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Martínez-Rosas V, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Ortega-Cuellar D, Arreguin-Espinosa R, Pérez de la Cruz V, Calderón-Jaimes E, Enríquez-Flores S, Wong-Baeza C, Baeza-Ramírez I, Morales-Luna L, Vázquez-Bautista M, Rojas-Alarcón MA, Hernández-Ochoa B, Gómez-Manzo S. Imidazole Carbamates as a Promising Alternative for Treating Trichomoniasis: In Vitro Effects on the Growth and Gene Expression of Trichomonas vaginalis. Molecules 2024; 29:2585. [PMID: 38893461 PMCID: PMC11173628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Metronidazole (MTZ) is the most common drug used against Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) infections; however, treatment failures and high rates of recurrence of trichomoniasis have been reported, suggesting the presence of resistance in T. vaginalis to MTZ. Therefore, research into new therapeutic options against T. vaginalis infections has become increasingly urgent. This study investigated the trichomonacidal activity of a series of five imidazole carbamate compounds (AGR-1, AGR-2, AGR-3, AGR-4, and AGR-5) through in vitro susceptibility assays to determine the IC50 value of each compound. All five compounds demonstrated potent trichomonacidal activity, with IC50 values in the nanomolar range and AGR-2 being the most potent (IC50 400 nM). To gain insight into molecular events related to AGR-induced cell death in T. vaginalis, we analyzed the expression profiles of some metabolic genes in the trophozoites exposed to AGR compounds and MTZ. It was found that both AGR and MTZ compounds reduced the expression of the glycolytic genes (CK, PFK, TPI, and ENOL) and genes involved in metabolism (G6PD, TKT, TALDO, NADHOX, ACT, and TUB), suggesting that disturbing these key metabolic genes alters the survival of the T. vaginalis parasite and that they probably share a similar mechanism of action. Additionally, the compounds showed low cytotoxicity in the Caco-2 and HT29 cell lines, and the results of the ADMET analysis indicated that these compounds have pharmacokinetic properties similar to those of MTZ. The findings offer significant insights that can serve as a basis for future in vivo studies of the compounds as a potential new treatment against T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Martínez-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (V.M.-R.); (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (M.A.R.-A.)
- Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuellar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Arreguin-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Ernesto Calderón-Jaimes
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11350, Mexico; (C.W.-B.); (I.B.-R.)
| | - Isabel Baeza-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11350, Mexico; (C.W.-B.); (I.B.-R.)
| | - Laura Morales-Luna
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (V.M.-R.); (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (M.A.R.-A.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Vázquez-Bautista
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (V.M.-R.); (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (M.A.R.-A.)
- Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Miriam Abigail Rojas-Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (V.M.-R.); (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (M.A.R.-A.)
- Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico; (V.M.-R.); (L.M.-L.); (M.V.-B.); (M.A.R.-A.)
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Agarwal DS, Beteck RM, Ilbeigi K, Caljon G, Legoabe LJ. Design and synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-chalcone conjugates as antikinetoplastid agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14400. [PMID: 37994272 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
A library of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-appended chalcones were synthesized and characterized using 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and HRMS. The synthesized analogues were screened for their antikinetoplastid activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Leishmania infantum. The analogues were also tested for their cytotoxicity activity against human lung fibroblasts and primary mouse macrophages. Among all screened derivatives, 7f was found to be the most active against T. cruzi and T. b. brucei exhibiting IC50 values of 8.5 and 1.35 μM, respectively. Against T. b. rhodesiense, 7e was found to be the most active with an IC50 value of 1.13 μM. All synthesized active analogues were found to be non-cytotoxic against MRC-5 and PMM with selectivity indices of up to more than 50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh S Agarwal
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Kayhan Ilbeigi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, Infla-med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Corman HN, McNamara CW, Bakowski MA. Drug Discovery for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Review of Developments in the Past 15 Years. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2845. [PMID: 38137989 PMCID: PMC10745741 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of vector-borne, parasitic diseases caused by over 20 species of the protozoan Leishmania spp. The three major disease classifications, cutaneous, visceral, and mucocutaneous, have a range of clinical manifestations from self-healing skin lesions to hepatosplenomegaly and mucosal membrane damage to fatality. As a neglected tropical disease, leishmaniasis represents a major international health challenge, with nearly 350 million people living at risk of infection a year. The current chemotherapeutics used to treat leishmaniasis have harsh side effects, prolonged and costly treatment regimens, as well as emerging drug resistance, and are predominantly used for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. There is an undeniable need for the identification and development of novel chemotherapeutics targeting cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), largely ignored by concerted drug development efforts. CL is mostly non-lethal and the most common presentation of this disease, with nearly 1 million new cases reported annually. Recognizing this unaddressed need, substantial yet fragmented progress in early drug discovery efforts for CL has occurred in the past 15 years and was outlined in this review. However, further work needs to be carried out to advance early discovery candidates towards the clinic. Importantly, there is a paucity of investment in the translation and development of therapies for CL, limiting the emergence of viable solutions to deal with this serious and complex international health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N. Corman
- Calibr at Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (C.W.M.); (M.A.B.)
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Martínez-Rosas V, Hernández-Ochoa B, Morales-Luna L, Ortega-Cuellar D, González-Valdez A, Arreguin-Espinosa R, Rufino-González Y, Calderón-Jaimes E, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Wong-Baeza C, Baeza-Ramírez I, Pérez de la Cruz V, Vidal-Limón A, Gómez-Manzo S. Nitazoxanide Inhibits the Bifunctional Enzyme GlG6PD::6PGL of Giardia lamblia: Biochemical and In Silico Characterization of a New Druggable Target. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11516. [PMID: 37511272 PMCID: PMC10380810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis, which is caused by Giardia lamblia infection, is a relevant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Because no vaccines are currently available to treat giardiasis, chemotherapeutic drugs are the main options for controlling infection. Evidence has shown that the nitro drug nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a commonly prescribed treatment for giardiasis; however, the mechanisms underlying NTZ's antigiardial activity are not well-understood. Herein, we identified the glucose-6-phosphate::6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (GlG6PD::6PGL) fused enzyme as a nitazoxanide target, as NTZ behaves as a GlG6PD::6PGL catalytic inhibitor. Furthermore, fluorescence assays suggest alterations in the stability of GlG6PD::6PGL protein, whereas the results indicate a loss of catalytic activity due to conformational and folding changes. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies suggest a model of NTZ binding on the active site of the G6PD domain and near the structural NADP+ binding site. The findings of this study provide a novel mechanistic basis and strategy for the antigiardial activity of the NTZ drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Martínez-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Laura Morales-Luna
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuellar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Abigail González-Valdez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arreguin-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Yadira Rufino-González
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Calderón-Jaimes
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Isabel Baeza-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Abraham Vidal-Limón
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
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Suresh RN, Swaroop TR, Gowda D, Mantelingu K, Rangappa KS. A panoramic view on synthetic applications of α-oxothioamides: a highly regioselective synthesis of 2-acyl-4-(het)arylthiazoles and thioethers. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4910-4916. [PMID: 36762078 PMCID: PMC9906803 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08118k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly regioselective synthesis of 2-acyl-4-(het)arylthiazoles and thioethers by the reaction between α-oxothioamides and α-bromoketones in the absence of base in DMF and in the presence of triethylamine in acetonitrile, respectively, has been reported. This thiazole synthesis is an important extended work of the Hantzsch thiazole synthesis, which overcomes the drawbacks of earlier reported methods. The probable mechanisms for the formation of thiazoles and thioethers are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaghatta N. Suresh
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of MysoreManasagangotriMysuru570 006KarnatakaIndia
| | - Toreshettahally R. Swaroop
- Department of Studies in Organic Chemistry, University of MysoreManasagangotriMysuru570 006KarnatakaIndia
| | - Darshini Gowda
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore Manasagangotri Mysuru 570 006 Karnataka India
| | - Kempegowda Mantelingu
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore Manasagangotri Mysuru 570 006 Karnataka India
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Kinetic and Molecular Docking Studies to Determine the Effect of Inhibitors on the Activity and Structure of Fused G6PD::6PGL Protein from Trichomonas vaginalis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041174. [PMID: 35208965 PMCID: PMC8880039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease with a high incidence worldwide, affecting 270 million people. Despite the existence of a catalog of available drugs to combat this infection, their extensive use promotes the appearance of resistant Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), and some side effects in treated people, which are reasons why it is necessary to find new alternatives to combat this infection. In this study, we investigated the impact of an in-house library comprising 55 compounds on the activity of the fused T. vaginalis G6PD::6PGL (TvG6PD::6PGL) protein, a protein mediating the first reaction step of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), a crucial pathway involved in the parasite's energy production. We found four compounds: JMM-3, CNZ-3, CNZ-17, and MCC-7, which inhibited the TvG6PD::6PGL protein by more than 50%. Furthermore, we determined the IC50, the inactivation constants, and the type of inhibition. Our results showed that these inhibitors induced catalytic function loss of the TvG6PD::6PGL enzyme by altering its secondary and tertiary structures. Finally, molecular docking was performed for the best inhibitors, JMM-3 and MCC-7. All our findings demonstrate the potential role of these selected hit compounds as TvG6PD::6PGL enzyme selective inhibitors.
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Caba-Flores MD, Hernández-Romero D, López-Monteon A, Sánchez-Pavón E, Valdez-Ortega DC, López-Domínguez J, Romero-Cruz VA, Limón-Flores AY, Trigos Á, Ramos-Ligonio A. Activity In Vitro of 2-Chloro-N-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-Thiazolyl]Acetamide Against Promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana: An Apoptosis Inducer. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1068-1073. [PMID: 33616814 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease transmitted by insects that proliferate mainly in impoverished environments of tropical climates. In the absence of an effective vaccine, pharmacological treatment is the main tool to combat this disease. The objective of this work was to analyze the anti-leishmanial activity of 2-chloro-N-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-thiazolyl] acetamide (AT) in promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. METHODS The biological activity of the compound was evaluated using a sulphorhodamine B cytotoxicity test and the integrity of the erythrocytes was evaluated by a lysis test. The anti-trypanosomatid activity was evaluated in vitro, a cell death assay was performed by flow cytometry (IP/Annexin V stain) and a parasite growth recovery assay was performed. RESULTS The AT showed a CC50 value of 0.031 µM for HeLa cells after 24 h of exposure, which did not induce erythrocyte lysis. On the other hand, the AT showed an IC50 value of 0.086 µM for L. mexicana (promastigote form) after 24 h of interaction. The compound was capable of inducing apoptosis in the parasites and did not allow recovery after 24 h of exposure. CONCLUSION This study provides valuable information with the objective of developing new drugs for the treatment of this disease, although more research on this molecule is needed to improve its biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Daniel Caba-Flores
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala, Industrial Las Ánimas, Universidad Veracruzana, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Delia Hernández-Romero
- LADISER de Química Orgánica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación Oriente 6, No. 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, CP 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Aracely López-Monteon
- LADISER Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación Oriente 6, No. 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, CP 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Esmeralda Sánchez-Pavón
- LADISER de Química Orgánica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación Oriente 6, No. 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, CP 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Diana Carolina Valdez-Ortega
- LADISER de Química Orgánica y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación Oriente 6, No. 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, CP 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jaime López-Domínguez
- LADISER Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación Oriente 6, No. 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, CP 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Víctor Adolfo Romero-Cruz
- LADISER Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación Oriente 6, No. 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, CP 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Alberto Yair Limón-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario, Servicio de Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ángel Trigos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala, Industrial Las Ánimas, Universidad Veracruzana, C.P. 91190, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Angel Ramos-Ligonio
- LADISER Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación Oriente 6, No. 1009, Col. Rafael Alvarado, CP 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Petrou A, Fesatidou M, Geronikaki A. Thiazole Ring-A Biologically Active Scaffold. Molecules 2021; 26:3166. [PMID: 34070661 PMCID: PMC8198555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazole is a good pharmacophore nucleus due to its various pharmaceutical applications. Its derivatives have a wide range of biological activities such as antioxidant, analgesic, and antimicrobial including antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer, antiallergic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and antipsychotic. Indeed, the thiazole scaffold is contained in more than 18 FDA-approved drugs as well as in numerous experimental drugs. OBJECTIVE To summarize recent literature on the biological activities of thiazole ring-containing compounds Methods: A literature survey regarding the topics from the year 2015 up to now was carried out. Older publications were not included, since they were previously analyzed in available peer reviews. RESULTS Nearly 124 research articles were found, critically analyzed, and arranged regarding the synthesis and biological activities of thiazoles derivatives in the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Athina Geronikaki
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.P.); (M.F.)
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Moreno-Herrera A, Cortez-Maya S, Bocanegra-Garcia V, Banik BK, Rivera G. Recent Advances in the Development of Broad-Spectrum Antiprotozoal Agents. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:583-606. [PMID: 32124688 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200303170000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium spp., and Trichomonas vaginalis, are part of a large list of human parasitic diseases. Together, they cause more than 500 million infections per year. These protozoa parasites affect both low- and high-income countries and their pharmacological treatments are limited. Therefore, new and more effective drugs in preclinical development could improve overall therapy for parasitic infections even when their mechanisms of action are unknown. In this review, a number of heterocyclic compounds (diamidine, guanidine, quinoline, benzimidazole, thiazole, diazanaphthalene, and their derivatives) reported as antiprotozoal agents are discussed as options for developing new pharmacological treatments for parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Moreno-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Sandra Cortez-Maya
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cd. Universitaria, Circuito Exterior, Coyoacan, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-Garcia
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Bimal Krishna Banik
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Deanship of Research, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnologia Farmaceutica, Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
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An Overview of the Synthesis and Antimicrobial, Antiprotozoal, and Antitumor Activity of Thiazole and Bisthiazole Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030624. [PMID: 33504100 PMCID: PMC7865802 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiazole, a five-membered heteroaromatic ring, is an important scaffold of a large number of synthetic compounds. Its diverse pharmacological activity is reflected in many clinically approved thiazole-containing molecules, with an extensive range of biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antihelmintic, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. Due to its significance in the field of medicinal chemistry, numerous biologically active thiazole and bisthiazole derivatives have been reported in the scientific literature. The current review provides an overview of different methods for the synthesis of thiazole and bisthiazole derivatives and describes various compounds bearing a thiazole and bisthiazole moiety possessing antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antitumor activity, encouraging further research on the discovery of thiazole-containing drugs.
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Vasconcelos Gomes de Oliveira V, Angela Aranda de Souza M, Ramos Mororó Cavalcanti R, Veríssimo de Oliveira Cardoso M, Lima Leite AC, de Figueiredo RCBQ, Rogério de Freitas Silva S, Câmara Alves L, Amaro da Silva Junior V. Study of acute oral toxicity of the thiazole derivative N-(1-methyl-2-methyl-pyridine)-N-(p-bromophenylthiazol-2-yl)-hydrazine in a Syrian hamster. Toxicol Mech Methods 2021; 31:197-204. [PMID: 33349088 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2020.1867681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The thiazole derivative N-1-methyl-2-methyl-pyridine)-N-(p-bromophenylthiazol-2-yl)-hydrazine was used to evaluate the acute oral toxicity in Syrian hamsters. The concentration of the doses (300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg) were based on the "Class Acute Toxicity Method" displayed in the OECD-423 guide. In addition, renal and liver biochemical tests were performed, as well as histopathological analysis. Our results showed that the compound's lethal dose (LD50) was 1000 mg/kg and classified as category 4 according to the criteria adopted in the experiment's protocol. Biochemical analysis of the liver function's parameters showed that the LD50 values in all animals were higher than the reference values. However, the analyze of the kidney injury parameters showed an increase in the urea's dosage but a decrease in the albumin's dosage in all animals when compared to the reference values. Kidney biochemical analysis also showed that creatinine's level was only higher than the reference values in one animal. Massive damages in the liver were observed, such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the hepatocyte, coagulation necrosis, the presence of mononuclear cells in the sinusoidal capillaries, steatosis, cholestasis, and congestion of sinusoidal capillaries and central-lobular veins. The animals presented renal injuries related to congestion of glomerular and interstitial capillaries, nephrosis of contorted proximal and distal tubules and congestion in the medullary region. In conclusion, the thiazole derivative was well tolerated although it caused acute liver and kidney damages. Therefore, these results showed the need of further investigation of this compound in vivo to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects with chronic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Vasconcelos Gomes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil.,Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leucio Câmara Alves
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil
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Ramírez-Nava EJ, Hernández-Ochoa B, Navarrete-Vázquez G, Arreguín-Espinosa R, Ortega-Cuellar D, González-Valdez A, Martínez-Rosas V, Morales-Luna L, Martínez-Miranda J, Sierra-Palacios E, Rocha-Ramírez LM, De Franceschi L, Marcial-Quino J, Gómez-Manzo S. Novel inhibitors of human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (HsG6PD) affect the activity and stability of the protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129828. [PMID: 33347959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) has received significant attention because of the role of NADPH and R-5-P in the maintenance of cancer cells, which are necessary for the synthesis of fatty acids and contribute to uncontrollable proliferation. The HsG6PD enzyme is the rate-limiting step in the oxidative branch of the PPP, leading to an increase in the expression levels in tumor cells; therefore, the protein has been proposed as a target for the development of new molecules for use in cancer. METHODS Through in vitro studies, we assayed the effects of 55 chemical compounds against recombinant HsG6PD. Here, we present the kinetic characterization of four new HsG6PD inhibitors as well as their functional and structural effects on the protein. Furthermore, molecular docking was performed to determine the interaction of the best hits with HsG6PD. RESULTS Four compounds, JMM-2, CCM-4, CNZ-3, and CNZ-7, were capable of reducing HsG6PD activity and showed noncompetitive and uncompetitive inhibition. Moreover, experiments using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the molecules affect the structure (secondary and tertiary) of the protein as well as its thermal stability. Computational docking analysis revealed that the interaction of the compounds with the protein does not occur at the active site. CONCLUSIONS We identified two new compounds (CNZ-3 and JMM-2) capable of inhibiting HsG6PD that, compared to other previously known HsG6PD inhibitors, showed different mechanisms of inhibition. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Screening of new inhibitors for HsG6PD with a future pharmacological approach for the study and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Jiovany Ramírez-Nava
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico; Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arreguín-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuellar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, 04530 Secretaría de Salud, Mexico
| | - Abigail González-Valdez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Víctor Martínez-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Laura Morales-Luna
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Josué Martínez-Miranda
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Edgar Sierra-Palacios
- Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Plantel Casa Libertad, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México 09620, Mexico
| | - Luz María Rocha-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and AOUI Verona, Policlinico GB Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico.
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico.
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Riches A, Hart CJS, Trenholme KR, Skinner-Adams TS. Anti- Giardia Drug Discovery: Current Status and Gut Feelings. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13330-13354. [PMID: 32869995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Giardia parasites are ubiquitous protozoans of global importance that impact a wide range of animals including humans. They are the most common enteric pathogen of cats and dogs in developed countries and infect ∼1 billion people worldwide. While Giardia infections can be asymptomatic, they often result in severe and chronic diseases. There is also mounting evidence that they are linked to postinfection disorders. Despite growing evidence of the widespread morbidity associated with Giardia infections, current treatment options are limited to compound classes with broad antimicrobial activity. Frontline anti-Giardia drugs are also associated with increasing drug resistance and treatment failures. To improve the health and well-being of millions, new selective anti-Giardia drugs are needed alongside improved health education initiatives. Here we discuss current treatment options together with recent advances and gaps in drug discovery. We also propose criteria to guide the discovery of new anti-Giardia compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Riches
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Biomedical Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Christopher J S Hart
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Katharine R Trenholme
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Tina S Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Trichomonas vaginalis NTPDase inhibited by lycorine modulates the parasite-neutrophil interaction. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2587-2595. [PMID: 32524267 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lycorine is an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid that presents anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity. T. vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. The modulation of T. vaginalis purinergic signaling through the ectonucleotidases, nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase), and ecto-5'-nucleotidase represents new targets for combating the parasite. With this knowledge, the aim of this study was to investigate whether NTPDase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibition by lycorine could lead to extracellular ATP accumulation. Moreover, the lycorine effect on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by neutrophils and parasites was evaluated as well as the alkaloid toxicity. The metabolism of purines was assessed by HPLC. ROS production was measured by flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity against epithelial vaginal cells and fibroblasts was tested, as well as the hemolytic effect of lycorine and its in vivo toxicity in Galleria mellonella larvae. Our findings showed that lycorine caused ATP accumulation due to NTPDase inhibition. The alkaloid did not affect the ROS production by T. vaginalis; however, it increased ROS levels in neutrophils incubated with lycorine-treated trophozoites. Lycorine was cytotoxic against vaginal epithelial cells and fibroblasts; conversely, it was not hemolytic neither exhibited toxicity against the in vivo model of G. mellonella larvae. Overall, besides having anti-T. vaginalis activity, lycorine modulates ectonucleotidases and stimulates neutrophils to secrete ROS. This mechanism of action exerted by the alkaloid could enhance the susceptibility of T. vaginalis to host immune cell, contributing to protozoan clearance.
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de Oliveira VVG, Aranda de Souza MA, Cavalcanti RRM, de Oliveira Cardoso MV, Leite ACL, da Silva Junior VA, de Figueiredo RCBQ. Study of in vitro biological activity of thiazoles on Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22:414-421. [PMID: 32165288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the prospection of possible agents against neglected diseases, thiazole compounds are presented as promising candidates and are known to have activity against trypanosomatid parasites. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of thiazole compounds on Leishmania infantum, the aetiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis. METHODS Thiazole compounds (five thiazoacetylpyridines [TAPs-01, -04, -05, -06, -09) and five thiazopyridines [TPs-01, -04, -05, -06, -09]) were tested regarding their leishmanicidal activity on both promastigote and amastigote forms of L. infantum. Cytotoxicity was tested using peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice. Ultrastructural analyses were performed to identify possible intracellular targets of the most effective compound on promastigote forms. To observe routes that can clarify the possible mechanism of action of the compounds on the intracellular amastigote forms, the nitrite dosage was performed. RESULTS All compounds inhibited the growth of promastigote and presented low cytotoxicity, being more selective to the parasite than to mammalian cells. All compounds tested were able to decrease macrophage infection. There was a significant decrease in the survival rate of the amastigote when compared with the untreated cells, with TAP-04 presenting the best index. TAP-04 induced ultrastructural changes that are related to cell death by apoptosis. None of the macrophage groups infected with L. infantum and subsequently treated showed increased nitrite release. CONCLUSIONS The low toxicity to mammalian cells and the leishmanicidal activity observed demonstrate that the synthesis of drugs based in thiosemicarbazone nucleus, thiazole and pyridine derivatives are promising for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Vasconcelos Gomes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Brazil; Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil.
| | - Mary Angela Aranda de Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Cristina Lima Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Drug resistance in Giardia: Mechanisms and alternative treatments for Giardiasis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 107:201-282. [PMID: 32122530 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of chemotherapeutic drugs is the main resource against clinical giardiasis due to the lack of approved vaccines. Resistance of G. duodenalis to the most used drugs to treat giardiasis, metronidazole and albendazole, is a clinical issue of growing concern and yet unknown impact, respectively. In the search of new drugs, the completion of the Giardia genome project and the use of biochemical, molecular and bioinformatics tools allowed the identification of ligands/inhibitors for about one tenth of ≈150 potential drug targets in this parasite. Further, the synthesis of second generation nitroimidazoles and benzimidazoles along with high-throughput technologies have allowed not only to define overall mechanisms of resistance to metronidazole but to screen libraries of repurposed drugs and new pharmacophores, thereby increasing the known arsenal of anti-giardial compounds to some hundreds, with most demonstrating activity against metronidazole or albendazole-resistant Giardia. In particular, cysteine-modifying agents which include omeprazole, disulfiram, allicin and auranofin outstand due to their pleiotropic activity based on the extensive repertoire of thiol-containing proteins and the microaerophilic metabolism of this parasite. Other promising agents derived from higher organisms including phytochemicals, lactoferrin and propolis as well as probiotic bacteria/fungi have also demonstrated significant potential for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in giardiasis. In this context the present chapter offers a comprehensive review of the current knowledge, including commonly prescribed drugs, causes of therapeutic failures, drug resistance mechanisms, strategies for the discovery of new agents and alternative drug therapies.
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Scarim CB, Jornada DH, Machado MGM, Ferreira CMR, Dos Santos JL, Chung MC. Thiazole, thio and semicarbazone derivatives against tropical infective diseases: Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leishmaniasis, and malaria. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 162:378-395. [PMID: 30453246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiazole, thiosemicarbazone and semicarbazone moieties are privileged scaffolds (acting as primary pharmacophores) in many compounds that are useful to treat several diseases, mainly tropical infectious diseases. In this review article, we critically analyzed the contribution of these scaffolds to medicinal chemistry in the last five years, focusing on tropical infectious diseases, such as Chagas disease, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), leishmaniasis, and malaria. We also present perspectives for their use in drug design in order to contribute to the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cauê Benito Scarim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Man Chin Chung
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Hennessey KM, Rogiers IC, Shih HW, Hulverson MA, Choi R, McCloskey MC, Whitman GR, Barrett LK, Merritt EA, Paredez AR, Ojo KK. Screening of the Pathogen Box for inhibitors with dual efficacy against Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006673. [PMID: 30080847 PMCID: PMC6095626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is need for a more efficient cell-based assay amenable to high-throughput drug screening against Giardia lamblia. Here, we report the development of a screening method utilizing G. lamblia engineered to express red-shifted firefly luciferase. Parasite growth and replication were quantified using D-luciferin as a substrate in a bioluminescent read-out plateform. This assay was validated for reproducibility and reliability against the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) Pathogen Box compounds. For G. lamblia, forty-three compounds showed ≥ 75% inhibition of parasite growth in the initial screen (16 μM), with fifteen showing ≥ 95% inhibition. The Pathogen Box was also screened against Nanoluciferase expressing (Nluc) C. parvum, yielding 85 compounds with ≥ 75% parasite growth inhibition at 10 μM, with six showing ≥ 95% inhibition. A representative set of seven compounds with activity against both parasites were further analyzed to determine the effective concentration that causes 50% growth inhibition (EC50) and cytotoxicity against mammalian HepG2 cells. Four of the seven compounds were previously known to be effective in treating either Giardia or Cryptosporidium. The remaining three shared no obvious chemical similarity with any previously characterized anti-parasite diarrheal drugs and offer new medicinal chemistry opportunities for therapeutic development. These results suggest that the bioluminescent assays are suitable for large-scale screening of chemical libraries against both C. parvum and G. lamblia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Hennessey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ilse C. Rogiers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Han-Wei Shih
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Hulverson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ryan Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Molly C. McCloskey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Grant R. Whitman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lynn K. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ethan A. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander R. Paredez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Charlton RL, Rossi-Bergmann B, Denny PW, Steel PG. Repurposing as a strategy for the discovery of new anti-leishmanials: the-state-of-the-art. Parasitology 2018; 145:219-236. [PMID: 28805165 PMCID: PMC5964475 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania for which there is a paucity of effective viable non-toxic drugs. There are 1·3 million new cases each year causing considerable socio-economic hardship, best measured in 2·4 million disability adjusted life years, with greatest impact on the poorest communities, which means that desperately needed new antileishmanial treatments have to be both affordable and accessible. Established medicines with cheaper and faster development times may hold the cure for this neglected tropical disease. This concept of using old drugs for new diseases may not be novel but, with the ambitious target of controlling or eradicating tropical diseases by 2020, this strategy is still an important one. In this review, we will explore the current state-of-the-art of drug repurposing strategies in the search for new treatments for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Charlton
- Department of Chemistry,University Science Laboratories,South Road,Durham DH1 3LE,UK
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,Ilha do Fundão,CEP 21·949-900 Rio de Janeiro,RJ,Brazil
| | - Paul W Denny
- Department of Biosciences,University Science Laboratories,South Road,Durham DH1 3LE,UK
| | - Patrick G Steel
- Department of Chemistry,University Science Laboratories,South Road,Durham DH1 3LE,UK
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Bala V, Chhonker YS. Recent developments in anti-Trichomonas research: An update review. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:232-243. [PMID: 29175675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a major non-viral sexually-transmitted infection resulted into serious obstetrical and gynecological troubles. The increasing resistance to nitroimidazole therapy and recurrence makes it crucial to develop new drugs against trichomoniasis. Over the past few years, a large number of research articles highlighting the synthetic and natural product research to combat Trichomonas vaginalis have been published. Electronic databases were searched to collect all data from the year 2006 through June 2017 for anti-Trichomonas activity potential of synthetic and natural products. This review article put together the synthetic and natural product research to find out an effective metronidazole alternative to cure trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Bala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India.
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, USA.
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Colín-Lozano B, León-Rivera I, Chan-Bacab MJ, Ortega-Morales BO, Moo-Puc R, López-Guerrero V, Hernández-Núñez E, Argüello-Garcia R, Scior T, Barbosa-Cabrera E, Navarrete-Vázquez G. Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017. [PMID: 28645659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized five new 5-nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras as analogues of nitazoxanide, using a DCC-activated amidation. Compounds 1-5 were tested in vitro against a panel of five protozoa: 2 amitochondriates (Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis) and 3 kinetoplastids (Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi). All chimeras showed broad spectrum and potent antiprotozoal activities, with IC50 values ranging from the low micromolar to nanomolar order. Compounds 1-5 were even more active than metronidazole and nitazoxanide, two marketed first-line drugs against giardiasis. In particular, compound 4 (an indomethacin hybrid) was one of the most potent of the series, inhibiting G. intestinalis growth in vitro with an IC50 of 0.145μM. Compound 4 was 38-times more potent than metronidazole and 8-times more active than nitazoxanide. The in vivo giardicidal effect of 4 was evaluated in a CD-1 mouse model obtaining a median effective dose of 1.709μg/kg (3.53nmol/kg), a 321-fold and 1015-fold increase in effectiveness after intragastric administration over metronidazole and nitazoxanide, respectively. Compounds 1 and 3 (hybrids of ibuprofen and clofibric acid), showed potent giardicidal activities in the in vitro as well as in the in vivo assays after oral administration. Therefore, compounds 1-5 constitute promising drug candidates for further testing in experimental chemotherapy against giardiasis, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis and even trypanosomiasis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Colín-Lozano
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Ismael León-Rivera
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Manuel Jesús Chan-Bacab
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche 24039, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Otto Ortega-Morales
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche 24039, Mexico
| | - Rosa Moo-Puc
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, IMSS Mérida, Yucatán 97000, Mexico
| | - Vanessa López-Guerrero
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Emanuel Hernández-Núñez
- Cátedra CONACyT, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, 97310 Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Raúl Argüello-Garcia
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Thomas Scior
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla 72000, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Barbosa-Cabrera
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, IPN, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico.
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22
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Menezes CB, Rigo GV, Bridi H, Trentin DDS, Macedo AJ, von Poser GL, Tasca T. The anti-Trichomonas vaginalis phloroglucinol derivative isoaustrobrasilol B modulates extracellular nucleotide hydrolysis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:811-819. [PMID: 28390095 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, a neglected sexually transmitted disease. Due to severe health consequences and treatment failure, new therapeutic alternatives are crucial. Phloroglucinols from southern Brazilian Hypericum species demonstrated anti-T. vaginalis and anti-Leishmania amazonensis activities. The modulation of biochemical pathways involved in the control of inflammatory response by ectonucleotidases, NTPDase, and ecto-5'-nucleotidase represents new targets for combating protozoa. This study investigated the activity of phloroglucinol derivatives of Hypericum species from southern Brazil against T. vaginalis as well as its ability on modulating parasite ectonucleotidases and, consequently, immune parameters through ATP and adenosine effects. Phloroglucinol derivatives screening revealed activity for isoaustrobrasilol B (IC50 38 μm) with no hemolytic activity. Although the most active compound induced cytotoxicity against a mammalian cell lineage, the in vivo model evidenced absence of toxicity. Isoaustrobrasilol B significantly inhibited NTPDase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase activities, and the immune modulation attributed to extracellular nucleotide accumulation was evaluated. The production of ROS and IL-6 by T. vaginalis-stimulated neutrophils was not affected by the treatment. Conversely, IL-8 levels were significantly enhanced. The associative mechanism of trophozoites death and ectonucleotidases modulation by isoaustrobrasilol B may increase the susceptibility of T. vaginalis to host innate immune cell like neutrophils consequently, contributing to parasite clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Braz Menezes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Graziela Vargas Rigo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bridi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Danielle da Silva Trentin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilsane Lino von Poser
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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23
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Hernández-Núñez E, Tlahuext H, Moo-Puc R, Moreno D, González-Díaz MO, Vázquez GN. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2-(2-Amino-5(6)-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-N-arylacetamides as Antiprotozoal Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040579. [PMID: 28375176 PMCID: PMC6154724 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are a public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide. One of the scaffolds used in several drugs for the treatment of parasitic diseases is the benzimidazole moiety, a heterocyclic aromatic compound. This compound is a crucial pharmacophore group and is considered a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. In this study, the benzimidazole core served as a model for the synthesis of a series of 2-(2-amino-5(6)-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)-N-arylacetamides 1–8 as benznidazole analogues. The in silico pharmacological results calculated with PASS platform exhibited chemical structures highly similar to known antiprotozoal drugs. Compounds 1–8 when evaluated in silico for acute toxicity by oral dosing, were less toxic than benznidazole. The synthesis of compounds 1–8 were carried out through reaction of 5(6)-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine (12) with 2-chlroactemides 10a–h, in the presence of K2CO3 and acetonitrile as solvent, showing an inseparable mixture of two regioisomers with the -NO2 group in position 5 or 6 with chemical yields of 60 to 94%. The prediction of the NMR spectra of molecule 1 coincided with the experimental chemical displacements of the regioisomers. Comparisons between the NMR prediction and the experimental data revealed that the regioisomer endo-1,6-NO2 predominated in the reaction. The in vitro antiparasitic activity of these compounds on intestinal unicellular parasites (Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica) and a urogenital tract parasite (Trichomonas vaginalis) were tested. Compound 7 showed an IC50 of 3.95 μM and was 7 time more active against G. intestinalis than benznidazole. Compounds 7 and 8 showed 4 times more activity against T. vaginalis compared with benznidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Hernández-Núñez
- CONACYT, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, Mérida 97310, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Hugo Tlahuext
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Rosa Moo-Puc
- Unidad Interinstitucional de Investigación Médica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social/Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida 97150, Yucatán, México.
| | - Diego Moreno
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida 97310, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | | | - Gabriel Navarrete Vázquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
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24
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Singh G, Rani S, Gawri S, Sinha S, Sehgal R. Adamantylated organosilatranes: design, synthesis, and potential appraisal in surface modification and anti-protozoal activity. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01456b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of organosilatranes tethered with the privileged adamantane motif has been prepared and their pharmacokinetic profiles were scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunita Rani
- Department of Chemistry
- Panjab University
- Chandigarh
- India
| | | | - Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology
- Research Block-A
- PGIMER
- Chandigarh
- India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology
- Research Block-A
- PGIMER
- Chandigarh
- India
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25
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Roca-Mézquita C, Graniel-Sabido M, Moo-Puc RE, Leon-Déniz LV, Gamboa-León R, Arjona-Ruiz C, Tun-Garrido J, Mirón-López G, Mena-Rejón GJ. ANTIPROTOZOAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS OF ELAEODENDRON TRICHOTOMUM (CELASTRACEAE). AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2016; 13:162-165. [PMID: 28852732 PMCID: PMC5566140 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i4.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease, amebiasis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis represent a serious health problem in Latin America. The drugs employed to treat these illnesses produce important side effects and resistant strains have appeared. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antiprotozoal activity of leaves, stem bark and root bark of Elaeodendron trichotomum, a celastraceus, that is used in Mexico as an anti-infective in febrile-type diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dichloromethane and methanol extracts of leaves, bark and roots of Elaeodendron trichotomum were tested against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Trypanosoma cruzi. A quantitative HPLC analysis of pristimerin and tingenone was performed. RESULTS The dichloromethane extract of roots was active against E. histolytica, G. lamblia, T. vaginalis, and T. cruzi, at IC50's of 0.80, 0.44, 0.46, and 2.68 μg/mL, respectively. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of tingenone (3.84%) and pristimerin (0.14%). CONCLUSIONS The dichloromethane extract of the roots bark showed significant activity against all screened protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Roca-Mézquita
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, C. 41 No. 421 Col. Industrial, C.P. 97150, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Manlio Graniel-Sabido
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, C. 41 No. 421 Col. Industrial, C.P. 97150, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Rosa E. Moo-Puc
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico “Ignacio García Téllez”, IMSS, C. 41, No. 439, Col. Industrial, C.P. 97150, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Lorena V. Leon-Déniz
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Km. 15.5 carr. a Xmatkuil A.P. No. 116, C.P. 97315, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Rubí Gamboa-León
- Coordinación Académica Región Huasteca Sur, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Km. 5 carr. Tamazunchale-San Martín, C.P. 79960, Tamazunchale, S.L.P
| | - Carely Arjona-Ruiz
- Coordinación Académica Región Huasteca Sur, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Km. 5 carr. Tamazunchale-San Martín, C.P. 79960, Tamazunchale, S.L.P
| | - Juan Tun-Garrido
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Km. 15.5 carr. a Xmatkuil A.P. No. 116, C.P. 97315, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Gumersindo Mirón-López
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, C. 41 No. 421 Col. Industrial, C.P. 97150, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Gonzalo J. Mena-Rejón
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, C. 41 No. 421 Col. Industrial, C.P. 97150, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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26
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Scior T, Lozano-Aponte J, Ajmani S, Hernández-Montero E, Chávez-Silva F, Hernández-Núñez E, Moo-Puc R, Fraguela-Collar A, Navarrete-Vázquez G. Antiprotozoal Nitazoxanide Derivatives: Synthesis, Bioassays and QSAR Study Combined with Docking for Mechanistic Insight. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2016; 11:21-31. [PMID: 25872791 PMCID: PMC5396257 DOI: 10.2174/1573409911666150414145937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In view of the serious health problems concerning infectious diseases in heavily populated areas, we followed the strategy of lead compound diversification to evaluate the near-by chemical space for new organic compounds. To this end, twenty derivatives of nitazoxanide (NTZ) were synthesized and tested for activity against Entamoeba histolytica parasites. To ensure drug-likeliness and activity relatedness of the new compounds, the synthetic work was assisted by a quantitative structure-activity relationships study (QSAR). Many of the inherent downsides – well-known to QSAR practitioners – we circumvented thanks to workarounds which we proposed in prior QSAR publication. To gain further mechanistic insight on a molecular level, ligand-enzyme docking simulations were carried out since NTZ is known to inhibit the protozoal pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) enzyme as its biomolecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scior
- Department of Pharmacy, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Edificio 105 C/106, C.P. 72570 Puebla, PUE., Mexico.
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27
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Activity and property landscape modeling is at the interface of chemoinformatics and medicinal chemistry. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:1197-211. [PMID: 26132526 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Property landscape modeling (PLM) methods are at the interface of experimental sciences and computational chemistry. PLM are becoming a common strategy to describe systematically structure-property relationships of datasets. Thus far, PLM have been used mainly in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Herein, we survey advances on key topics on PLM with emphasis on questions often raised regarding the outcomes of the property landscape studies. We also emphasize on concepts of PLM that are being extended to other experimental areas beyond drug discovery. Topics discussed in this paper include applications of PLM to further characterize protein-ligand interactions, the utility of PLM as a quantitative and descriptive approach, and the statistical validation of property cliffs.
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28
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Miyamoto Y, Eckmann L. Drug Development Against the Major Diarrhea-Causing Parasites of the Small Intestine, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1208. [PMID: 26635732 PMCID: PMC4652082 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, particularly among young children. A limited number of infectious agents account for most of these illnesses, raising the hope that advances in the treatment and prevention of these infections can have global health impact. The two most important parasitic causes of diarrheal disease are Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Both parasites infect predominantly the small intestine and colonize the lumen and epithelial surface, but do not invade deeper mucosal layers. This review discusses the therapeutic challenges, current treatment options, and drug development efforts against cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis. The goals of drug development against Cryptosporidium and Giardia are different. For Cryptosporidium, only one moderately effective drug (nitazoxanide) is available, so novel classes of more effective drugs are a high priority. Furthermore, new genetic technology to identify potential drug targets and better assays for functional evaluation of these targets throughout the parasite life cycle are needed for advancing anticryptosporidial drug design. By comparison, for Giardia, several classes of drugs with good efficacy exist, but dosing regimens are suboptimal and emerging resistance begins to threaten clinical utility. Consequently, improvements in potency and dosing, and the ability to overcome existing and prevent new forms of drug resistance are priorities in antigiardial drug development. Current work on new drugs against both infections has revealed promising strategies and new drug leads. However, the primary challenge for further drug development is the underlying economics, as both parasitic infections are considered Neglected Diseases with low funding priority and limited commercial interest. If a new urgency in medical progress against these infections can be raised at national funding agencies or philanthropic organizations, meaningful and timely progress is possible in treating and possibly preventing cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA
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29
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Azam A, Peerzada MN, Ahmad K. Parasitic diarrheal disease: drug development and targets. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1183. [PMID: 26617574 PMCID: PMC4621754 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is the manifestation of gastrointestinal infection and is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity specifically among the children of less than 5 years age worldwide. Moreover, in recent years there has been a rise in the number of reports of intestinal infections continuously in the industrialized world. These are largely related to waterborne and food borne outbreaks. These occur by the pathogenesis of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms like bacteria and parasites. The parasitic intestinal infection has remained mostly unexplored and under assessed in terms of therapeutic development. The lack of new drugs and the risk of resistance have led us to carry out this review on drug development for parasitic diarrheal diseases. The major focus has been depicted on commercially available drugs, currently synthesized active heterocyclic compounds and unique drug targets, that are vital for the existence and growth of the parasites and can be further exploited for the search of therapeutically active anti-parasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Azam
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi, India
| | - Mudasir N. Peerzada
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi, India
| | - Kamal Ahmad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia IslamiaNew Delhi, India
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30
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Ayati A, Emami S, Asadipour A, Shafiee A, Foroumadi A. Recent applications of 1,3-thiazole core structure in the identification of new lead compounds and drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:699-718. [PMID: 25934508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Thiazole is one of the most important scaffolds in heterocyclic chemistry and drug design and discovery. It is widely found in diverse pharmacologically active substances and in some naturally-occurring compounds. Thiazole is a versatile building-block for lead generation, and is easily access of diverse derivatives for subsequent lead optimization. In the recent years, many thiazole derivatives have been synthesized and subjected to varied biological activities. In this article we intended to review the most important biological effects of thiazole-based compounds and highlight their roles in new leads identification and drug discovery. This article is also intended to help researches for finding potential future directions on the development of more potent and specific analogs of thiazole-based compounds for various biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adile Ayati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Ali Asadipour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medicinal Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medicinal Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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31
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Navarrete-Vázquez G, Chávez-Silva F, Colín-Lozano B, Estrada-Soto S, Hidalgo-Figueroa S, Guerrero-Álvarez J, Méndez ST, Reyes-Vivas H, Oria-Hernández J, Canul-Canché J, Ortiz-Andrade R, Moo-Puc R. Synthesis of nitro(benzo)thiazole acetamides and in vitro antiprotozoal effect against amitochondriate parasites Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2204-10. [PMID: 25801157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized four 5-nitrothiazole (1-4) and four 6-nitrobenzothiazole acetamides (5-8) using an easy two step synthetic route. All compounds were tested in vitro against amitochondriate parasites Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis, showing excellent antiprotozoal effects. IC₅₀'s of the most potent compounds range from nanomolar to low micromolar order, being more active than their drugs of choice. Compound 1 (IC₅₀=122 nM), was 44-times more active than Metronidazole, and 10-fold more effective than Nitazoxanide against G. intestinalis and showed good trichomonicidal activity (IC₅₀=2.24 μM). This compound did not display in vitro cytotoxicity against VERO cells. The in vitro inhibitory effect of compounds 1-8 and Nitazoxanide against G. intestinalis fructose-1,6-biphosphate aldolase (GiFBPA) was evaluated as potential drug target, showing a clear inhibitory effect over the enzyme activity. Molecular docking of compounds 1, 4 and Nitazoxanide into the ligand binding pocket of GiFBPA, revealed contacts with the active site residues of the enzyme. Ligand efficiency metrics of 1 revealed optimal combinations of physicochemical and antiprotozoal properties, better than Nitazoxanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico.
| | - Fabiola Chávez-Silva
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Blanca Colín-Lozano
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Samuel Estrada-Soto
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico; Laboratorio de Farmacología, Depto. Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Jorge Guerrero-Álvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | - Sara T Méndez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica-Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, 04530 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Horacio Reyes-Vivas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica-Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, 04530 México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Jesús Oria-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica-Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, 04530 México, D.F., Mexico
| | | | - Rolffy Ortiz-Andrade
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán 97150, Mexico
| | - Rosa Moo-Puc
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, IMSS Mérida, Yucatán 97000, Mexico
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Design, structural and spectroscopic elucidation of new nitroaromatic carboxylic acids and semicarbazones for the in vitro screening of anti-leishmanial activity. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rojas-Oviedo I, Camacho-Camacho C, Sánchez-Sánchez L, Cárdenas J, López-Muñoz H, Eugenio-Robledo H, Velázquez I, Toscano RA. Synthesis and characterization of tributyltin derivatives from 4-oxo-4-(arylamino)butanoic acids and theirin vitrobiological activity against cervical cancer cell lines. Appl Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Rojas-Oviedo
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco; Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud CP 04960 México
| | - Carlos Camacho-Camacho
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco; Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud CP 04960 México
| | - Luis Sánchez-Sánchez
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza; Avenida Batalla del 5 de Mayo s/n, Colonia Ejercito de Oriente CP 09230 México
| | - Jorge Cárdenas
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán 04510 México
| | - Hugo López-Muñoz
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Investigación Experimental Zaragoza; Avenida Batalla del 5 de Mayo s/n, Colonia Ejercito de Oriente CP 09230 México
| | - Hugo Eugenio-Robledo
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco; Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud CP 04960 México
| | - Israel Velázquez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco; Calzada del Hueso 1100, Col. Villa Quietud CP 04960 México
| | - Rubén Alfredo Toscano
- Instituto de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán 04510 México
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