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Jung HR, Jo S, Jeon MJ, Lee H, Chu Y, Lee J, Kim E, Song GY, Jung C, Kim H, Lee S. Development of Small-Molecule STING Activators for Cancer Immunotherapy. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010033. [PMID: 35052713 PMCID: PMC8773171 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer immunotherapy, the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is an attractive target for switching the tumor immunophenotype from ‘cold’ to ‘hot’ through the activation of the type I interferon response. To develop a new chemical entity for STING activator to improve cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP)-induced innate immune response, we identified KAS-08 via the structural modification of DW2282, which was previously reported as an anti-cancer agent with an unknown mechanism. Further investigation revealed that direct STING binding or the enhanced phosphorylation of STING and downstream effectors were responsible for DW2282-or KAS-08-mediated STING activity. Furthermore, KAS-08 was validated as an effective STING pathway activator in vitro and in vivo. The synergistic effect of cGAMP-mediated immunity and efficient anti-cancer effects successfully demonstrated the therapeutic potential of KAS-08 for combination therapy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Ra Jung
- Creative Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (H.R.J.); (H.L.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Seongman Jo
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (S.J.); (M.J.J.)
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Min Jae Jeon
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (S.J.); (M.J.J.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hyelim Lee
- Creative Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (H.R.J.); (H.L.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Yeonjeong Chu
- Creative Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (H.R.J.); (H.L.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Jeehee Lee
- Creative Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (H.R.J.); (H.L.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of HY-KIST Bio-Convergence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Eunha Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Gyu Yong Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Cheulhee Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (S.J.); (M.J.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Creative Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea; (H.R.J.); (H.L.); (Y.C.); (J.L.)
- Department of HY-KIST Bio-Convergence, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.L.)
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Juárez-Mercado KE, Prieto-Martínez FD, Sánchez-Cruz N, Peña-Castillo A, Prada-Gracia D, Medina-Franco JL. Expanding the Structural Diversity of DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 14:ph14010017. [PMID: 33375520 PMCID: PMC7824300 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are attractive compounds for epigenetic drug discovery. They are also chemical tools to understand the biochemistry of epigenetic processes. Herein, we report five distinct inhibitors of DNMT1 characterized in enzymatic inhibition assays that did not show activity with DNMT3B. It was concluded that the dietary component theaflavin is an inhibitor of DNMT1. Two additional novel inhibitors of DNMT1 are the approved drugs glyburide and panobinostat. The DNMT1 enzymatic inhibitory activity of panobinostat, a known pan inhibitor of histone deacetylases, agrees with experimental reports of its ability to reduce DNMT1 activity in liver cancer cell lines. Molecular docking of the active compounds with DNMT1, and re-scoring with the recently developed extended connectivity interaction features approach, led to an excellent agreement between the experimental IC50 values and docking scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Eurídice Juárez-Mercado
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (K.E.J.-M.); (F.D.P.-M.); (N.S.-C.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Fernando D. Prieto-Martínez
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (K.E.J.-M.); (F.D.P.-M.); (N.S.-C.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Norberto Sánchez-Cruz
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (K.E.J.-M.); (F.D.P.-M.); (N.S.-C.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Andrea Peña-Castillo
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (K.E.J.-M.); (F.D.P.-M.); (N.S.-C.); (A.P.-C.)
| | - Diego Prada-Gracia
- Research Unit on Computational Biology and Drug Design, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - José L. Medina-Franco
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (K.E.J.-M.); (F.D.P.-M.); (N.S.-C.); (A.P.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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Use of metformin and risk of kidney cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Cancer 2015; 52:19-25. [PMID: 26630530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anticancer effect of metformin has been reported in the literature but requires additional confirmation in epidemiologic studies. With respect to kidney cancer scarce data are available. This study investigates whether metformin use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) might affect kidney cancer risk. METHODS The reimbursement database of the National Health Insurance in Taiwan was used. T2DM patients aged ≥ 40 years and newly treated with either metformin (n=171,753, "ever users of metformin") or other antidiabetic drugs (n=75,499, "never users of metformin") within 1998-2002 were followed for at least 6 months for kidney cancer until 31 December 2009. The treatment effect was estimated by Cox regression using propensity score weighting by inverse probability of treatment weighting approach. Hazard ratios were estimated for ever versus never users, and for tertiles of cumulative duration of metformin therapy. RESULTS During follow-up, 917 ever users and 824 never users developed kidney cancer, with respective incidence of 80.09 and 190.30 per 100,000 person-years. The hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) for ever versus never users is 0.279 (0.254-0.307); and is 0.598 (0.535-0.668), 0.279 (0.243-0.321) and 0.104 (0.088-0.124), respectively, for the first, second, and third tertile of cumulative duration of <14.5, 14.5-45.8 and >45.8 months. In subgroup analyses, the lower risk of kidney cancer associated with metformin use is consistently observed in both sexes, and in patients with or without concomitant use of other antidiabetic drugs. CONCLUSION Metformin use is associated with a decreased risk of kidney cancer in patients with T2DM.
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Göbel R, Stoltenberg M, Krehl S, Biolley C, Rothe R, Schmidt B, Hesemann P, Taubert A. A Modular Approach towards Mesoporous Silica Monoliths with Organically Modified Pore Walls: Nucleophilic Addition, Olefin Metathesis, and Cycloaddition. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Göbel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl‐Liebknecht‐Strasse 24–25, Building 25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, www.taubert‐lab.net
| | - Marcus Stoltenberg
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl‐Liebknecht‐Strasse 24–25, Building 25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, www.taubert‐lab.net
| | - Stefan Krehl
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl‐Liebknecht‐Strasse 24–25, Building 25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, www.taubert‐lab.net
| | - Christine Biolley
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS‐UMontpellier‐ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Regina Rothe
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmidt
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl‐Liebknecht‐Strasse 24–25, Building 25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, www.taubert‐lab.net
| | - Peter Hesemann
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253 CNRS‐UMontpellier‐ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Andreas Taubert
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl‐Liebknecht‐Strasse 24–25, Building 25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany, www.taubert‐lab.net
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Chen W, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Feng J, Ling Y. N‑acetyl-S-(p-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)cysteine induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and suppresses migration in melanoma cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2547-56. [PMID: 26351874 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that N-acetyl-S-(p-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)cysteine (NACC) induces apoptosis in human melanoma UACC-62 cells. In the present study, the molecular mechanism of NACC‑induced apoptosis in melanoma cells was investigated. Briefly, the apoptosis triggered by NACC was confirmed in UACC‑62 cells for shorter treatment periods. Increased activities of caspase‑3 and caspase‑9 but not caspase‑8 were observed in the cell lysates. Western blotting showed that the pro‑apoptotic protein Bax was upregulated and the anti‑apoptotic protein Mcl‑1 was downregulated and cytochrome c (Cyto c) was released into the cytosol. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that NACC induced significant mitochondrial membrane potential disruption. Significant increases in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytosolic calcium elevation were also observed. However, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore which could be involved in Cyto c leakage from mitochondria was found to be unaffected by NACC. Taken together, all the results presented in this study including apoptotic induction, activation of the caspase‑3 and ‑9 cascade, upregulation of Bax, downregulation of Mcl‑1, Cyto c release from the mitochondria, mitochondrial membrane potential depletion, ROS production and cytosolic calcium elevation demonstrated that NACC triggered apoptosis in the UACC‑62 cells via the mitochondrial‑dependent pathway. Melanoma is well‑known as an aggressive and highly metastatic disease. In this study, we also investigated the effects of NACC on the migration of UACC‑62 cells using the xCELLigence system. The results revealed that in vitro NACC is capable of inhibiting the migration of melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Jiang
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- ACEA Bio Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Yutian Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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Chen W, Jiang Z, Lin N, Zheng Z, Chen Z, Zhang X, Guan X. Evaluation of N-acetyl-S-(p-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)cysteine as an irreversible inhibitor of mammalian thioredoxin reductase1. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:229-35. [PMID: 25778746 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1016512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is up-regulated in a number of human malignant cells and becomes a promising target for anticancer drug development. OBJECTIVE To evaluate N-acetyl-S-(p-chlorophenylcarbamoyl)cysteine (NACC), a potent anticancer agent against melanoma, as an inhibitor of mammalian TrxR1. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mechanism of inhibition against TrxR1 was investigated using substrate protection, dialysis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS NACC inhibits TrxR1 in a time and concentration dependent manner. The K(I) and k(inact) of NACC against TrxR1 were determined to be 80 μM and 0.178 min(-1), respectively. The inhibition occurred only in the presence of NADPH and persisted after extensive dialysis. The tandem mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated that the selenocysteine rather than cysteine residue at the active site was p-chlorophenyl carbamoylated by NACC. Inhibition of intracellular TrxR by NACC in cultured melanoma cells was observed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION NACC which irreversibly inhibits TrxR1 by forming a covalent bond with selenocysteine can be an effective tool in the study of TrxR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- a Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China .,b Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus) , Zhejiang Cancer Hospital , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Zhiming Jiang
- a Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China .,b Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus) , Zhejiang Cancer Hospital , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Nengming Lin
- c Institute for Individualized Medicine, Hangzhou First People's Hospital , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Zhiguo Zheng
- a Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China .,b Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology (Lung and Esophagus) , Zhejiang Cancer Hospital , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- a Zhejiang Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Zhejiang Cancer Center , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- d ACEA Bio Co., Ltd. , Hangzhou , Zhejiang Province , China , and
| | - Xiangming Guan
- e Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South Dakota State University , Brookings , SD , USA
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Ramsay EE, Dilda PJ. Glutathione S-conjugates as prodrugs to target drug-resistant tumors. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:181. [PMID: 25157234 PMCID: PMC4127970 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Living organisms are continuously exposed to xenobiotics. The major phase of enzymatic detoxification in many species is the conjugation of activated xenobiotics to reduced glutathione (GSH) catalyzed by the glutathione-S-transferase (GST). It has been reported that some compounds, once transformed into glutathione S-conjugates, enter the mercapturic acid pathway whose end products are highly reactive and toxic for the cell responsible for their production. The cytotoxicity of these GSH conjugates depends essentially on GST and gamma-glutamyl transferases (γGT), the enzymes which initiate the mercapturic acid synthesis pathway. Numerous studies support the view that the expression of GST and γGT in cancer cells represents an important factor in the appearance of a more aggressive and resistant phenotype. High levels of tumor GST and γGT expression were employed to selectively target tumor with GST- or γGT-activated drugs. This strategy, explored over the last two decades, has recently been successful using GST-activated nitrogen mustard (TLK286) and γGT-activated arsenic-based (GSAO and Darinaparsin) prodrugs confirming the potential of GSH-conjugates as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Ramsay
- Tumour Metabolism Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pierre J Dilda
- Tumour Metabolism Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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