1
|
Luo ML, Zhao Q, He XH, Xie X, Zhu HP, You FM, Peng C, Zhan G, Huang W. Research progress of indole-fused derivatives as allosteric modulators: Opportunities for drug development. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114574. [PMID: 36996677 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation is a direct and effective method for regulating the function of biological macromolecules, which play vital roles in various cellular activities. Unlike orthosteric modulators, allosteric modulators bind to sites distant from the protein's orthosteric/active site and can have specific effects on the protein's function or activity without competing with endogenous ligands. Compared to traditional orthosteric modulators, allosteric modulators offer several advantages, including reduced side effects, greater specificity, and lower toxicity, making them a promising strategy for developing novel drugs. Indole-fused architectures are widely distributed in natural products and bioactive drug leads, displaying diverse biological activities that attract the interest of both chemists and biologists in drug discovery. Currently, an increasing number of indole-fused compounds have exhibited potent activities in allosteric modulation. In this review, we provide a brief summary of examples of allosteric modulators based on the indole-fused complex architecture, highlighting the strategies for drug design/discovery and the structure-activity relationships of allosteric modulators from the perspective of medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
|
2
|
The Detrimental Action of Adenosine on Glutamate-Induced Cytotoxicity in PC12 Cells Can Be Shifted towards a Neuroprotective Role through A 1AR Positive Allosteric Modulation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051242. [PMID: 32443448 PMCID: PMC7290574 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate cytotoxicity is implicated in neuronal death in different neurological disorders including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. Adenosine is a nucleoside that plays an important role in modulating neuronal activity and its receptors have been identified as promising therapeutic targets for glutamate cytotoxicity. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the role of adenosine and its receptors on glutamate-induced injury in PC12 cells and to verify the protective effect of the novel A1 adenosine receptor positive allosteric modulator, TRR469. Flow cytometry experiments to detect apoptosis revealed that adenosine has a dual role in glutamate cytotoxicity, with A2A and A2B adenosine receptor (AR) activation exacerbating and A1 AR activation improving glutamate-induced cell injury. The overall effect of endogenous adenosine in PC12 cells resulted in a facilitating action on glutamate cytotoxicity, as demonstrated by the use of adenosine deaminase and selective antagonists. However, enhancing the action of endogenous adenosine on A1ARs by TRR469 completely abrogated glutamate-mediated cell death, caspase 3/7 activation, ROS production, and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. Our results indicate a novel potential therapeutic strategy against glutamate cytotoxicity based on the positive allosteric modulation of A1ARs.
Collapse
|
3
|
Borys KM, Matuszewska A, Wieczorek D, Kopczyńska K, Lipok J, Madura ID, Adamczyk-Woźniak A. Synthesis and structural elucidation of novel antifungal N-(fluorophenyl)piperazinyl benzoxaboroles and their analogues. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
4
|
Wold EA, Chen J, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Allosteric Modulation of Class A GPCRs: Targets, Agents, and Emerging Concepts. J Med Chem 2019; 62:88-127. [PMID: 30106578 PMCID: PMC6556150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been tractable drug targets for decades with over one-third of currently marketed drugs targeting GPCRs. Of these, the class A GPCR superfamily is highly represented, and continued drug discovery for this family of receptors may provide novel therapeutics for a vast range of diseases. GPCR allosteric modulation is an innovative targeting approach that broadens the available small molecule toolbox and is proving to be a viable drug discovery strategy, as evidenced by recent FDA approvals and clinical trials. Numerous class A GPCR allosteric modulators have been discovered recently, and emerging trends such as the availability of GPCR crystal structures, diverse functional assays, and structure-based computational approaches are improving optimization and development. This Perspective provides an update on allosterically targeted class A GPCRs and their disease indications and the medicinal chemistry approaches toward novel allosteric modulators and highlights emerging trends and opportunities in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Wold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
2-Aminothiophene scaffolds: Diverse biological and pharmacological attributes in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:465-493. [PMID: 28987607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminothiophenes are important five-membered heterocyclic building blocks in organic synthesis, and the chemistry of these small molecules is still developing based on the discovery of cyclization by Gewald. Another attractive feature of 2-aminothiophene scaffolds is their ability to act as synthons for the synthesis of biological active thiophene-containing heterocycles, conjugates and hybrids. Currently, the biological actions of 2-aminothiophenes or their 2-N-substituted analogues are still being investigated because of their various mechanisms of action (e.g., pharmacophore and pharmacokinetic properties). Likewise, the 2-aminothiophene family is used as diverse promising selective inhibitors, receptors, and modulators in medicinal chemistry, and these compounds even exhibit effective pharmacological properties in the various clinical phases of appropriate diseases. In this review, major biological and pharmacological reports on 2-aminothiophenes and related compounds have been highlighted; most perspective drug-candidate hits were selected for discussion and described, along with additional synthetic pathways. In addition, we focused on the literature dedicated to 2-aminothiophenes and 2-N-substituted derivatives, which have been published from 2010 to 2017.
Collapse
|
6
|
Varani K, Vincenzi F, Merighi S, Gessi S, Borea PA. Biochemical and Pharmacological Role of A1 Adenosine Receptors and Their Modulation as Novel Therapeutic Strategy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1051:193-232. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
7
|
Abstract
Adenosine is an ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). Allosteric enhancers to A1ARs may represent novel therapeutic agents because they increase the activity of these receptors by mediating a shift to their active form in the A1AR-G protein ternary complex. In this manner, they are able to amplify the action of endogenous adenosine, which is produced in high concentrations under conditions of metabolic stress. A1AR allosteric enhancers could be used as a justifiable alternative to the exogenous agonists that are characterized by receptor desensitization and downregulation. In this review, an analysis of some of the most interesting allosteric modulators of A1ARs has been reported.
Collapse
|
8
|
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of 2-amino-3-aroyl thiophene derivatives as agonist allosteric modulators of the A1 adenosine receptor. A position-dependent effect study. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:185-204. [PMID: 26141910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The 2-amino-3-(p-chlorobenzoyl)thiophene scaffold has been widely employed as a pharmacophore for the identification of small molecules acting as allosteric modulators at the adenosine A1 receptor. A new series of 2-amino-3-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-4-benzyl-5-arylthiophene derivatives, characterized by the absence as well as the presence of electron-releasing or electron-withdrawing groups on the phenyl ring at the 4- and 5-positions of the thiophene ring, were identified as positive allosteric enhancers at the adenosine A1 receptor in binding (saturation, competition and dissociation kinetics) and functional assays. To better understand the positional requirements of substituents on the 2-amino-3-(p-chlorobenzoyl)thiophene core, the corresponding regioisomeric 4-aryl-5-benzylthiophene analogues were synthesized and found to possess reduced allosteric enhancer activity.
Collapse
|
9
|
Vincenzi F, Targa M, Romagnoli R, Merighi S, Gessi S, Baraldi PG, Borea PA, Varani K. TRR469, a potent A(1) adenosine receptor allosteric modulator, exhibits anti-nociceptive properties in acute and neuropathic pain models in mice. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:6-14. [PMID: 24486382 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A(1) adenosine receptors (ARs) have been identified as a potential target for the development of anti-nociceptive compounds. The present study explores the analgesic effects of a novel A(1)AR positive allosteric modulator, TRR469, in different models of acute and chronic pain in mice. To evaluate the allosteric enhancement, in vitro binding experiments were performed. The anti-nociceptive properties were investigated in formalin and writhing tests, and in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathic pain model. Rotarod and catalepsy tests were used to identify potential side effects, while the functional effect of TRR469 was studied using [(3)H]-d-aspartate release from synaptosomes. TRR469 effectively inhibited nociceptive responses in the formalin and writhing tests, with effects comparable to those of the reference analgesic morphine. Isobolographic analysis of the combination of TRR469 and morphine revealed an additive interaction. TRR469 was anti-allodynic in the neuropathic pain model and did not display locomotor or cataleptic side effects. TRR469 enhanced the binding of the agonist radioligand [(3)H]-CCPA and induced a 33-fold increase of adenosine affinity in spinal cord membranes. In mouse spinal cord synaptosomes, TRR469 enhanced the inhibitory effect of A(1)AR activation on [(3)H]-d-aspartate release, a non-metabolizable analogue of glutamate. In conclusion, this research demonstrates the anti-nociceptive effect of the novel compound TRR469, one of the most potent and effective A(1)AR positive allosteric modulators so far synthesized. The use of TRR469 allows for the possibility of exploiting analgesic properties of endogenous adenosine, with a minor potential to develop the various side effects often associated with the use of direct receptor agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Targa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Romeo Romagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Carrion MD, Lopez Cara C, Kimatrai Salvador M, Preti D, Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Moorman AR, Vincenzi F, Borea PA, Varani K. Synthesis and biological effects of novel 2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-4-substituted thiophenes as allosteric enhancers of the A1 adenosine receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:409-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
11
|
Kimatrai-Salvador M, Baraldi PG, Romagnoli R. Allosteric modulation of A1-adenosine receptor: a review. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 10:e285-e296. [PMID: 24050280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of adenosine receptors represent an alternative to direct-acting adenosine agonists and nucleoside uptake blockers, preferably those can selectively modulate the response to adenosine in only those organs or localized areas of a given organ in which production of adenosine is increased. Allosteric enhancers at the adenosine A1 receptor have received attention as anti-arrhythmic cardiac agents, and, more recently, as anti-lipolytic agents. In addition, this class of compounds has therapeutic potential as analgesics and neuroprotective agents.
Collapse
|