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Wang T, Liao X, Zhao X, Chen K, Chen Y, Wen H, Yin D, Wang Y, Lin B, Zhang S, Cui H. Rational design of 2-benzylsulfinyl-benzoxazoles as potent and selective indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors to combat inflammation. Bioorg Chem 2024; 152:107740. [PMID: 39217780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Mimicking the transition state of tryptophan (Trp) and O2 in the enzymatic reaction is an effective approach to design indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors. In this study, we firstly assembled a small library of 2-substituted benzo-fused five membered heterocycles and found 2-sulfinyl-benzoxazoles with interesting IDO1 inhibitory activities. Next the inhibitory activity toward IDO1 was gradually improved. Several benzoxazoles showed potent IDO1 inhibitory activity with IC50 of 82-91 nM, and exhibited selectivity between IDO1 and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2). Enzyme binding studies showed that benzoxazoles are reversible type II IDO1 inhibitors, and modeling studies suggested that the oxygen atom of the sulfoxide in benzoxazoles interacts with the iron atom of the heme group, which mimics the transition state of Fe-O-O-Trp complex. Especially, 10b can effectively inhibit the NO production in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and it also shows good anti-inflammation effect on mice acute inflammation model of croton oil induced ear edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiufeng Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yangzhonghui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dali Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Bin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Huaqing Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
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Mihalovits LM, Kollár L, Bajusz D, Knez D, Bozovičar K, Imre T, Ferenczy GG, Gobec S, Keserű GM. Molecular Mechanism of Labelling Functional Cysteines by Heterocyclic Thiones. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300596. [PMID: 37888491 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic thiones have recently been identified as reversible covalent warheads, consistent with their mild electrophilic nature. Little is known so far about their mechanism of action in labelling nucleophilic sidechains, especially cysteines. The vast number of tractable cysteines promotes a wide range of target proteins to examine; however, our focus was put on functional cysteines. We chose the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 harboring Cys145 at the active site that is a structurally characterized and clinically validated target of covalent inhibitors. We screened an in-house, cysteine-targeting covalent inhibitor library which resulted in several covalent fragment hits with benzoxazole, benzothiazole and benzimidazole cores. Thione derivatives and Michael acceptors were selected for further investigations with the objective of exploring the mechanism of inhibition of the thiones and using the thoroughly characterized Michael acceptors for benchmarking our studies. Classical and hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) molecular dynamics simulations were carried out that revealed a new mechanism of covalent cysteine labelling by thione derivatives, which was supported by QM and free energy calculations and by a wide range of experimental results. Our study shows that the molecular recognition step plays a crucial role in the overall binding of both sets of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente M Mihalovits
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Kollár
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Bajusz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Damijan Knez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Krištof Bozovičar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tímea Imre
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- MS Metabolomics Research Group, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György G Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., 1111, Budapest, Hungary
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Evaluation of Novel Inhibitors of Tryptophan Dioxygenases for Enzyme and Species Selectivity Using Engineered Tumour Cell Lines Expressing Either Murine or Human IDO1 or TDO2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091090. [PMID: 36145311 PMCID: PMC9501369 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is commonly expressed by cancers as a mechanism for evading the immune system. Preclinical and clinical studies have indicated the potential of combining IDO1 inhibitors with immune therapies for the treatment of cancer, strengthening an interest in the discovery of novel dioxygenase inhibitors for reversing tumour-mediated immune suppression. To facilitate the discovery, development and investigation of novel small molecule inhibitors of IDO1 and its hepatic isozyme tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO2), murine tumour cells were engineered to selectively express either murine or human IDO1 and TDO2 for use as tools to dissect both the species specificity and isoenzyme selectivity of newly discovered inhibitors. Lewis lung carcinoma (LLTC) lines were engineered to express either murine or human IDO1 for use to test species selectivity of the novel inhibitors; in addition, GL261 glioma lines were engineered to express either human IDO1 or human TDO2 and used to test the isoenzyme selectivity of individual inhibitors in cell-based assays. The 20 most potent inhibitors against recombinant human IDO1 enzyme, discovered from a commissioned screening of 40,000 compounds in the Australian WEHI compound library, returned comparable IC50 values against murine or human IDO1 in cell-based assays using the LLTC-mIDO1 and LLTC-hIDO1 line, respectively. To test the in vivo activity of the hits, transfected lines were inoculated into syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice. Individual LLTC-hIDO1 tumours showed variable expression of human IDO1 in contrast to GL261-hIDO1 tumours which were homogenous in their IDO1 expression and were subsequently used for in vivo studies. W-0019482, the most potent IDO1 inhibitor identified from cell-based assays, reduced plasma and intratumoural ratios of kynurenine to tryptophan (K:T) and delayed the growth of subcutaneous GL261-hIDO1 tumours in mice. Synthetic modification of W-0019482 generated analogues with dual IDO1/TDO2 inhibitory activity, as well as inhibitors that were selective for either TDO2 or IDO1. These results demonstrate the versatility of W-0019482 as a lead in generating all three subclasses of tryptophan dioxygenase inhibitors which can be applied for investigating the individual roles and interactions between IDO1 and TDO2 in driving cancer-mediated immune suppression.
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Abd El-Fattah EE. IDO/kynurenine pathway in cancer: possible therapeutic approaches. Lab Invest 2022; 20:347. [PMID: 35918736 PMCID: PMC9344609 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women worldwide. One of the main changes associated with cancer progression, metastasis, recurrence, and chemoresistance is the change in the tumor immune microenvironment, especially immunosuppression. Cancer immunosuppression appears in multiple forms, such as inhibition of immuno-stimulant cells with downregulation of immuno-stimulant mediators or through stimulation of immuno-suppressive cells with upregulation of immunosuppressive mediators. One of the most immunosuppressive mediators that approved potency in lung cancer progression is indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and its metabolite kynurenine (Kyn). The current review tries to elucidate the role of IDO/Kyn on cancer proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and cancer stemness. Besides, our review investigates the new therapeutic modalities that target IDO/Kyn pathway and thus as drug candidates for targeting lung cancer and drugs that potentiate IDO/Kyn pathway and thus can be cancer-promoting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam E Abd El-Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt.
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Yan D, Xu J, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhao G, Lin Y, Tan X. Spiro-Oxindole Skeleton Compounds Are Efficient Inhibitors for Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1: An Attractive Target for Tumor Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4668. [PMID: 35563059 PMCID: PMC9104902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an attractive heme enzyme for its significant function in cancer immunotherapy. Potent IDO1 inhibitors have been discovered for decades, whereas no clinical drugs are used for cancer treatment up to now. With the goal of developing medically valuable IDO inhibitors, we performed a systematic study of SAR405838 analogs with a spiro-oxindole skeleton in this study. Based on the expression and purification of human IDO1, the inhibitory activity of spiro-oxindole skeleton compounds to IDO1 was evaluated by IC50 and Ki values. The results demonstrated that inhibitor 3 exhibited the highest IDO1 inhibitory activity with IC50 at 7.9 μM among all inhibitors, which is ~six-fold of the positive control (4-PI). Moreover, inhibitor 3 was found to have the most effective inhibition of IDO1 in MCF-7 cancer cells without toxic effects. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the hydrophobic interaction stabilized the binding of inhibitor 3 to the IDO1 active site and made an explanation for the uncompetitive mode of inhibitors. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights into the screen of more potent IDO1 inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (D.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiakun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (D.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Yingwu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiangshi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China; (D.Y.); (X.W.)
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Discovery of novel IDO1 inhibitors via structure-based virtual screening and biological assays. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2021; 35:679-694. [PMID: 33905074 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-021-00386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme-containing enzyme that catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in catabolism of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway, which plays a pivotal role in the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. IDO1 has been proven to be an attractive target for many diseases, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, etc. In this study, docking-based virtual screening and bioassays were conducted to identify novel inhibitors of IDO1. The cellular assay demonstrated that 24 compounds exhibited potent inhibitory activity against IDO1 at micromolar level, including 8 compounds with IC50 values below 10 μM and the most potent one (compound 1) with IC50 of 1.18 ± 0.04 μM. Further lead optimization based on similarity searching strategy led to the discovery of compound 28 as an excellent inhibitor with IC50 of 0.27 ± 0.02 μM. Then, the structure-activity relationship of compounds 1, 2, 8 and 14 analogues is discussed. The interaction modes of two compounds against IDO1 were further explored through a Python Based Metal Center Parameter Builder (MCPB.py) molecular dynamics simulation, binding free energy calculation and electrostatic potential analysis. The novel IDO1 inhibitors of compound 1 and its analogues could be considered as promising scaffold for further development of IDO1 inhibitors.
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7
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Yan D, Xu J, Tan X. Inhibitory investigation of niacin derivatives on metalloenzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 for its immunomodulatory function. Metallomics 2021; 13:6102551. [PMID: 33638642 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) have received wide attention for their roles in cancer immunotherapy. It highlights the important role of metalloenzymes in performing human physiological functions. Herein, the recombinant human IDO1 was expressed and purified successfully, and the protein molecule was characterized by SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and metalloenzymology. A series of niacin derivatives were investigated with regard to their inhibition on metalloenzyme IDO1, and the resulting potential anti-cancer activities in cell lines. Among the niacin derivatives, 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-butane-1,3-dione (compound 9) was found to be the most effective inhibitor to IDO1 in HepG-2 cells, with an EC50 of 11 µM with low cytotoxicity. The IC50 value of compound 9 with trifluoroethyl group in enzymatic inhibition was shown to be ∼5 times more potent than a positive control 4-phenylimidazole. The interaction between compound 9 and IDO1 was verified by isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular docking study. The most favorable molecular docking results revealed that functional groups of compound 9 contributed to the binding of 9 to IDO1 through IDO1-heme coordination, H-bond interactions and hydrophobic contacts. Our finding provides a strategy for the development of new inhibitor candidates for the therapeutic inhibition of IDO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojing Yan
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiakun Xu
- Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Polar Fisheries, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiangshi Tan
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai 200433, China
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Singh R, Salunke DB. Diverse chemical space of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (Ido1) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113071. [PMID: 33341650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyses the first and rate limiting step of kynurenine pathway accounting for the major contributor of L-Tryptophan degradation. The Kynurenine metabolites are identified as essential cofactors, antagonists, neurotoxins, immunomodulators, antioxidants as well as carcinogens. The catalytic active site of IDO1 enzyme consists of hydrophobic Pocket-A positioned in the distal heme site and remains connected to a second hydrophobic Pocket-B towards the entrance of the active site. IDO1 enzyme also relates directly to the modulation of the innate and adaptive immune system. Various studies proved that the over expression of IDO1 enzyme play a predominant role in the escape of immunity during cancer progression. Recently, there has been considerable interest in evaluating the potential of IDO1 inhibitors to mobilize the body's immune system against solid tumours. In the last two decades, enormous attempts to advance new IDO1 inhibitors are on-going both in pharmaceutical industries and in academia which resulted in the discovery of a diverse range of selective and potent IDO1 inhibitors. The IDO1 inhibitors have therapeutic utility in various diseases and in the near future, it may have utility in the treatment of COVID-19. Despite various reviews on IDO1 inhibitors in last five years, none of the reviews provide a complete overview of diverse chemical space including naturally occurring and synthetic IDO1 inhibitors with detailed structure activity relationship studies. The present work provides a complete overview on the IDO1 inhibitors known in the literature so far along with the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in each class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
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9
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Zou Y, Hu Y, Ge S, Zheng Y, Li Y, Liu W, Guo W, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Lai Y. Effective Virtual Screening Strategy toward heme-containing proteins: Identification of novel IDO1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 184:111750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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10
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Discovery and Characterisation of Dual Inhibitors of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase (TDO2) and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Using Virtual Screening. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234346. [PMID: 31795096 PMCID: PMC6930675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers express tryptophan catabolising enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) to produce immunosuppressive tryptophan metabolites that undermine patients’ immune systems, leading to poor disease outcomes. Both enzymes are validated targets for cancer immunotherapy but there is a paucity of potent TDO2 and dual IDO1/TDO2 inhibitors. To identify novel dual IDO1/TDO2 scaffolds, 3D shape similarity and pharmacophore in silico screening was conducted using TDO2 as a model for both systems. The obtained hits were tested in cancer cell lines expressing mainly IDO1 (SKOV3—ovarian), predominantly TDO2 (A172—brain), and both IDO1 and TDO2 (BT549—breast). Three virtual screening hits were confirmed as inhibitors (TD12, TD18 and TD34). Dose response experiments showed that TD34 is the most potent inhibitor capable of blocking both IDO1 and TDO2 activity, with the IC50 value for BT549 at 3.42 µM. This work identified new scaffolds able to inhibit both IDO1 and TDO2, thus enriching the collection of dual IDO1/TDO2 inhibitors and providing chemical matter for potential development into future anticancer drugs.
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Tsujino H, Uno T, Yamashita T, Katsuda M, Takada K, Saiki T, Maeda S, Takagi A, Masuda S, Kawano Y, Meguro K, Akai S. Correlation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxigenase 1 inhibitory activity of 4,6-disubstituted indazole derivatives and their heme binding affinity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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12
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Wang XX, Sun SY, Dong QQ, Wu XX, Tang W, Xing YQ. Recent advances in the discovery of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1740-1754. [PMID: 32055299 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), an important immunoregulatory enzyme ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and cells, plays a key role in tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway and has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer and other diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and arthritis. IDO1 has diverse biological roles in immune suppression and tumor progression by tryptophan catabolism. In addition, IDO1-mediated immune tolerance assists tumor cells in escaping the immune surveillance. Recently, extensive and enormous investigations have been made in the discovery of IDO1 inhibitors in both academia and pharmaceutical companies. In this review, IDO1 inhibitors are grouped as tryptophan derivatives, inhibitors with an imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole or tetrazole scaffold, inhibitors with quinone or iminoquinone, N-hydroxyamidines and other derivatives, and their enzymatic inhibitory activity, selectivity and other biological activities are also introduced and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Xiu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Si-Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Qing-Qing Dong
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Xiao-Xiang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
| | - Ya-Qun Xing
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College , Bengbu , Anhuir 233040 , P.R. China .
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13
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McGovern-Gooch KR, Baird NJ. Fluorescence-based investigations of RNA-small molecule interactions. Methods 2019; 167:54-65. [PMID: 31129289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrogating non-coding RNA structures and functions with small molecules is an area of rapidly increasing interest among biochemists and chemical biologists. However, many biochemical approaches to monitoring RNA structures are time-consuming and low-throughput, and thereby are only of limited utility for RNA-small molecule studies. Fluorescence-based techniques are powerful tools for rapid investigation of RNA conformations, dynamics, and interactions with small molecules. Many fluorescence methods are amenable to high-throughput analysis, enabling library screening for small molecule binders. In this review, we summarize numerous fluorescence-based approaches for identifying and characterizing RNA-small molecule interactions. We describe in detail a high-information content dual-reporter FRET assay we developed to characterize small molecule-induced conformational and stability changes. Our assay is uniquely suited as a platform for both small molecule discovery and thorough characterization of RNA-small molecule binding mechanisms. Given the growing recognition of non-coding RNAs as attractive targets for therapeutic intervention, we anticipate our FRET assay and other fluorescence-based techniques will be indispensable for the development of potent and specific small molecule inhibitors targeting RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh R McGovern-Gooch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104 United States
| | - Nathan J Baird
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104 United States.
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14
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Tu Y, Kreinbring CA, Hill M, Liu C, Petsko GA, McCune CD, Berkowitz DB, Liu D, Ringe D. Crystal Structures of Cystathionine β-Synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: One Enzymatic Step at a Time. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3134-3145. [PMID: 29630349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a key regulator of sulfur amino acid metabolism, taking homocysteine from the methionine cycle to the biosynthesis of cysteine via the trans-sulfuration pathway. CBS is also a predominant source of H2S biogenesis. Roles for CBS have been reported for neuronal death pursuant to cerebral ischemia, promoting ovarian tumor growth, and maintaining drug-resistant phenotype by controlling redox behavior and regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics. The trans-sulfuration pathway is well-conserved in eukaryotes, but the analogous enzymes have different enzymatic behavior in different organisms. CBSs from the higher organisms contain a heme in an N-terminal domain. Though the presence of the heme, whose functions in CBSs have yet to be elucidated, is biochemically interesting, it hampers UV-vis absorption spectroscopy investigations of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) species. CBS from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yCBS) naturally lacks the heme-containing N-terminal domain, which makes it an ideal model for spectroscopic studies of the enzymological reaction catalyzed and allows structural studies of the basic yCBS catalytic core (yCBS-cc). Here we present the crystal structure of yCBS-cc, solved to 1.5 Å. Crystal structures of yCBS-cc in complex with enzymatic reaction intermediates have been captured, providing a structural basis for residues involved in catalysis. Finally, the structure of the yCBS-cc cofactor complex generated by incubation with an inhibitor shows apparent off-pathway chemistry not normally seen with CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Tu
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Cheryl A Kreinbring
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Megan Hill
- Department of Biology , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Cynthia Liu
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , New York 10021 , United States
| | - Christopher D McCune
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - David B Berkowitz
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60660 , United States
| | - Dagmar Ringe
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States.,Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
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15
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Alexandre JAC, Swan MK, Latchem MJ, Boyall D, Pollard JR, Hughes SW, Westcott J. New 4-Amino-1,2,3-Triazole Inhibitors of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Form a Long-Lived Complex with the Enzyme and Display Exquisite Cellular Potency. Chembiochem 2018; 19:552-561. [PMID: 29240291 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has emerged as a central regulator of immune responses in both normal and disease biology. Due to its established role in promoting tumour immune escape, IDO1 has become an attractive target for cancer treatment. A novel series of highly cell potent IDO1 inhibitors based on a 4-amino-1,2,3-triazole core have been identified. Comprehensive kinetic, biochemical and structural studies demonstrate that compounds from this series have a noncompetitive kinetic mechanism of action with respect to the tryptophan substrate. In co-complex crystal structures, the compounds bind in the tryptophan pocket and make a direct ligand interaction with the haem iron of the porphyrin cofactor. It is proposed that these data can be rationalised by an ordered-binding mechanism, in which the inhibitor binds an apo form of the enzyme that is not competent to bind tryptophan. These inhibitors also form a very tight, long-lived complex with the enzyme, which partially explains their exquisite cellular potency. This novel series represents an attractive starting point for the future development of potent IDO1-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Kenneth Swan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Mike John Latchem
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Dean Boyall
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - John Robert Pollard
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Stuart Wynn Hughes
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
| | - James Westcott
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RW, UK
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16
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Weng T, Qiu X, Wang J, Li Z, Bian J. Recent discovery of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors targeting cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:656-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Carbidopa is an activator of aryl hydrocarbon receptor with potential for cancer therapy. Biochem J 2017; 474:3391-3402. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbidopa is used with l-DOPA (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). PD patients exhibit lower incidence of most cancers including pancreatic cancer, but with the notable exception of melanoma. The decreased cancer incidence is not due to l-DOPA; however, the relevance of Carbidopa to this phenomenon has not been investigated. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Carbidopa, independent of l-DOPA, might elicit an anticancer effect. Carbidopa inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Based on structural similarity with phenylhydrazine, an inhibitor of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), we predicted that Carbidopa might also inhibit IDO1, thus providing a molecular basis for its anticancer effect. The inhibitory effect was confirmed using human recombinant IDO1. To demonstrate the inhibition in intact cells, AhR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) activity was monitored as readout for IDO1-mediated generation of the endogenous AhR agonist kynurenine in pancreatic and liver cancer cells. Surprisingly, Carbidopa did not inhibit but instead potentiated AhR signaling, evident from increased CYP1A1 (cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1), CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 expression. In pancreatic and liver cancer cells, Carbidopa promoted AhR nuclear localization. AhR antagonists blocked Carbidopa-dependent activation of AhR signaling. The inhibitory effect on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and the activation of AhR occurred at therapeutic concentrations of Carbidopa. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay further confirmed that Carbidopa promoted AhR binding to its target gene CYP1A1 leading to its induction. We conclude that Carbidopa is an AhR agonist and suppresses pancreatic cancer. Hence, Carbidopa could potentially be re-purposed to treat pancreatic cancer and possibly other cancers as well.
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18
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Coletti A, Greco FA, Dolciami D, Camaioni E, Sardella R, Pallotta MT, Volpi C, Orabona C, Grohmann U, Macchiarulo A. Advances in indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 medicinal chemistry. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1378-1392. [PMID: 30108849 PMCID: PMC6072487 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) mediates multiple immunoregulatory processes including the induction of regulatory T cell differentiation and activation, suppression of T cell immune responses and inhibition of dendritic cell function, which impair immune recognition of cancer cells and promote tumor growth. On this basis, this enzyme is widely recognized as a valuable drug target for the development of immunotherapeutic small molecules in oncology. Although medicinal chemistry has made a substantial contribution to the discovery of numerous chemical classes of potent IDO1 inhibitors in the past 20 years, only very few compounds have progressed in clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of structure-function relationships of the enzyme, and discuss structure-activity relationships of selected classes of inhibitors that have shaped the hitherto few successes of IDO1 medicinal chemistry. An outlook opinion is also given on trends in the design of next generation inhibitors of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Francesco Antonio Greco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Daniela Dolciami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Emidio Camaioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
| | - Maria Teresa Pallotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine , University of Perugia , P.le Gambuli , 06132 Perugia , Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Perugia , via del Liceo 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ; ; Tel: +39 075 585 5160
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19
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Li Y, Hu N, Yang D, Oxenkrug G, Yang Q. Regulating the balance between the kynurenine and serotonin pathways of tryptophan metabolism. FEBS J 2017; 284:948-966. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Nan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Gregory Oxenkrug
- Psychiatry and Inflammation Program Department of Psychiatry Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center Boston MA USA
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing (SCICB) East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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20
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Tomek P, Palmer BD, Flanagan JU, Sun C, Raven EL, Ching LM. Discovery and evaluation of inhibitors to the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1): Probing the active site-inhibitor interactions. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:983-996. [PMID: 28011425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
High expression of the immunosuppressive enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) for a broad range of malignancies is associated with poor patient prognosis, and the enzyme is a validated target for cancer intervention. To identify novel IDO1 inhibitors suitable for drug development, 1597 compounds in the National Cancer Institute Diversity Set III library were tested for inhibitory activity against recombinant human IDO1. We retrieved 35 hits that inhibited IDO1 activity >50% at 20 μM. Five structural filters and the PubChem Bioassay database were used to guide the selection of five inhibitors with IC50 between 3 and 12 μM for subsequent experimental evaluation. A pyrimidinone scaffold emerged as being the most promising. It showed excellent cell penetration, negligible cytotoxicity and passed four out of the five structural filters applied. To evaluate the importance of Ser167 and Cys129 residues in the IDO1 active site for inhibitor binding, the entire NCI library was subsequently screened against alanine-replacement mutant enzymes of these two residues. The results established that Ser167 but not Cys129 is important for inhibitory activity of a broad range of IDO1 inhibitors. Structure-activity-relationship studies proposed substituents interacting with Ser167 on four investigated IDO1 inhibitors. Three of these four Ser167 interactions associated with an increased IDO1 inhibition and were correctly predicted by molecular docking supporting Ser167 as an important mediator of potency for IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Tomek
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brian D Palmer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chuanwen Sun
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emma L Raven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Lai-Ming Ching
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand, Private Bag 92019, Victoria Street West, Auckland, New Zealand.
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21
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Malachowski WP, Winters M, DuHadaway JB, Lewis-Ballester A, Badir S, Wai J, Rahman M, Sheikh E, LaLonde JM, Yeh SR, Prendergast GC, Muller AJ. O-alkylhydroxylamines as rationally-designed mechanism-based inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:564-576. [PMID: 26717206 PMCID: PMC4724314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, chronic viral infections, and other diseases characterized by pathological immune suppression. Recently important advances have been made in understanding IDO1's catalytic mechanism. Although much remains to be discovered, there is strong evidence that the mechanism proceeds through a heme-iron bound alkylperoxy transition or intermediate state. Accordingly, we explored stable structural mimics of the alkylperoxy species and provide evidence that such structures do mimic the alkylperoxy transition or intermediate state. We discovered that O-benzylhydroxylamine, a commercially available compound, is a potent sub-micromolar inhibitor of IDO1. Structure-activity studies of over forty derivatives of O-benzylhydroxylamine led to further improvement in inhibitor potency, particularly with the addition of halogen atoms to the meta position of the aromatic ring. The most potent derivatives and the lead, O-benzylhydroxylamine, have high ligand efficiency values, which are considered an important criterion for successful drug development. Notably, two of the most potent compounds demonstrated nanomolar-level cell-based potency and limited toxicity. The combination of the simplicity of the structures of these compounds and their excellent cellular activity makes them quite attractive for biological exploration of IDO1 function and antitumor therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Winters
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - James B. DuHadaway
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA
| | - Ariel Lewis-Ballester
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Shorouk Badir
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - Jenny Wai
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - Maisha Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - Eesha Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - Judith M. LaLonde
- Department of Chemistry, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA
| | - Syun-Ru Yeh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - George C. Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alexander J. Muller
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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22
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Qian S, Zhang M, Chen Q, He Y, Wang W, Wang Z. IDO as a drug target for cancer immunotherapy: recent developments in IDO inhibitors discovery. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25046c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the recent advances in research related to the role of IDO in immune escape in cancer and novel small-molecule IDO inhibitors with an emphasis on their chemical structures and modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- P. R. China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- P. R. China
| | - Quanlong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- P. R. China
| | - Yanying He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- P. R. China
| | - Zhouyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Xihua University
- Chengdu 610039
- P. R. China
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23
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Abstract
IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino acid, L-Trp (L-tryptophan), along the kynurenine pathway. Significant increases in knowledge have been recently gained with respect to understanding the fundamental biochemistry of IDO1 including its catalytic reaction mechanism, the scope of enzyme reactions it catalyses, the biochemical mechanisms controlling IDO1 expression and enzyme activity, and the discovery of enzyme inhibitors. Major advances in understanding the roles of IDO1 in physiology and disease have also been realised. IDO1 is recognised as a prominent immune regulatory enzyme capable of modulating immune cell activation status and phenotype via several molecular mechanisms including enzyme-dependent deprivation of L-Trp and its conversion into the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand kynurenine and other bioactive kynurenine pathway metabolites, or non-enzymatic cell signalling actions involving tyrosine phosphorylation of IDO1. Through these different modes of biochemical signalling, IDO1 regulates certain physiological functions (e.g. pregnancy) and modulates the pathogenesis and severity of diverse conditions including chronic inflammation, infectious disease, allergic and autoimmune disorders, transplantation, neuropathology and cancer. In the present review, we detail the current understanding of IDO1’s catalytic actions and the biochemical mechanisms regulating IDO1 expression and activity. We also discuss the biological functions of IDO1 with a focus on the enzyme's immune-modulatory function, its medical implications in diverse pathological settings and its utility as a therapeutic target.
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24
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Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Vogel P, Zoete V, Michielin O. Challenges in the Discovery of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9421-37. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ute F. Röhrig
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory
of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory
of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Molecular Modeling Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Röhrig UF, Majjigapu SR, Chambon M, Bron S, Pilotte L, Colau D, Van den Eynde BJ, Turcatti G, Vogel P, Zoete V, Michielin O. Detailed analysis and follow-up studies of a high-throughput screening for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:284-301. [PMID: 25036789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a key regulator of immune responses and therefore an important therapeutic target for the treatment of diseases that involve pathological immune escape, such as cancer. Here, we describe a robust and sensitive high-throughput screen (HTS) for IDO1 inhibitors using the Prestwick Chemical Library of 1200 FDA-approved drugs and the Maybridge HitFinder Collection of 14,000 small molecules. Of the 60 hits selected for follow-up studies, 14 displayed IC50 values below 20 μM under the secondary assay conditions, and 4 showed an activity in cellular tests. In view of the high attrition rate we used both experimental and computational techniques to identify and to characterize compounds inhibiting IDO1 through unspecific inhibition mechanisms such as chemical reactivity, redox cycling, or aggregation. One specific IDO1 inhibitor scaffold, the imidazole antifungal agents, was chosen for rational structure-based lead optimization, which led to more soluble and smaller compounds with micromolar activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute F Röhrig
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Marc Chambon
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvian Bron
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Luc Pilotte
- de Duve Institute and the Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Didier Colau
- de Duve Institute and the Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Benoît J Van den Eynde
- de Duve Institute and the Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Molecular Modeling Group, Quartier Sorge - Bâtiment Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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