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Mirzaei R, Shafiee S, Vafaei R, Salehi M, Jalili N, Nazerian Z, Muhammadnajad A, Yadegari F, Reza Esmailinejad M, Farahmand L. Production of novel recombinant anti-EpCAM antibody as targeted therapy for breast cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110656. [PMID: 37473710 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utilization of monoclonal antibodies (moAbs), an issue correlated with the biopharmaceutical professions, is developing and maturing. Coordinated with this conception, we produced the appealingly modeled anti-EpCAM scFv for breast cancer tumors. METHODS Afterward cloning and expression of recombinant antibody in Escherichia coli bacteria, the correctness of the desired antibody was checked by western blotting. Flow cytometry was utilized to determine the capacity of the recombinant antibody to append to the desired receptors in the malignant breast cancer (BC)cell line. The recombinant antibody (anti-EpCAM scFv) was examined for preclinical efficacy in reducing tumor growth, angiogenesis, and invasiveness (in vitro- in vivo). FINDINGS A target antibody-mediated attenuation of migration and invasion in the examined cancer cell lines was substantiated (P-value < 0.05). Grafted tumors from breast cancer in mice indicated significant and compelling suppression of tumor growth and decrement in blood supply in reaction to the recombinant anti-EpCAM intervention. Evaluations of immunohistochemical and histopathological findings revealed an enhanced response rate to the treatment. CONCLUSION The desired anti-EpCAM scFv can be a therapeutic tool to reduce invasion and proliferation in malignant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Mirzaei
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Shafiee
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rana Vafaei
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Salehi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Jalili
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Nazerian
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Muhammadnajad
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yadegari
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Esmailinejad
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Moriou C, Lacroix D, Petek S, El-Demerdash A, Trepos R, Leu TM, Florean C, Diederich M, Hellio C, Debitus C, Al-Mourabit A. Bioactive Bromotyrosine Derivatives from the Pacific Marine Sponge Suberea clavata (Pulitzer-Finali, 1982). Mar Drugs 2021; 19:143. [PMID: 33800819 PMCID: PMC7999702 DOI: 10.3390/md19030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the South-Pacific marine sponge Suberea clavata led to the isolation of eight new bromotyrosine metabolites named subereins 1-8 (2-9) along with twelve known co-isolated congeners. The detailed configuration determination of the first representative major compound of this family 11-epi-fistularin-3 (11R,17S) (1) is described. Their chemical characterization was achieved by HRMS and integrated 1D and 2D NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopic studies and extensive comparison with literature data. For the first time, a complete assignment of the absolute configurations for stereogenic centers C-11/17 of the known members (11R,17S) 11-epi-fistularin-3 (1) and 17-deoxyfistularin-3 (10) was determined by a combination of chemical modifications, Mosher's technology, and ECD spectroscopy. Consequently, the absolute configurations of all our new isolated compounds 2-9 were determined by the combination of NMR, Mosher's method, ECD comparison, and chemical modifications. Interestingly, compounds 2-7 were obtained by chemical transformation of the major compound 11-epi-fistularin-3 (1). Evaluation for acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE), DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) modulating activity and antifouling activities using marine bacterial strains are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Moriou
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.M.); (D.L.); (A.E.-D.)
| | - Damien Lacroix
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.M.); (D.L.); (A.E.-D.)
| | - Sylvain Petek
- IRD, CNRS, Ifremer, LEMAR, Univ Brest, F-29280 Plouzane, France; (R.T.); (C.H.); (C.D.)
| | - Amr El-Demerdash
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.M.); (D.L.); (A.E.-D.)
| | - Rozenn Trepos
- IRD, CNRS, Ifremer, LEMAR, Univ Brest, F-29280 Plouzane, France; (R.T.); (C.H.); (C.D.)
| | - Tinihauarii Mareva Leu
- IRD, Ifremer, ILM, EIO, Univ de la Polynésie française, F-98713 Papeete, French Polynesia;
| | - Cristina Florean
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Claire Hellio
- IRD, CNRS, Ifremer, LEMAR, Univ Brest, F-29280 Plouzane, France; (R.T.); (C.H.); (C.D.)
| | - Cécile Debitus
- IRD, CNRS, Ifremer, LEMAR, Univ Brest, F-29280 Plouzane, France; (R.T.); (C.H.); (C.D.)
| | - Ali Al-Mourabit
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (C.M.); (D.L.); (A.E.-D.)
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3
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Puratchikody A, Umamaheswari A, Irfan N, Sriram D. Molecular Dynamics Studies on COX-2 Protein-tyrosine Analogue Complex and Ligand-based Computational Analysis of Halo-substituted Tyrosine Analogues. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180627123445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The quest for new drug entities and novel structural fragments with
applications in therapeutic areas is always at the core of medicinal chemistry.
Methods:
As part of our efforts to develop novel selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors
containing tyrosine scaffold. The objective of this study was to identify potent COX-2 inhibitors by
dynamic simulation, pharmacophore and 3D-QSAR methodologies. Dynamics simulation was performed
for COX-2/tyrosine derivatives complex to characterise structure validation and binding
stability. Certainly, Arg120 and Tyr355 residue of COX-2 protein formed a constant interaction
with tyrosine inhibitor throughout the dynamic simulation phase. A four-point pharmacophore with
one hydrogen bond acceptor, two hydrophobic and one aromatic ring was developed using the
HypoGen algorithm. The generated, statistically significant pharmacophore model, Hypo 1 with a
correlation coefficient of r2, 0.941, root mean square deviation, 1.15 and total cost value of 96.85.
Results:
The QSAR results exhibited good internal (r2, 0.992) and external predictions (r2pred,
0.814). The results of this study concluded the COX-2 docked complex was stable and interactive
like experimental protein structure. Also, it offered vital chemical features with geometric constraints
responsible for the inhibition of the selective COX-2 enzyme by tyrosine derivatives.
Conclusion:
In principle, this work offers significant structural understandings to design and develop
novel COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayarivan Puratchikody
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Appavoo Umamaheswari
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Navabshan Irfan
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Pharmacy Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 560078, India
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4
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Gao Z, Ovchinnikova OG, Huang BS, Liu F, Williams DE, Andersen RJ, Lowary TL, Whitfield C, Withers SG. High-Throughput “FP-Tag” Assay for the Identification of Glycosyltransferase Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2201-2204. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhizeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Olga G. Ovchinnikova
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bo-Shun Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - David E. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Raymond J. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Department of Chemistry and Alberta Glycomics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Chris Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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5
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Puratchikody A, Umamaheswari A, Irfan N, Sinha S, Manju SL, Ramanan M, Ramamoorthy G, Doble M. A novel class of tyrosine derivatives as dual 5-LOX and COX-2/mPGES1 inhibitors with PGE2 mediated anticancer properties. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04385j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene and prostaglandin pathways are controlled by the enzymes, LOX and COX/mPGES1 respectively and are responsible for inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayarivan Puratchikody
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Bharathidasan Institute of Technology
- Anna University
- Tiruchirappalli
| | - Appavoo Umamaheswari
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Bharathidasan Institute of Technology
- Anna University
- Tiruchirappalli
| | - Navabshan Irfan
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Bharathidasan Institute of Technology
- Anna University
- Tiruchirappalli
| | - Shweta Sinha
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Madras
| | - S. L. Manju
- Department of Chemistry
- Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore
- India
| | - Meera Ramanan
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Madras
| | - Gayathri Ramamoorthy
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Madras
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Bioengineering and Drug Design Lab
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Madras
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Presser A, Lainer G, Kretschmer N, Schuehly W, Saf R, Kaiser M, Kalt MM. Synthesis of Jacaranone-Derived Nitrogenous Cyclohexadienones and Their Antiproliferative and Antiprotozoal Activities. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112902. [PMID: 30405045 PMCID: PMC6278284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic and antiprotozoal activities of the phytoquinoide, jacaranone, and related compounds have been an ongoing topic in recent drug discovery. Starting from the natural product-derived cyclohexadienone scaffold, a series of nitrogen-containing derivatives were synthesized and subsequently evaluated for their antiproliferative and antiprotozoal activity. Anticancer potency was analyzed using different types of cancer cell lines: MDA-MB-231 breast cancer, CCRF-CEM leukemia, HCT-116 colon cancer, U251 glioblastoma, and, in addition, non-tumorigenic MRC-5 lung fibroblasts. Antiproliferative activities at micromolar concentrations could be shown. Antiprotozoal activity was assessed against Plasmodium falciparum NF54 and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense STIB900. For all compounds, selectivity indices (SI) were calculated based on assessed cytotoxicity towards L6 cells. In addition, the structure-activity-relationships and physicochemical parameters of these compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Presser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Gunda Lainer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Nadine Kretschmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Schuehly
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Robert Saf
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Marc-Manuel Kalt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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7
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Bechmann N, Ehrlich H, Eisenhofer G, Ehrlich A, Meschke S, Ziegler CG, Bornstein SR. Anti-Tumorigenic and Anti-Metastatic Activity of the Sponge-Derived Marine Drugs Aeroplysinin-1 and Isofistularin-3 against Pheochromocytoma In Vitro. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E172. [PMID: 29783778 PMCID: PMC5983303 DOI: 10.3390/md16050172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 10% of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) patients have malignant disease at their first presentation in the clinic. Development of malignancy and the underlying molecular pathways in PPGLs are poorly understood and efficient treatment strategies are missing. Marine sponges provide a natural source of promising anti-tumorigenic and anti-metastatic agents. We evaluate the anti-tumorigenic and anti-metastatic potential of Aeroplysinin-1 and Isofistularin-3, two secondary metabolites isolated from the marine sponge Aplysina aerophoba, on pheochromocytoma cells. Aeroplysinin-1 diminished the number of proliferating cells and reduced spheroid growth significantly. Beside these anti-tumorigenic activity, Aeroplysinin-1 decreased the migration ability of the cells significantly (p = 0.01), whereas, the invasion capacity was not affected. Aeroplysinin-1 diminished the high adhesion capacity of the MTT cells to collagen (p < 0.001) and, furthermore, reduced the ability to form spheroids significantly. Western Blot and qRT-PCR analysis showed a downregulation of integrin β1 that might explain the lower adhesion and migration capacity after Aeroplysinin-1 treatment. Isofistularin-3 showed only a negligible influence on proliferative and pro-metastatic cell properties. These in vitro investigations show promise for the application of the sponge-derived marine drug, Aeroplysinin-1 as anti-tumorigenic and anti-metastatic agent against PPGLs for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger 23, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Andre Ehrlich
- BromMarin GmbH, Wernerstraße 1, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | | | - Christian G Ziegler
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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8
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Chen CL, Kao YC, Yang PH, Sung PJ, Wen ZH, Chen JJ, Huang YB, Chen PY. A Small Dibromotyrosine Derivative Purified From Pseudoceratina Sp. Suppresses TGF-β Responsiveness by Inhibiting TGF-β Type I Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinase Activity. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2800-2814. [PMID: 27153151 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For clinical application, there is a great need for small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs) that could control pathogenic effects of transforming growth factor (TGF-β) and/or modulate effects of TGF-β in normal responses. Selective SMIs of the TGF-β signaling pathway developed for therapeutics will also be powerful tools in experimentally dissecting this complex pathway, especially its cross-talk with other signaling pathways. In this study, we characterized (1'R,5'S,6'S)-2-(3',5'-dibromo-1',6'-dihydroxy-4'-oxocyclohex-2'-enyl) acetonitrile (DT), a member of a new class of small-molecule inhibitors related to bromotyrosine derivate from Pseudoceratina sp., which inhibits the TGF-β type I receptor serine/threonine kinase known as activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) 5. The inhibitory effects of DT on TGF-β-induced Smad signaling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were investigated in epithelial cells using in vitro kinase assay, luciferase reporter assays, immunoblotting, confocal microscopy, and wound healing assays. The novel ALK5 inhibitor, DT, inhibited the TGF-β-stimulated transcriptional activations of 3TP-Lux. In addition, DT decreased phosphorylated Smad2/3 levels and the nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 increased by TGF-β. In addition, DT inhibited TGF-β-induced EMT and wound healing of A549 cells. Our results suggest that DT is a potential therapeutic agent for fibrotic disease and cancer treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2800-2814, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC. .,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yu-Chen Kao
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Hua Yang
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, ROC.,National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung 907, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yaw-Bin Huang
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Yu Chen
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
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9
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Sallam AA, Mohyeldin MM, Foudah AI, Akl MR, Nazzal S, Meyer SA, Liu YY, El Sayed KA. Marine natural products-inspired phenylmethylene hydantoins with potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities via suppression of Brk and FAK signaling. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:5295-303. [PMID: 24927150 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00553h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide with devastating statistics for the metastatic, chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-resistant phenotypes. Novel therapies interfering with new and/or multiple pathways involved in the pathology of cancer are urgently needed. Preliminary results showed that the marine natural product Z-4-hydroxyphenylmethylene hydantoin (PMH, ) and its 4-ethylthio-analog (SEth, ) promoted tight junction formation and showed anti-invasive and anti-migratory activities in vitro against metastatic prostate cancer cells and inhibited tumor growth and micrometastases in distant organs in orthotopic and transgenic mice models. This study focuses on the design and synthesis of second-generation PMHs with enhanced antitumor activities. A series of substituted benzaldehydes was selected based on earlier SAR studies and reacted with hydantoin to yield 11 new compounds . Compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative, antimigratory and anti-invasive properties in vitro against the human mammary and prostate cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and PC-3, respectively. A Western blot analysis of the most active analog showed its ability to suppress the expression of the total levels of c-Met and FAK, with subsequent reduction of their phosphorylated (activated) levels in MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, also inhibited Brk, paxillin and Rac1 phosphorylation. was formulated using hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) to improve its solubility and was further evaluated in a nude mice xenograft model using MDA-MB-231/GFP cells. PMH reduced breast tumor growth and suppressed Ki-67, CD31, p-Brk and p-FAK expression in tumor samples. Thus, is a potential lead for the control of invasive breast malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A Sallam
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, USA.
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10
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Zhang ZY, Bi CF, Fan YH, Yan XC, Zhang X, Zhang PF, Huang GM. Synthesis, crystal structures, luminescent properties, theoretical calculation, and DNA interaction of the cadmium(II) and lead(II) complexes with o-aminobenzoic acid and 1,10-phenanthroline. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328415030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Niemann H, Marmann A, Lin W, Proksch P. Sponge Derived Bromotyrosines: Structural Diversity through Natural Combinatorial Chemistry. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponge derived bromotyrosines are a multifaceted class of marine bioactive compounds that are important for the chemical defense of sponges but also for drug discovery programs as well as for technical applications in the field of antifouling constituents. These compounds, which are mainly accumulated by Verongid sponges, exhibit a diverse range of bioactivities including antibiotic, cytotoxic and antifouling effects. In spite of the simple biogenetic building blocks, which consist only of brominated tyrosine and tyramine units, an impressive diversity of different compounds is obtained through different linkages between these precursors and through structural modifications of the side chains and/or aromatic rings resembling strategies that are known from combinatorial chemistry. As examples for bioactive, structurally divergent bromotyrosines psammaplin A, Aplysina alkaloids featuring aerothionin, aeroplysinin-1 and the dienone, and the bastadins, including the synthetically derived hemibastadin congeners, have been selected for this review. Whereas all of these natural products are believed to be involved in the chemical defense of sponges, some of them may also be of particular relevance to drug discovery due to their interaction with specific molecular targets in eukaryotic cells. These targets involve important enzymes and receptors, such as histone deacetylases (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), which are inhibited by psammaplin A, as well as ryanodine receptors that are targeted by bastadine type compounds. The hemibastadins such as the synthetically derived dibromohemibastadin are of particular interest due to their antifouling activity. For the latter, a phenoloxidase which catalyzes the bioglue formation needed for firm attachment of fouling organisms to a given substrate was identified as a molecular target. The Aplysina alkaloids finally provide a vivid example for dynamic wound induced bioconversions of natural products that generate highly efficient chemical weapons precisely when and where needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Niemann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Marmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing100191, China
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Soares AS, Costa VM, Diniz C, Fresco P. The combination of Cl-IB-MECA with paclitaxel: a new anti-metastatic therapeutic strategy for melanoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 74:847-60. [PMID: 25119183 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastatic melanoma is considered one of the most aggressive malignant tumours, representing the deadliest form of skin cancer. Melanoma progression is associated with the abrogation of normal controls that limit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, eventually leading to metastasis. Based on the variety of cellular mechanisms involved in metastatic progression, we aimed to evaluate the effect of inosine (50 μM) and of the combination of Cl-IB-MECA (10 μM) with paclitaxel (10 ng/mL) on several stages of melanoma progression. METHODS Proliferation, migration, adhesion, invasion, and colony formation assays were performed on human C32 and A375 metastatic melanoma cells. Levels of ERK1/2 were also determined using an ELISA kit. Moreover, mouse aortic rings were treated with vascular endothelial growth factor in order to assess the microvessel sprouting (an indicator of angiogenesis) in the presence of the referred compounds. RESULTS We demonstrate that inosine induced, through A3 adenosine receptor activation, proliferation, migration, adhesion, and invasion on C32 and A375 melanoma cells, although with dissimilar importance on the two melanoma cell lines. Inosine also increased colony formation on A375 cells. Levels of ERK1/2 were increased after inosine exposure and that increase was dependent on A3 adenosine receptor activation in both cell lines. Moreover, microvessel sprouting stimulated by inosine was decreased by the combination of Cl-IB-MECA with paclitaxel. CONCLUSIONS Cl-IB-MECA combined with paclitaxel was able to impair almost all of the referred metastatic related mechanisms induced by inosine, making this approach a valuable tool for combinatory therapy against metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Soares
- REQUIMTE/Laboratório de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciências do Medicamento, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Metcalf R, Scott LM, Daniel KG, Dou QP. Proteasome inhibitor patents (2010 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:369-82. [PMID: 24450483 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.877444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over the past 3 years, numerous patents and patent applications have been submitted and published involving compounds designed to inhibit the proteasome. Proteasome inhibition has been of great interest in cancer research since disruption of proteolysis leads to a significant buildup of cytotoxic proteins and activation of apoptotic pathways, particularly in rapidly proliferating cells. The current standards in proteasome inhibition are the only FDA-approved inhibitors, bortezomib and carfilzomib. Although these drugs are quite effective in treating multiple myeloma and other blood tumors, there are shortcomings, including toxicities and resistance. Most of the current patents attempt to improve on existing compounds, by increasing bioavailability and selectivity, while attempting to reduce toxicity. A general categorization of similar compounds was employed to evaluate and compare drug design strategies. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on novel compounds and subsequent analogs developed for proteasome inhibition, used in preventing and treating human cancers. A comprehensive description and categorization of patents related to each type of compound and its derivatives, as well as their uses and efficacies as anticancer agents is included. A review of combination therapy patents has also been included. EXPERT OPINION Although there are many diverse chemical scaffolds being published, there are few patented proteasome inhibitors whose method of inhibition is genuinely novel. Most patents utilize a destructive chemical warhead to attack the catalytic threonine residue of the proteasome active sites. Few patents try to depart from this, emphasizing the need for developing new mechanisms of action and specific targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Metcalf
- Moffitt Cancer Center, Chemical Biology Core , 12902 Magnolia Dr SRB3, Tampa, FL 33612 , USA
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Sallam AA, Ayoub NM, Foudah AI, Gissendanner CR, Meyer SA, El Sayed KA. Indole diterpene alkaloids as novel inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in breast cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:594-606. [PMID: 24211635 PMCID: PMC3884952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Penitrems are indole diterpene alkaloids best known for their BK channel inhibition and tremorgenic effects in mammals. In a previous study, penitrems A-F (1-5), their biosynthetic precursors, paspaline (6) and emindole SB (7), and two brominated penitrem analogs 8 and 9 demonstrated promising in vitro antiproliferative, antimigratory, and anti-invasive effects in the MTT (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), wound-healing, and Cultrex BME cell invasion (MDA-MB-231) assays, respectively. The study herein reports the novel ability of penitrem A to suppress total β-catenin levels in MDA-MB-231 mammary cancer cells. Nine new penitrem analogs (10-18) were semisynthetically prepared, in an attempt to identify pharmacophores correlated with BK channel inhibition and tremorgenicity of penitrems and decrease their toxicity. The degree of BK channel inhibition was assessed using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and in vivo tremorgenic EC₅₀ was calculated using CD-1 male mice following an Up-and-Down Procedure (UDP). Although new analogs were generally less active than parent compound 1, some showed no BK channel inhibition or tremorgenicity and retained the ability of penitrem A (1) to suppress total β-catenin levels in MDA-MB-231 cells. Paspaline (6) and emindole SB (7), both lacking BK channel inhibition and tremorgenicity, represent the simplest indole diterpene skeleton that retains the antiproliferative, antimigratory and total β-catenin suppressing effects shown by the more complex penitrem A (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A. Sallam
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
| | - Nehad M. Ayoub
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmed I. Foudah
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
| | - Chris R. Gissendanner
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
| | - Sharon A. Meyer
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
| | - Khalid A. El Sayed
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
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Su JH, Chen YC, El-Shazly M, Du YC, Su CW, Tsao CW, Liu LL, Chou Y, Chang WB, Su YD, Chiang MY, Yeh YT, Lu MC. Towards the small and the beautiful: a small dibromotyrosine derivative from Pseudoceratina sp. sponge exhibits potent apoptotic effect through targeting IKK/NFκB signaling pathway. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3168-85. [PMID: 24065159 PMCID: PMC3801119 DOI: 10.3390/md11093168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A dibromotyrosine derivative, (1'R,5'S,6'S)-2-(3',5'-dibromo-1',6'-dihydroxy-4'-oxocyclohex-2'-enyl) acetonitrile (DT), was isolated from the sponge Pseudoceratina sp., and was found to exhibit a significant cytotoxic activity against leukemia K562 cells. Despite the large number of the isolated bromotyrosine derivatives, studies focusing on their biological mechanism of action are scarce. In the current study we designed a set of experiments to reveal the underlying mechanism of DT cytotoxic activity against K562 cells. First, the results of MTT cytotoxic and the annexin V-FITC/PI apoptotic assays, indicated that the DT cytotoxic activity is mediated through induction of apoptosis. This effect was also supported by caspases-3 and -9 activation as well as PARP cleavage. DT induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as indicated by flow cytometric assay. The involvement of ROS generation in the apoptotic activity of DT was further corroborated by the pretreatment of K562 cells with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, which prevented apoptosis and the disruption of MMP induced by DT. Results of cell-free system assay suggested that DT can act as a topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitor, unlike the clinical anticancer drug, etoposide, which acts as a topoisomerase poison. Additionally, we found that DT treatment can block IKK/NFκB pathway and activate PI3K/Akt pathway. These findings suggest that the cytotoxic effect of DT is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction-dependent apoptosis which is mediated through oxidative stress. Therefore, DT represents an interesting reference point for the development of new cytotoxic agent targeting IKK/NFκB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-H.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (C.-W.T.); (W.-B.C.); (Y.-D.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-H.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (C.-W.T.); (W.-B.C.); (Y.-D.S.)
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (M.E.-S.); (Y.-C.D.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ying-Chi Du
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; E-Mails: (M.E.-S.); (Y.-C.D.)
| | - Chiang-Wen Su
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chia-Wei Tsao
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-H.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (C.-W.T.); (W.-B.C.); (Y.-D.S.)
| | - Li-Lian Liu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-L.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yalan Chou
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-L.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wen-Been Chang
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-H.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (C.-W.T.); (W.-B.C.); (Y.-D.S.)
| | - Yin-Di Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-H.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (C.-W.T.); (W.-B.C.); (Y.-D.S.)
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources and Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Michael Y. Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Yao-Tsung Yeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 831, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Mei-Chin Lu
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-H.S.); (Y.-C.C.); (C.-W.T.); (W.-B.C.); (Y.-D.S.)
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-888-250-37; Fax: +886-888-250-87
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Pal S, Mishra M, Sudhakar DR, Siddiqui MH. In-silico designing of a potent analogue against HIV-1 Nef protein and protease by predicting its interaction network with host cell proteins. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2013; 5:66-73. [PMID: 23559827 PMCID: PMC3612342 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.106572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV-1 has numerous proteins encoded within its genome, which acquaints it with the required arsenal to establish a favorable host cell environment suitable for viral replication and pathogenesis. Among these proteins, one protein that is indispensable and ambiguous is the Nef protein. Aim: Interaction of Nef protein with different host-cell protein was predicted and subsequently the down regulation of cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) was targeted through designing of inhibitors of Nef protein for either preventing or if not at least delaying pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: The interaction network of Nef protein with host-cell proteins were predicted by PIMRider. Analogue of Lopinavir were prepared and evaluated considering all factors affecting the drug stability and toxicity. Finally Docking simulation were performed using an Auto-Dock Tool 4.0. Results: In the interaction network of Nef protein with different host-cell proteins it was found out that 22 host cell proteins are involved in the interaction and execution of different types of functions in host cell but these functions are altered with the interaction with the Nef protein. After extensive and controlled in silico analysis it has been observed that the analogue LOPI1 binds to Nef protein (2NEF) at CD4 interacting site residues giving minimum binding energy of –7.68 Kcal/mole, low Ki value of 2.34 μM, maximum number of hydrogen bonds (8), good absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties, and less toxicity in comparison with the standard Lopinavir against HIV1 protease (1HPV). Conclusion: The newly designed analogue (LOPI1) is showing significant in silico interaction with Nef protein and protease and can be taken forward as a potent drug lead, which may finally emerge out to be even better than the standard Lopinavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Pal
- Department of Bioinformatics, UIET, CSJM University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Pevzner Y, Metcalf R, Kantor M, Sagaro D, Daniel K. Recent advances in proteasome inhibitor discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:537-68. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.780020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wang YQ, Miao ZH. Marine-derived angiogenesis inhibitors for cancer therapy. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:903-33. [PMID: 23502698 PMCID: PMC3705379 DOI: 10.3390/md11030903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibitors have been successfully used for cancer therapy in the clinic. Many marine-derived natural products and their analogues have been reported to show antiangiogenic activities. Compared with the drugs in the clinic, these agents display interesting characteristics, including diverse sources, unique chemical structures, special modes of action, and distinct activity and toxicity profiles. This review will first provide an overview of the current marine-derived angiogenesis inhibitors based on their primary targets and/or mechanisms of action. Then, the marine-derived antiangiogenic protein kinase inhibitors will be focused on. And finally, the clinical trials of the marine-derived antiangiogenic agents will be discussed, with special emphasis on their application potentials, problems and possible coping strategies in their future development as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qing Wang
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Structure–activity relationship investigation of methoxy substitution on anticancer pyrimido[4,5-c]quinolin-1(2H)-ones. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gold from the sea: marine compounds as inhibitors of the hallmarks of cancer. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:531-47. [PMID: 21371549 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most deadly diseases in the world. Although advances in the field of chemo-preventive and therapeutic medicine have been made regularly over the last ten years, the search for novel anticancer treatments continues. In this field, the marine environment, with its rich variety of organisms, is a largely untapped source of novel compounds with potent antitumor activity. Although many reviews of marine anticancer compounds have been published, we focus here on selected marine compounds that act on the six hallmarks of cancer presented namely self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replication, sustained angiogenesis and tissue invasion and metastasis.
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