles are known for their non-toxicity, higher stability and therapeutic activity. Few nucleoside (L1, L2 and L3) and non-nucleoside 1,2,3-triazoles (L4-L14) were synthesised using click chemistry and they were screened for tumor cell cytotoxicity and proliferation. Among these triazole ligands studied, nucleoside ligands exhibited higher potential than non-nucleoside ligands. The nucleoside triazole analogues, 3'-Phenyl-1,2,3- triazole-thymidine (L2) and 3'-4-Chlorophenyl-1,2,3-triazole-thymidine (L3), demonstrated higher cytotoxicity in tumor cells than in normal cells. The IC₅₀ value for L3 was lowest (50 µM) among the ligands studied. L3 terminated cell cycle at S, G2/M phases and enhanced sub-G1 populations, manifesting induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. Confocal studies indicated that nucleoside triazole ligands (L2/L3) cause higher DNA fragmentation than other ligands. Preclinical experiments with tumor-induced mice showed greater reduction in tumor size with L3. In vitro DNA synthesis reaction with L3 exhibited higher DNA synthesis inhibition with quadruplex forming DNA (QF DNA) than non quadruplex forming DNA (NQF DNA). T(m) of quadruplex DNA increased in the presence of L3, indicating its ability to enhance stability of quadruplex DNA at elevated temperature and the results indicate that it had higher affinity towards quadruplex DNA than the other forms of DNA (like dsDNA and ssDNA). From western blot experiment, it was noticed that telomerase expression levels in the tissues of tumor-induced mice were found to be reduced on L3 treatment. Microcalorimetry results emphasise that two nucleoside triazole ligands (L2/L3) interact with quadruplex DNA with significantly higher affinity (K(d)≈10⁻⁷ M). Interestingly the addition of an electronegative moiety to the phenyl group of L2 enhanced its anti-proliferative activity. Though IC₅₀ values are not significantly low with L3, the studies on series of synthetic 1,2,3-triazole ligands are useful for improving and building potential pro-apoptotic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunda Srinivas
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Mitta Kavitha
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - Biswajit Pal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Narayana Nagesh
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-4'-triazole cytidine nucleosides as potent antiviral agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:739-45. [PMID: 23570720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4'-[1,2,3]triazole-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosines (9-17) were prepared by Cu(I)-mediated [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions (CuAAC) of 1-(4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (1) with appropriate alkynes in good yields. Their structures were fully established by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, HRMS, and elemental analysis. Most of these nucleoside analogs exhibited potent anti-HIV-1 activity with no cytotoxicity observed at the highest tested concentration up to 25 μM. Among them, compounds 9, 10 and 13 exhibited extremely potent antiviral activity, thus had a great potential for further development as novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Besides, the anti-HBV activity of compounds 10, 11 and 17 had been investigated.
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Design, synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo biological studies of a 3'-deoxythymidine conjugate that potentially kills cancer cells selectively. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52199. [PMID: 23300611 PMCID: PMC3530607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymidine kinases (TKs) have been considered one of the potential targets for anticancer therapeutic because of their elevated expressions in cancer cells. However, nucleobase analogs targeting TKs have shown poor selective cytotoxicity in cancer cells despite effective antiviral activity. 3′-Deoxythymidine phenylquinoxaline conjugate (dT-QX) was designed as a novel nucleobase analog to target TKs in cancer cells and block cell replication via conjugated DNA intercalating quinoxaline moiety. In vitro cell screening showed that dT-QX selectively kills a variety of cancer cells including liver carcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma and brain glioma cells; whereas it had a low cytotoxicity in normal cells such as normal human liver cells. The anticancer activity of dT-QX was attributed to its selective inhibition of DNA synthesis resulting in extensive mitochondrial superoxide stress in cancer cells. We demonstrate that covalent linkage with 3′-deoxythymidine uniquely directed cytotoxic phenylquinoxaline moiety more toward cancer cells than normal cells. Preliminary mouse study with subcutaneous liver tumor model showed that dT-QX effectively inhibited the growth of tumors. dT-QX is the first molecule of its kind with highly amendable constituents that exhibits this selective cytotoxicity in cancer cells.
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Efthymiou T, Gong W, Desaulniers JP. Chemical architecture and applications of nucleic acid derivatives containing 1,2,3-triazole functionalities synthesized via click chemistry. Molecules 2012; 17:12665-703. [PMID: 23103533 PMCID: PMC6268694 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable attention directed at chemically modifying nucleic acids with robust functional groups in order to alter their properties. Since the breakthrough of copper-assisted azide-alkyne cycloadditions (CuAAC), there have been several reports describing the synthesis and properties of novel triazole-modified nucleic acid derivatives for potential downstream DNA- and RNA-based applications. This review will focus on highlighting representative novel nucleic acid molecular structures that have been synthesized via the “click” azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Many of these derivatives show compatibility for various applications that involve enzymatic transformation, nucleic acid hybridization, molecular tagging and purification, and gene silencing. The details of these applications are discussed. In conclusion, the future of nucleic acid analogues functionalized with triazoles is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Paul Desaulniers
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada
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15
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Abstract
The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is a highly effective method for the selective incorporation of deuterium atom into the C-5 position of the 1,2,3-triazole structure. Reactions of alkynes and azides can be conveniently carried out in a biphasic medium of CH(2)Cl(2)/D(2)O, using the CuSO(4)/Na ascorbate system. The mildness of the method renders it applicable to substrates of relatively high complexity, such as nucleosides. Good yields and high levels of deuterium incorporation were observed. A reaction conducted in equimolar H(2)O and D(2)O showed 2.7 times greater incorporation of hydrogen atom as compared to deuterium. This is consistent with the H(+) and D(+) ion concentrations in H(2)O and D(2)O, respectively. With appropriately deuterated precursors, partially to fully deuterated triazoles were assembled where the final deuterium atom was incorporated in the triazole-forming step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari K. Akula
- Department of Chemistry, The City College and The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031-9198
| | - Mahesh K. Lakshman
- Department of Chemistry, The City College and The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031-9198
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16
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Głowacka IE, Balzarini J, Wróblewski AE. Design, synthesis, antiviral, and cytotoxic evaluation of novel phosphonylated 1,2,3-triazoles as acyclic nucleotide analogues. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 31:293-318. [PMID: 22444192 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2012.662611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diethyl 2-azidoethyl-, 3-azidopropyl-, 2-azido-1-hydroxyethyl-, 3-azido-2-hydroxypropylphosphonates with selected N-propargyl nucleobases gave a series of the phosphonylated 1,2,3-triazole acyclonucleosides in which the phosphonate residue and nucleobases were linked by three- and four-carbon chains. Under standard conditions (TMSBr, ethanol), all synthesized O,O-diethylphosphonates were transformed into the respective phosphonic acids. All compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against a broad variety of DNA and RNA viruses. Unfortunately, no antiviral activity was observed at 100 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona E Głowacka
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.
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17
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Agalave SG, Maujan SR, Pore VS. Click Chemistry: 1,2,3-Triazoles as Pharmacophores. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2696-718. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 907] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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He XP, Deng Q, Gao LX, Li C, Zhang W, Zhou YB, Tang Y, Shi XX, Xie J, Li J, Chen GR, Chen K. Facile fabrication of promising protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor entities based on ‘clicked’ serine/threonine–monosaccharide hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3892-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Montagu A, Roy V, Balzarini J, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Agrofoglio LA. Synthesis of new C5-(1-substituted-1,2,3-triazol-4 or 5-yl)-2'-deoxyuridines and their antiviral evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 46:778-86. [PMID: 21232828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and antiviral evaluation of a series of C5-(1,4- and 1,5-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazolo)-nucleoside derivatives is described. The key steps of this synthesis are regioselective Huisgen's 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, using either copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) or ruthenium-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (RuAAC) under microwave activation. Some compounds among the 5a-l series possess activity against herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus and vaccinia virus. Their cytostatic activities were determined against murine leukemia cells, human T-lymphocyte cells and cervix carcinoma cells. Compounds were also evaluated on a wide panel of RNA viruses, including Vesicular stomatitis virus, influenza viruses type A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B in MDCK cell cultures, parainfluenza-3 virus, reovirus-1, Sindbis virus and Punta Toro virus in Vero cell cultures and Vesicular stomatitis, Coxsackie B4 and respiratory syncytial virus, with no specific antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Montagu
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR 6005, Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
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