1
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In Vivo Sustained Release of the Retrograde Transport Inhibitor Retro-2.1 Formulated in a Thermosensitive Hydrogel. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314611. [PMID: 36498939 PMCID: PMC9735573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently developed inhibitor of retrograde transport, namely Retro-2.1, proved to be a potent and broad-spectrum lead in vitro against intracellular pathogens, such as toxins, parasites, intracellular bacteria and viruses. To circumvent its low aqueous solubility, a formulation in poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L)lactide micelle nanoparticles was developed. This formulation enabled the study of the pharmacokinetic parameters of Retro-2.1 in mice following intravenous and intraperitoneal injections, revealing a short blood circulation time, with an elimination half-life of 5 and 6.7 h, respectively. To explain the poor pharmacokinetic parameters, the metabolic stability of Retro-2.1 was studied in vitro and in vivo, revealing fast cytochrome-P-450-mediated metabolism into a less potent hydroxylated analogue. Subcutaneous injection of Retro-2.1 formulated in a biocompatible and bioresorbable polymer-based thermosensitive hydrogel allowed for sustained release of the drug, with an elimination half-life of 19 h, and better control of its metabolism. This study provides a guideline on how to administer this promising lead in vivo in order to study its efficacy.
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2
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Craig E, Calarco A, Conte R, Ambrogi V, d'Ayala GG, Alabi P, Sello JK, Cerruti P, Kima PE. Thermoresponsive Copolymer Nanovectors Improve the Bioavailability of Retrograde Inhibitors in the Treatment of Leishmania Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:702676. [PMID: 34490142 PMCID: PMC8417477 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.702676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis range from self-healing, cutaneous lesions to fatal infections of the viscera. With no preventative Leishmania vaccine available, the frontline option against leishmaniasis is chemotherapy. Unfortunately, currently available anti-Leishmania drugs face several obstacles, including toxicity that limits dosing and emergent drug resistant strains in endemic regions. It is, therefore, imperative that more effective drug formulations with decreased toxicity profiles are developed. Previous studies had shown that 2-(((5-Methyl-2-thienyl)methylene)amino)-N-phenylbenzamide (also called Retro-2) has efficacy against Leishmania infections. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analogs of Retro-2, using the dihydroquinazolinone (DHQZ) base structure, were subsequently described that are more efficacious than Retro-2. However, considering the hydrophobic nature of these compounds that limits their solubility and uptake, the current studies were initiated to determine whether the solubility of Retro-2 and its SAR analogs could be enhanced through encapsulation in amphiphilic polymer nanoparticles. We evaluated encapsulation of these compounds in the amphiphilic, thermoresponsive oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-co-pentafluorostyrene (PFG30) copolymer that forms nanoparticle aggregates upon heating past temperatures of 30°C. The hydrophobic tracer, coumarin 6, was used to evaluate uptake of a hydrophobic molecule into PFG30 aggregates. Mass spectrometry analysis showed considerably greater delivery of encapsulated DHQZ analogs into infected cells and more rapid shrinkage of L. amazonensis communal vacuoles. Moreover, encapsulation in PFG30 augmented the efficacy of Retro-2 and its SAR analogs to clear both L. amazonensis and L. donovani infections. These studies demonstrate that encapsulation of compounds in PFG30 is a viable approach to dramatically increase bioavailability and efficacy of anti-Leishmania compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Craig
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Anna Calarco
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele Conte
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI) - University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Philip Alabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason K Sello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Peter E Kima
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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3
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Demirbas N, Demirbas A. Organocatalyzed Heterocyclic Transformations In Green Media: A Review. CURRENT ORGANOCATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337207999200805115813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Since the discovery of metal-free catalysts or organocatalysts about twenty
years ago, a number of small molecules with different structures have been used to accelerate organic
transformations. With the development of environmental awareness, to obtain highly efficient
scaffolds, scientists have directed their studies towards synthetic methodologies that minimize
or preferably eliminate the formation of waste, avoid toxic solvents and reagents and use renewable
starting materials as far as possible.
Methods:
In this connection, the organocatalytic reactions providing efficiency and selectivity for
most of the transformations have become an endless topic in organic chemistry since several advantages
from both practical and environmental standpoints. Organocatalysts contributing to the transformation
of reactants into products with the least possible waste production, have been serving the
concept of green chemistry.
Results and Conclusion:
Organocatalysts have been classified based on their binding capacity to
the substrate with covalent or noncovalent interactions involving hydrogen bonding and electrostatic
interaction. Diverse types of small organic compounds including proline and its derivatives,
phase-transfer catalysts, (thio)urease, phosphoric acids, sulfones, N-oxides, guanidines, cinchona
derivatives, aminoindanol, and amino acids have been utilized as hydrogen bonding organocatalysts
in different chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Demirbas
- Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Demirbas
- Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
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4
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Wu Z, Graf FE, Hirsch HH. Antivirals against human polyomaviruses: Leaving no stone unturned. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2220. [PMID: 33729628 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) encompass more than 10 species infecting 30%-90% of the human population without significant illness. Proven HPyV diseases with documented histopathology affect primarily immunocompromised hosts with manifestations in brain, skin and renourinary tract such as polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PyVAN), polyomavirus-associated haemorrhagic cystitis (PyVHC), polyomavirus-associated urothelial cancer (PyVUC), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), Trichodysplasia spinulosa (TS) and pruritic hyperproliferative keratinopathy. Although virus-specific immune control is the eventual goal of therapy and lasting cure, antiviral treatments are urgently needed in order to reduce or prevent HPyV diseases and thereby bridging the time needed to establish virus-specific immunity. However, the small dsDNA genome of only 5 kb of the non-enveloped HPyVs only encodes 5-7 viral proteins. Thus, HPyV replication relies heavily on host cell factors, thereby limiting both, number and type of specific virus-encoded antiviral targets. Lack of cost-effective high-throughput screening systems and relevant small animal models complicates the preclinical development. Current clinical studies are limited by small case numbers, poorly efficacious compounds and absence of proper randomized trial design. Here, we review preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated small molecules with presumed antiviral activity against HPyVs and provide an outlook regarding potential new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsong Wu
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice E Graf
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinical Virology, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Trupp L, Bruttomesso AC, Vardé M, Eliseeva SV, Ramírez JA, Petoud S, Barja BC. Innovative Multipodal Ligands Derived from Tröger's Bases for the Sensitization of Lanthanide(III) Luminescence. Chemistry 2020; 26:16900-16909. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Trupp
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, (INQUIMAE) CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
- Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR) CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UPR 4301 45071 Orléans Cedex 2 France
| | - Andrea C. Bruttomesso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
- Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR) CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
| | - Mariana Vardé
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
- Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR) CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
| | - Svetlana V. Eliseeva
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UPR 4301 45071 Orléans Cedex 2 France
| | - Javier A. Ramírez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
- Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR) CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
| | - Stéphane Petoud
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UPR 4301 45071 Orléans Cedex 2 France
| | - Beatriz C. Barja
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía, (INQUIMAE) CONICET—Universidad de Buenos Aires Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria Buenos Aires 1428 Argentina
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6
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Treasure T, Nelson CDS. Inhibition of JC polyomavirus infectivity by the retrograde transport inhibitor Retro-2.1. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:783-791. [PMID: 32965709 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a common human pathogen that results in a chronic asymptomatic infection in healthy adults. Under conditions of immunosuppression, JCPyV spreads to the central nervous system and can cause the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a disease for which there are no vaccines or antiviral therapies. Retro-2 is a previously identified small molecule inhibitor that was originally shown to block retrograde transport of toxins such as ricin toxin from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Retro-2.1 is a chemical analog of Retro-2 that has been shown to inhibit ricin intoxication of cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Retro-2 has previously been shown to prevent retrograde transport of JCPyV virions to the ER, but the effect of Retro-2.1 on JCPyV infectivity is unknown. Here it is shown that Retro-2.1 inhibits JCPyV with an EC50 of 3.9 μM. This molecule inhibits JCPyV infection at dosages that are not toxic to human tissue culture cells. Retro-2.1 was also tested against two other polyomaviruses, the human BK polyomavirus and simian virus 40, and was also shown to inhibit infection at similar concentrations. Viral uncoating studies demonstrate that Retro-2.1 inhibits BKPyV infectivity in a manner similar to Retro-2. These studies demonstrate that improved analogs of Retro-2 can inhibit infection at lower dosages than Retro-2 and further optimization of these compounds may lead to effective treatment options for those suffering from JCPyV infection and PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashania Treasure
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Cortland, Cortland, New York
| | - Christian D S Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Cortland, Cortland, New York
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7
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Boesze-Battaglia K, Dhingra A, Walker LM, Zekavat A, Shenker BJ. Internalization and Intoxication of Human Macrophages by the Active Subunit of the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Is Dependent Upon Cellugyrin (Synaptogyrin-2). Front Immunol 2020; 11:1262. [PMID: 32655562 PMCID: PMC7325893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is a heterotrimeric AB2 toxin capable of inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in lymphocytes and other cell types. Recently, we have demonstrated that human macrophages are resistant to Cdt-induced apoptosis but are susceptible to toxin-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine response involving activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Exposure to Cdt results in binding to the cell surface followed by internalization and translocation of the active subunit, CdtB, to intracellular compartments. Internalization involves hijacking of retrograde pathways; treatment of cells with Retro-2 leads to a decrease in CdtB-Golgi association. These events are dependent upon toxin binding to cholesterol in the context of lipid rich membrane microdomains often referred to as lipid rafts. We now demonstrate that within 1 h of exposure of macrophages to Cdt, CdtB is internalized and found primarily within lipid rafts; concurrently, cellugyrin (synaptogyrin-2) also translocates into lipid rafts. Further analysis by immunoprecipitation indicates that CdtB associates with complexes containing both cellugyrin and Derlin-2. Moreover, a human macrophage cell line deficient in cellugyrin expression (THP-1Cg-) challenged with Cdt failed to internalize CdtB and was resistant to the Cdt-induced pro-inflammatory response. We propose that lipid rafts along with cellugyrin play a critical role in the internalization and translocation of CdtB to critical intracellular target sites in human macrophages. These studies provide the first evidence that cellugyrin is expressed in human macrophages and plays a critical role in Cdt toxicity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anuradha Dhingra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa M Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ali Zekavat
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bruce J Shenker
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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Zhang Z, Qin Z, Chang W, Li J, Fan R, Wu X, Guo R, Xie X, Zhou L. Nickel‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Cyclization of Isatoic Anhydrides with Carbodiimides: Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1
H
)‐ones. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005, P. R. of People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiang Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005, P. R. of People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxu Chang
- Department of Applied ChemistryChina Agricultural University Beijing 100193 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazhu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005, P. R. of People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoqian Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005, P. R. of People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005, P. R. of People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005, P. R. of People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqi Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005, P. R. of People's Republic of China
| | - Lanxin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005, P. R. of People's Republic of China
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9
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Priyamvada L, Alabi P, Leon A, Kumar A, Sambhara S, Olson VA, Sello JK, Satheshkumar PS. Discovery of Retro-1 Analogs Exhibiting Enhanced Anti-vaccinia Virus Activity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:603. [PMID: 32390964 PMCID: PMC7190985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) are an increasing threat to human health due to the growing population of OPXV-naive individuals after the discontinuation of routine smallpox vaccination. Antiviral drugs that are effective as postexposure treatments against variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) or other OPXVs are critical in the event of an OPXV outbreak or exposure. The only US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug to treat smallpox, Tecovirimat (ST-246), exerts its antiviral effect by inhibiting extracellular virus (EV) formation, thereby preventing cell-cell and long-distance spread. We and others have previously demonstrated that host Golgi-associated retrograde proteins play an important role in monkeypox virus (MPXV) and vaccinia virus (VACV) EV formation. Inhibition of the retrograde pathway by small molecules such as Retro-2 has been shown to decrease VACV infection in vitro and to a lesser extent in vivo. To identify more potent inhibitors of the retrograde pathway, we screened a large panel of compounds containing a benzodiazepine scaffold like that of Retro-1, against VACV infection. We found that a subset of these compounds displayed better anti-VACV activity, causing a reduction in EV particle formation and viral spread compared to Retro-1. PA104 emerged as the most potent analog, inhibiting 90% viral spread at 1.3 μM with a high selectivity index. In addition, PA104 strongly inhibited two distinct ST-246-resistant viruses, demonstrating its potential benefit for use in combination therapy with ST-246. These data and further characterizations of the specific protein targets and in vivo efficacy of PA104 may have important implications for the design of effective antivirals against OPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Priyamvada
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Philip Alabi
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Andres Leon
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Victoria A Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jason K Sello
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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10
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Functional dissection of the retrograde Shiga toxin trafficking inhibitor Retro-2. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:327-336. [PMID: 32080624 PMCID: PMC7039708 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The retrograde transport inhibitor Retro-2 has a protective effect on cells and in mice against Shiga-like toxins and ricin. Retro-2 causes toxin accumulation in early endosomes, and relocalization of the Golgi SNARE protein syntaxin-5 to the endoplasmic reticulum. The molecular mechanisms by which this is achieved remain unknown. Here, we show that Retro-2 targets the endoplasmic reticulum exit site component Sec16A, affecting anterograde transport of syntaxin-5 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. The formation of canonical SNARE complexes involving syntaxin-5 is not affected in Retro-2-treated cells. In contrast, the interaction of syntaxin-5 with a newly discovered binding partner, the retrograde trafficking chaperone GPP130, is abolished, and we show that GPP130 must indeed bind to syntaxin-5 to drive Shiga toxin transport from endosomes to the Golgi. We thereby identify Sec16A as a druggable target, and provide evidence for a non-SNARE function for syntaxin-5 in interaction with the GPP130.
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11
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Chate AV, Rudrawar PP, Bondle GM, Sangeshetti JN. 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid: An efficient organocatalyst for green synthesis of spirooxindole dihydroquinazolinones and novel 1,2-(dihydroquinazolin-3(4H)isonicotinamides in water. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1692868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asha V. Chate
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India
| | - Priyanka P. Rudrawar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India
| | - Giribala M. Bondle
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India
| | - Jaiprakash N. Sangeshetti
- Department of Quality Assurance, Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy, Rafiq Zakaria Campus, Aurangabad, India
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12
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Morgens DW, Chan C, Kane AJ, Weir NR, Li A, Dubreuil MM, Tsui CK, Hess GT, Lavertu A, Han K, Polyakov N, Zhou J, Handy EL, Alabi P, Dombroski A, Yao D, Altman RB, Sello JK, Denic V, Bassik MC. Retro-2 protects cells from ricin toxicity by inhibiting ASNA1-mediated ER targeting and insertion of tail-anchored proteins. eLife 2019; 8:48434. [PMID: 31674906 PMCID: PMC6858068 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The small molecule Retro-2 prevents ricin toxicity through a poorly-defined mechanism of action (MOA), which involves halting retrograde vesicle transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). CRISPRi genetic interaction analysis revealed Retro-2 activity resembles disruption of the transmembrane domain recognition complex (TRC) pathway, which mediates post-translational ER-targeting and insertion of tail-anchored (TA) proteins, including SNAREs required for retrograde transport. Cell-based and in vitro assays show that Retro-2 blocks delivery of newly-synthesized TA-proteins to the ER-targeting factor ASNA1 (TRC40). An ASNA1 point mutant identified using CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis abolishes both the cytoprotective effect of Retro-2 against ricin and its inhibitory effect on ASNA1-mediated ER-targeting. Together, our work explains how Retro-2 prevents retrograde trafficking of toxins by inhibiting TA-protein targeting, describes a general CRISPR strategy for predicting the MOA of small molecules, and paves the way for drugging the TRC pathway to treat broad classes of viruses known to be inhibited by Retro-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Morgens
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Charlene Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Northwest Labs, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Andrew J Kane
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Northwest Labs, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Nicholas R Weir
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Northwest Labs, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | | | - C Kimberly Tsui
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Gaelen T Hess
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Adam Lavertu
- Biomedical Informatics Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Kyuho Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Nicole Polyakov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Northwest Labs, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Northwest Labs, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Emma L Handy
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Philip Alabi
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Amanda Dombroski
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - David Yao
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Russ B Altman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Jason K Sello
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Vladimir Denic
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Northwest Labs, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Program in Cancer Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford, United States
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13
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Tashrifi Z, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani M, Biglar M, Larijani B, Mahdavi M. Isatoic Anhydride: A Fascinating and Basic Molecule for the Synthesis of Substituted Quinazolinones and Benzo di/triazepines. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190701142930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article is focused on the synthesis of compounds with quinazolinones and benzo di/triazepine scaffolds. These invaluable derivatives are of great interest in medicinal and pharmaceutical studies because of their important biological properties. Quinazolinones have diverse applications due to their antibacterial, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antifungal, antimalarial, antihypertensive, CNS depressant, anticonvulsant, antihistaminic, antiparkinsonism, antiviraland and anticancer activities. On the other hand, pharmacological properties of benzodiazepines include antianxiety, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antagonists of cholecystokinin receptors (CCK), antileishmanial, sleep-inducing muscle relaxant and several other useful and interesting properties. As an example, three main categories of drugs, namely anxiolytics, sedative hypnotics (sleep inducers) and anticonvulsants are constructed by 1,4-benzodiazepines. Finally, benzotriazepines are believed to possess various pharmacological properties such as antipsychotic and antitumor activities. Hence, this review is divided into three major sections, considering quinazolinones, benzodiazepines and benzotriazepines. In the first section, we take a brief look at various approaches towards synthesis of substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-ones and 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones. Also in this section, we try to give an overview of the synthetic routes and strategies recently reported for the generation of various classes of substituted 4(3H)-quinazolinones and 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones. Accordingly, quinazolin-4(3H)-ones, were subdivided into three major classes: 2-substituted, 3-substituted and 2,3-disubstituted-quinazolinones. 2,3- dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones also were subdivided into six sub-categories: 2-monosubstituted, 2,2- disubstituted, 2,3-disubstituted, 1,2,3-trisubstituted, 2,2,3-trisubstituted 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones and boron-containing quinazoline-4(1H)-ones. In the other two sections, we cover the literature related to synthesis of benzo di/triazepine. The most recent developments are highlighted with a special emphasis on new synthetic routes based on isatoic anhydride as starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tashrifi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guilan, Rasht PO Box 41335-1914, Iran
| | | | - Mahmood Biglar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Desai D, Lauver M, Ostman A, Cruz L, Ferguson K, Jin G, Roper B, Brosius D, Lukacher A, Amin S, Buchkovich N. Inhibition of diverse opportunistic viruses by structurally optimized retrograde trafficking inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1795-1803. [PMID: 30890396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Opportunistic viruses are a major problem for immunosuppressed individuals, particularly following organ or stem cell transplantation. Current treatments are non-existent or suffer from problems such as high toxicity or development of resistant strains. We previously published that a trafficking inhibitor that targets a host protein greatly reduces the replication of human cytomegalovirus. This inhibitor was also shown to be moderately effective against polyomaviruses, another family of opportunistic viruses. We have developed a panel of analogues for this inhibitor and have shown that these analogues maintain their high efficacy against HCMV, while substantially lowering the concentration required to inhibit polyomavirus replication. By targeting a host protein these compounds are able to inhibit the replication of two very different viruses. These observations open up the possibility of pan-viral inhibitors for immunosuppressed individuals that are effective against multiple, diverse opportunistic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhimant Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Matthew Lauver
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Alexandria Ostman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Linda Cruz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Kevin Ferguson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Brianne Roper
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Daniel Brosius
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Aron Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Nick Buchkovich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
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15
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Badolato M, Aiello F, Neamati N. 2,3-Dihydroquinazolin-4(1 H)-one as a privileged scaffold in drug design. RSC Adv 2018; 8:20894-20921. [PMID: 35542353 PMCID: PMC9080947 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3-Dihydroquinazolin-4-one (DHQ) belongs to the class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds representing a core structural component in various biologically active compounds. In the past decades, several methodologies have been developed for the synthesis of the DHQ framework, especially the 2-substituted derivatives. Unfortunately, multistep syntheses, harsh reaction conditions, and the use of toxic reagents and solvents have limited their full potential as a versatile fragment. Recently, use of green chemistry and alternative strategies are being explored to prepare diverse DHQ derivatives. This fragment is used as a synthon for the preparation of biologically active quinazolinones and as a functional substrate for the synthesis of modified DHQ derivatives exhibiting different biological properties. In this review, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the synthesis and biological evaluations of DHQ derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Badolato
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Ed. Polifunzionale 87036 Arcavacata di Rende CS Italy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex 1600 Huron Parkway Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria Ed. Polifunzionale 87036 Arcavacata di Rende CS Italy
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex 1600 Huron Parkway Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
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Azevedo C, Macedo MH, Sarmento B. Strategies for the enhanced intracellular delivery of nanomaterials. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:944-959. [PMID: 28919437 PMCID: PMC7108348 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of nanomaterials and drugs has been attracting increasing research interest, mainly because of their important effects and functions in several organelles. Targeting specific organelles can help treat or decrease the symptoms of diabetes, cancer, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. Tuning biological and chemical properties enables the creation of functionalized nanomaterials with enhanced intracellular uptake, ability to escape premature lysosome degradation, and to reach a specific target. Here, we provide an update of recent advances in the intracellular delivery mechanisms that could help drugs reach their target more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Azevedo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Macedo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal.
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Retro-2 and its dihydroquinazolinone derivatives inhibit filovirus infection. Antiviral Res 2017; 149:154-163. [PMID: 29175127 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Members of the family Filoviridae cause severe, often fatal disease in humans, for which there are no approved vaccines and only a few experimental drugs tested in animal models. Retro-2, a small molecule that inhibits retrograde trafficking of bacterial and plant toxins inside host cells, has been demonstrated to be effective against a range of bacterial and virus pathogens, both in vitro and in animal models. Here, we demonstrated that Retro-2 and its derivatives, Retro-2.1 and compound 25, blocked infection by Ebola virus and Marburg virus in vitro. We show that the derivatives were more potent inhibitors of infection as compared to the parent compound. Pseudotyped virus assays indicated that the compounds affected virus entry into cells while virus particle localization to Niemann-Pick C1-positive compartments showed that they acted at a late step in virus entry. Our work demonstrates a potential for Retro-type drugs to be developed into anti-filoviral therapeutics.
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Inhibition of Retrograde Transport Limits Polyomavirus Infection In Vivo. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00494-17. [PMID: 29152583 PMCID: PMC5687923 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00494-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PyVs can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. No clinically efficacious anti-PyV therapeutic agents are available. A recently identified inhibitor of retrograde transport, Retro-2cycl, blocks movement of PyV virion-containing vesicles from early endosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum, an early step in the PyV life cycle. Retro-2cycl and its derivatives have been shown to inhibit infection by human PyVs in tissue culture. Here, we demonstrate that a derivative of Retro-2cycl, Retro-2.1, reduces infection by MuPyV in the kidneys of acutely infected mice. Mimicking the common clinical scenario of PyV resurgence, we further show that MuPyV levels increase in the kidneys of immunocompromised, persistently infected mice and that this increase is inhibited by Retro-2.1. These data provide the first evidence for control of a natural PyV infection in vivo by administration of an inhibitor of retrograde transport. Polyomaviruses (PyVs) silently infect most humans, but they can cause life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised individuals. The JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) induces progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a severe demyelinating disease in multiple sclerosis patients receiving immunomodulatory therapy, and BK polyomavirus (BKPyV)-associated nephropathy is a major cause of kidney allograft failure. No effective anti-PyV agents are available. Several compounds have been reported to possess anti-PyV activity in vitro, but none have shown efficacy in clinical trials. Productive PyV infection involves usurping the cellular retrograde vesicular transport pathway to enable endocytosed virions to navigate to the endoplasmic reticulum where virion uncoating begins. Compounds inhibiting this pathway have been shown to reduce infection by simian virus 40 (SV40), JCPyV, and BKPyV in tissue culture. In this study, we investigated the potential of Retro-2.1, a retrograde transport inhibitor, to limit infection by mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) in vivo. We found that Retro-2.1 significantly reduced MuPyV levels in the kidney during acute infection without affecting renal function or the MuPyV-specific CD8 T cell response. To approximate the clinical setting of PyV resurgence in immunocompromised hosts, we showed that antibody-mediated depletion of T cells in persistently infected mice elevated MuPyV levels in the kidney and that Retro-2.1 blunted this increase in virus levels. In summary, these data indicate that inhibition of retrograde vesicular transport in vivo controls infection in a natural PyV mouse model and supports development of these compounds as potential therapeutic agents for individuals at risk for human PyV-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE PyVs can cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. No clinically efficacious anti-PyV therapeutic agents are available. A recently identified inhibitor of retrograde transport, Retro-2cycl, blocks movement of PyV virion-containing vesicles from early endosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum, an early step in the PyV life cycle. Retro-2cycl and its derivatives have been shown to inhibit infection by human PyVs in tissue culture. Here, we demonstrate that a derivative of Retro-2cycl, Retro-2.1, reduces infection by MuPyV in the kidneys of acutely infected mice. Mimicking the common clinical scenario of PyV resurgence, we further show that MuPyV levels increase in the kidneys of immunocompromised, persistently infected mice and that this increase is inhibited by Retro-2.1. These data provide the first evidence for control of a natural PyV infection in vivo by administration of an inhibitor of retrograde transport.
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ABMA, a small molecule that inhibits intracellular toxins and pathogens by interfering with late endosomal compartments. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15567. [PMID: 29138439 PMCID: PMC5686106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogenic microorganisms and toxins exploit host cell mechanisms to enter, exert their deleterious effects as well as hijack host nutrition for their development. A potential approach to treat multiple pathogen infections and that should not induce drug resistance is the use of small molecules that target host components. We identified the compound 1-adamantyl (5-bromo-2-methoxybenzyl) amine (ABMA) from a cell-based high throughput screening for its capacity to protect human cells and mice against ricin toxin without toxicity. This compound efficiently protects cells against various toxins and pathogens including viruses, intracellular bacteria and parasite. ABMA provokes Rab7-positive late endosomal compartment accumulation in mammalian cells without affecting other organelles (early endosomes, lysosomes, the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum or the nucleus). As the mechanism of action of ABMA is restricted to host-endosomal compartments, it reduces cell infection by pathogens that depend on this pathway to invade cells. ABMA may represent a novel class of broad-spectrum compounds with therapeutic potential against diverse severe infectious diseases.
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20
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JC Polyomavirus Attachment and Entry: Potential Sites for PML Therapeutics. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 4:132-141. [PMID: 28989857 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a significant human pathogen that causes an asymptomatic infection in the kidney in the majority of the population. In immunosuppressed individuals, the virus can become reactivated and spread to the brain, causing the fatal, demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). There are currently limited treatment options for this fatal disease. Attachment to receptors and entry into host cells are the initiating events in JCPyV infection and therefore an attractive target for therapeutics to prevent or treat PML. This review provides the current understanding of JCPyV attachment and entry events and the potential therapeutics to target these areas. RECENT FINDINGS JCPyV attachment and entry to host cells is mediated by α2,6-linked lactoseries tetrasaccharide c (LSTc) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT2Rs), respectively, and subsequent trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum is required for infection. Recently, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and small molecules have shown promise as anti-viral and PML therapies. SUMMARY This review summarizes our current understanding of JCPyV attachment, entry, and trafficking and the development of potential PML therapeutics that inhibit these critical steps in JCPyV infection.
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Identification of Rab18 as an Essential Host Factor for BK Polyomavirus Infection Using a Whole-Genome RNA Interference Screen. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00291-17. [PMID: 28815213 PMCID: PMC5555678 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00291-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses bind to a group of specific gangliosides on the plasma membrane of the cell prior to being endocytosed. They then follow a retrograde trafficking pathway to reach the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The viruses begin to disassemble in the ER and then exit the ER and move to the nucleus. However, the details of intracellular trafficking between the endosome and the ER are largely unknown. By implementing a whole human genome small interfering RNA screen, we identified Rab18, syntaxin 18, and the NRZ complex as key components in endosome-ER trafficking of the human polyomavirus BKPyV. These results serve to further elucidate the route BKPyV takes from outside the cell to its site of replication in the nucleus. BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a human pathogen first isolated in 1971. BKPyV infection is ubiquitous in the human population, with over 80% of adults worldwide being seropositive for BKPyV. BKPyV infection is usually asymptomatic; however, BKPyV reactivation in immunosuppressed transplant patients causes two diseases, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis. To establish a successful infection in host cells, BKPyV must travel in retrograde transport vesicles to reach the nucleus. To make this happen, BKPyV requires the cooperation of host cell proteins. To further identify host factors associated with BKPyV entry and intracellular trafficking, we performed a whole-genome small interfering RNA screen on BKPyV infection of primary human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. The results revealed the importance of Ras-related protein Rab18 and syntaxin 18 for BKPyV infection. Our subsequent experiments implicated additional factors that interact with this pathway and suggest a more detailed model of the intracellular trafficking process, indicating that BKPyV reaches the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen through a retrograde transport pathway between the late endosome and the ER. IMPORTANCE Polyomaviruses bind to a group of specific gangliosides on the plasma membrane of the cell prior to being endocytosed. They then follow a retrograde trafficking pathway to reach the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The viruses begin to disassemble in the ER and then exit the ER and move to the nucleus. However, the details of intracellular trafficking between the endosome and the ER are largely unknown. By implementing a whole human genome small interfering RNA screen, we identified Rab18, syntaxin 18, and the NRZ complex as key components in endosome-ER trafficking of the human polyomavirus BKPyV. These results serve to further elucidate the route BKPyV takes from outside the cell to its site of replication in the nucleus.
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Antiviral effects of Retro-2 cycl and Retro-2.1 against Enterovirus 71 in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2017; 144:311-321. [PMID: 28688753 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the causative pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), especially the form associated with fatal neurological disorders. Sustained outbreaks of EV71 infections remain a serious health threat worldwide. However, no antiviral agent against EV71 for clinical therapy has been approved. Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1 are inhibitors of several pathogens specifically targeting the intracellular vesicle transport, which also participates in the EV71 lifecycle processes including progeny virus release. Here, we reported that Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1, respectively, could inhibit EV71 infection with 50% effective concentrations of 12.56 μM and 0.05 μM in a cytopathic effect inhibition assay and showed relatively low cytotoxicity with 50% cytotoxicity concentrations of more than 500 μM and 267.80 μM. Preliminary mechanism studies revealed that Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1 did not inhibit EV71 protein synthesis or RNA replication but could block progeny EV71 release specifically. Furthermore, administration of Retro-2cycl at the dose of 10 mg/kg significantly protected 90% of newborn mice from lethal EV71 challenge. Consequently, our results for the first time identified Retro-2cycl and Retro-2.1 as effective inhibitors of EV71 as well as lead compounds, which would contribute to anti-EV71 drug development. We also identified progeny virus release and the intracellular vesicle transport as antiviral targets for EV71.
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Craig E, Huyghues-Despointes CE, Yu C, Handy EL, Sello JK, Kima PE. Structurally optimized analogs of the retrograde trafficking inhibitor Retro-2cycl limit Leishmania infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005556. [PMID: 28505157 PMCID: PMC5444862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In infected mammalian cells, Leishmania parasites reside within specialized compartments called parasitophorous vacuoles (LPVs). We have previously shown that Retro-2, a member of a novel class of small retrograde pathway inhibitors caused reduced LPV sizes and lower parasite numbers during experimental L. mexicana sp. infections. The purpose of this study was to determine if structural analogs of Retro-2cycl reported to have superior potency in the inhibition of retrograde pathway-dependent phenomena (i.e., polyomavirus cellular infection by polyomavrius and Shiga toxin trafficking in cells) are also more effective than the parent compound at controlling Leishmania infections. In addition to their effects on LPV development, we show that two optimized analogs of Retro-2cycl, DHQZ 36 and DHQZ 36.1 limit Leishmania amazonensis infection in macrophages at EC50 of 13.63+/-2.58μM and10.57+/-2.66μM, respectively, which is significantly lower than 40.15μM the EC50 of Retro-2cycl. In addition, these analogs caused a reversal in Leishmania induced suppression of IL-6 release by infected cells after LPS activation. Moreover, we show that in contrast to Retro-2cycl that is Leishmania static, the analogs can kill Leishmania parasites in axenic cultures, which is a desirable attribute for any drug to treat Leishmania infections. Together, these studies validate and extend the published structure-activity relationship analyses of Retro-2cycl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Craig
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Chun Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Emma L. Handy
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Jason K. Sello
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Peter E. Kima
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Kavaliauskiene S, Dyve Lingelem AB, Skotland T, Sandvig K. Protection against Shiga Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E44. [PMID: 28165371 PMCID: PMC5331424 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins consist of an A-moiety and five B-moieties able to bind the neutral glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) on the cell surface. To intoxicate cells efficiently, the toxin A-moiety has to be cleaved by furin and transported retrogradely to the Golgi apparatus and to the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzymatically active part of the A-moiety is then translocated to the cytosol, where it inhibits protein synthesis and in some cell types induces apoptosis. Protection of cells can be provided either by inhibiting binding of the toxin to cells or by interfering with any of the subsequent steps required for its toxic effect. In this article we provide a brief overview of the interaction of Shiga toxins with cells, describe some compounds and conditions found to protect cells against Shiga toxins, and discuss whether they might also provide protection in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Kavaliauskiene
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne Berit Dyve Lingelem
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Center for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, N-0379 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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25
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Cruz L, Streck NT, Ferguson K, Desai T, Desai DH, Amin SG, Buchkovich NJ. Potent Inhibition of Human Cytomegalovirus by Modulation of Cellular SNARE Syntaxin 5. J Virol 2017; 91:e01637-16. [PMID: 27795424 PMCID: PMC5165218 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01637-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of the cytoplasmic viral assembly compartment (cVAC) is an important step for efficient human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) assembly. To do this, the virus must alter and repurpose the normal cellular balance of membrane and protein flux, a process that is not well understood. Although a recent screen identified three viral proteins essential for cVAC formation, less is known about the contribution of cellular factors. We show that HCMV infection increases the protein level of a cellular trafficking factor, syntaxin 5 (STX5), a member of the syntaxin family of SNARE proteins. STX5 is recruited to the cVAC in infected cells and is required for the efficient production of infectious virions. We find that STX5 is important for normal cVAC morphology and the proper localization of viral proteins. A previously identified inhibitor of trafficking, Retro94, causes the mislocalization of STX5, an altered cVAC morphology, and dispersal of viral proteins. The presence of Retro94 results in severely impaired production of infectious virions, with a decrease as great as 5 logs. We show that this inhibition is conserved among different strains of HCMV and the various cell types that support infection, as well as for murine CMV. Thus, our data identify a key cellular trafficking factor important for supporting HCMV infection. IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection causes severe disease and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, including organ transplant and AIDS patients. In addition, infection of a developing fetus may result in lifelong complications such as deafness and learning disabilities. Understanding in detail the processes involved in HCMV replication is important for developing novel treatments. One of these essential processes, assembly of infectious virions, takes places in the cytoplasmic viral assembly compartment. We identify a cellular protein, syntaxin 5, important for generating this compartment, and show that it is required for the efficient production of infectious virions. We also show that a small molecule that disrupts this protein also significantly reduces the amount of infectious virions that are generated. Thus, by pinpointing a cellular protein that is important in the replication cycle of HCMV, we identified a novel target that can be pursued for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Cruz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas T Streck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin Ferguson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trisha Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhimant H Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shantu G Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas J Buchkovich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gupta N, Noël R, Goudet A, Hinsinger K, Michau A, Pons V, Abdelkafi H, Secher T, Shima A, Shtanko O, Sakurai Y, Cojean S, Pomel S, Liévin-Le Moal V, Leignel V, Herweg JA, Fischer A, Johannes L, Harrison K, Beard PM, Clayette P, Le Grand R, Rayner JO, Rudel T, Vacus J, Loiseau PM, Davey RA, Oswald E, Cintrat JC, Barbier J, Gillet D. Inhibitors of retrograde trafficking active against ricin and Shiga toxins also protect cells from several viruses, Leishmania and Chlamydiales. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 267:96-103. [PMID: 27712998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Medical countermeasures to treat biothreat agent infections require broad-spectrum therapeutics that do not induce agent resistance. A cell-based high-throughput screen (HTS) against ricin toxin combined with hit optimization allowed selection of a family of compounds that meet these requirements. The hit compound Retro-2 and its derivatives have been demonstrated to be safe in vivo in mice even at high doses. Moreover, Retro-2 is an inhibitor of retrograde transport that affects syntaxin-5-dependent toxins and pathogens. As a consequence, it has a broad-spectrum activity that has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo against ricin, Shiga toxin-producing O104:H4 entero-hemorrhagic E. coli and Leishmania sp. and in vitro against Ebola, Marburg and poxviruses and Chlamydiales. An effect is anticipated on other toxins or pathogens that use retrograde trafficking and syntaxin-5. Since Retro-2 targets cell components of the host and not directly the pathogen, no selection of resistant pathogens is expected. These lead compounds need now to be developed as drugs for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Gupta
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Romain Noël
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Amélie Goudet
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Karen Hinsinger
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Aurélien Michau
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Valérie Pons
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Hajer Abdelkafi
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Olena Shtanko
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Sandrine Cojean
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, UMR 8076, CNRS BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sébastien Pomel
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, UMR 8076, CNRS BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Vanessa Liévin-Le Moal
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, UMR 8076, CNRS BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Véronique Leignel
- DRUGABILIS (French Research Performer SME), F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jo-Ana Herweg
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annette Fischer
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Endocytic Trafficking and Therapeutic Delivery Group, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75248, Paris Cedex 05, France; CNRS, UMR3666, F-75005, Paris, France; INSERM, U1143, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Kate Harrison
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Pirbright, Surrey GH24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Clayette
- ImmunoPharmacology and Biosafety Laboratory, BERTIN Pharma, CEA, F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, CEA, U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies Infrastructure, F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; INSERM, U1184, F-94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; University of Paris South, U1184, F-92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Jonathan O Rayner
- Infectious Disease Research, Southern Research, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Thomas Rudel
- University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joël Vacus
- DRUGABILIS (French Research Performer SME), F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Philippe M Loiseau
- Antiparasitic Chemotherapy, UMR 8076, CNRS BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Robert A Davey
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Cintrat
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Julien Barbier
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Institute of Biology and Technology of Saclay (IBITECS), CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France.
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Vigil D, Konstantinov NK, Barry M, Harford AM, Servilla KS, Kim YH, Sun Y, Ganta K, Tzamaloukas AH. BK nephropathy in the native kidneys of patients with organ transplants: Clinical spectrum of BK infection. World J Transplant 2016; 6:472-504. [PMID: 27683628 PMCID: PMC5036119 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i3.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephropathy secondary to BK virus, a member of the Papoviridae family of viruses, has been recognized for some time as an important cause of allograft dysfunction in renal transplant recipients. In recent times, BK nephropathy (BKN) of the native kidneys has being increasingly recognized as a cause of chronic kidney disease in patients with solid organ transplants, bone marrow transplants and in patients with other clinical entities associated with immunosuppression. In such patients renal dysfunction is often attributed to other factors including nephrotoxicity of medications used to prevent rejection of the transplanted organs. Renal biopsy is required for the diagnosis of BKN. Quantitation of the BK viral load in blood and urine are surrogate diagnostic methods. The treatment of BKN is based on reduction of the immunosuppressive medications. Several compounds have shown antiviral activity, but have not consistently shown to have beneficial effects in BKN. In addition to BKN, BK viral infection can cause severe urinary bladder cystitis, ureteritis and urinary tract obstruction as well as manifestations in other organ systems including the central nervous system, the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal system and the hematopoietic system. BK viral infection has also been implicated in tumorigenesis. The spectrum of clinical manifestations from BK infection and infection from other members of the Papoviridae family is widening. Prevention and treatment of BK infection and infections from other Papovaviruses are subjects of intense research.
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Retrograde Transport from Early Endosomes to the trans-Golgi Network Enables Membrane Wrapping and Egress of Vaccinia Virus Virions. J Virol 2016; 90:8891-905. [PMID: 27466413 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01114-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The anterograde pathway, from the endoplasmic reticulum through the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface, is utilized by trans-membrane and secretory proteins. The retrograde pathway, which directs traffic in the opposite direction, is used following endocytosis of exogenous molecules and recycling of membrane proteins. Microbes exploit both routes: viruses typically use the anterograde pathway for envelope formation prior to exiting the cell, whereas ricin and Shiga-like toxins and some nonenveloped viruses use the retrograde pathway for cell entry. Mining a human genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen revealed a need for multiple retrograde pathway components for cell-to-cell spread of vaccinia virus. We confirmed and extended these results while discovering that retrograde trafficking was required for virus egress rather than entry. Retro-2, a specific retrograde trafficking inhibitor of protein toxins, potently prevented spread of vaccinia virus as well as monkeypox virus, a human pathogen. Electron and confocal microscopy studies revealed that Retro-2 prevented wrapping of virions with an additional double-membrane envelope that enables microtubular transport, exocytosis, and actin polymerization. The viral B5 and F13 protein components of this membrane, which are required for wrapping, normally colocalize in the trans-Golgi network. However, only B5 traffics through the secretory pathway, suggesting that F13 uses another route to the trans-Golgi network. The retrograde route was demonstrated by finding that F13 was largely confined to early endosomes and failed to colocalize with B5 in the presence of Retro-2. Thus, vaccinia virus makes novel use of the retrograde transport system for formation of the viral wrapping membrane. IMPORTANCE Efficient cell-to-cell spread of vaccinia virus and other orthopoxviruses depends on the wrapping of infectious particles with a double membrane that enables microtubular transport, exocytosis, and actin polymerization. Interference with wrapping or subsequent steps results in severe attenuation of the virus. Some previous studies had suggested that the wrapping membrane arises from the trans-Golgi network, whereas others suggested an origin from early endosomes. Some nonenveloped viruses use retrograde trafficking for entry into the cell. In contrast, we provided evidence that retrograde transport from early endosomes to the trans-Golgi network is required for the membrane-wrapping step in morphogenesis of vaccinia virus and egress from the cell. The potent in vitro inhibition of this step by the drug Retro-2 suggests that derivatives with enhanced pharmacological properties might serve as useful antipoxviral agents.
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Abbas SY, El-Bayouki KAM, Basyouni WM. Utilization of isatoic anhydride in the syntheses of various types of quinazoline and quinazolinone derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1177087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Y. Abbas
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khairy A. M. El-Bayouki
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wahid M. Basyouni
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Herweg JA, Pons V, Becher D, Hecker M, Krohne G, Barbier J, Berger H, Rudel T, Mehlitz A. Proteomic analysis of the Simkania-containing vacuole: the central role of retrograde transport. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:151-71. [PMID: 26374382 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Simkania negevensis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that grows in amoeba or human cells within a membrane-bound vacuole forming endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites. The membrane of this Simkania-containing vacuole (SnCV) is a critical host-pathogen interface whose origin and molecular interactions with cellular organelles remain poorly defined. We performed proteomic analysis of purified ER-SnCV-membranes using label free LC-MS(2) to define the pathogen-containing organelle composition. Of the 1,178 proteins of human and 302 proteins of Simkania origin identified by this strategy, 51 host cell proteins were enriched or depleted by infection and 57 proteins were associated with host endosomal transport pathways. Chemical inhibitors that selectively interfere with trafficking at the early endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) interface (retrograde transport) affected SnCV formation, morphology and lipid transport. Our data demonstrate that Simkania exploits early endosome-to-TGN transport for nutrient acquisition and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Ana Herweg
- Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Valérie Pons
- DSV, iBiTec-S, LabEx LERMIT, CEA, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Dörte Becher
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, University of Greifswald, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 15, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Microbial Physiology/Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Straße 15, D-17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Krohne
- Division of Electron Microscopy, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julien Barbier
- DSV, iBiTec-S, LabEx LERMIT, CEA, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Hilmar Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Mehlitz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
JC virus (JCV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a demyelinating disease in humans. The disease, once considered fatal, is now managed with immune reconstitution therapy; however, surviving patients remain severely debilitated. Until now, there has been no animal model to study JCV in the brain, and research into treatment has relied on cell culture systems. In this issue of the JCI, Kondo and colleagues developed a mouse model in which human glial cells are engrafted into neonatal mice that are both immunodeficient and deficient for myelin basic protein. When challenged intracerebrally with JCV, these mice exhibit some of the characteristics of PML. The establishment of this chimeric mouse model is a significant advance toward understanding the mechanism of JCV pathogenesis and the identification of drugs to treat or prevent the disease.
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