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Ikram M, Shah I, Hussain H, Mughal EU, Naeem N, Sadiq A, Nazir Y, Ali Shah SW, Zahoor M, Ullah R, Ali EA, Umar MN. Synthesis, molecular docking evaluation for LOX and COX-2 inhibition and determination of in-vivo analgesic potentials of aurone derivatives. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29658. [PMID: 38694111 PMCID: PMC11058299 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current study, seven (7) aurone derivatives (ADs) were synthesized and employed to in-vitro LOX and COX-2 assays, in-vivo models of acetic acid-induced mice writhing, formalin-induced mice paw licking and tail immersion test to evaluate their analgesic potential at the doses of 10 mg and 20 mg/kg body weight. Molecular docking was performed to know the active binding site at both LOX and COX-2 as compared to standard drugs. Among the ADs, 2-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)benzofuran-3(2H)-one (WE-4)possessed optimal LOX and COX-2 inhibitory strength (IC50=0.30 μM and 0.22 μM) as compared to standard (ZileutonIC50 = 0.08 μM, CelecoxibIC50 = 0.05 μM). Similarly in various pain models compound WE-4 showed significantly (p < 0.05) highest percent analgesic potency as compared to control at a dose of 20 mg/kg i.e. 77.60 % analgesic effect in acetic acid model, 49.97 % (in Phase-1) and 70.93 % (inPhase-2) analgesic effect in formalin pain model and 74.71 % analgesic response in tail immersion model. By the administration of Naloxone, the tail flicking latencies were reversed (antagonized) in all treatments. The WE-4 (at 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) was antagonized after 90 min from 11.23 ± 0.93 and 13.41 ± 1.21 to 5.30 ± 0.48 and 4.80 ± 0.61 respectively as compared to standard Tramadol (from 17.74 ± 1.33 to 3.70 ± 0.48), showing the opiodergic receptor involvement. The molecular docking study of ADs revealed that WE-4 had a higher affinity for LOX and COX-2 with docking scores of -4.324 and -5.843 respectively. As a whole, among the tested ADs, compound WE-4 demonstrated excellent analgesic effects that may have been caused by inhibiting the LOX and COX-2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, 23390, Pakistan
| | - Ismail Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, 23390, Pakistan
| | - Haya Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (Upper) 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Nafeesa Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan
| | - Amina Sadiq
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. College Women University, Sialkot, 51300, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Nazir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, 51300, Pakistan
| | - Syed Wadood Ali Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Chakdara 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, KPK, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Lathwal E, Kumar S, Sahoo PK, Ghosh S, Mahata S, Nasare VD, Kapavarapu R, Kumar S. Pyrazole-based and N,N-diethylcarbamate functionalized some novel aurone analogs: Design, synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation, docking and SAR studies, against AGS cancer cell line. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26843. [PMID: 38463825 PMCID: PMC10920165 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study involves the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of thirty-three, pyrazole-based and N,N-diethylcarbamate functionalized, novel aurone analogs, against AGS cancer cell line. These novel aurone analogs are obtained from the reaction of pyrazole-based 6-hydroxyaurones with diethyl carbamoyl chloride using mild basic reagent. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated against a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS) and disclosed some potential outcomes as several analogs were found to have cytotoxicity better than the reference drugs Oxaliplatin and Leucovorin. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study further unveiled the critical role of replacing the hydroxyl group in ring A with a carbamoyl group for cytotoxic activity. Among these aurone analogs, 8e and 8f, with IC50 values of 6.5 ± 0.024 μM and 6.6 ± 0.035 μM, respectively, are identified as the most active compounds. Molecular docking studies were conducted against HER2, a human epidermal growth factor involved in gastric and ovarian cancer, to investigate the binding interactions between the compounds and the protein HER2, where7e and 8e exhibited maximum interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
- Govt. College, Tigaon, Faridabad, 121101, Haryana, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
- PGT Chemistry, KendriyaVidyalaya Kokrajhar, Assam, 783370, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Sushmita Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Sutapa Mahata
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Vilas D. Nasare
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, India
| | - Ravikumar Kapavarapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
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Yu D, Du J, He P, Wang N, Li L, Liu Y, Yang C, Xu H, Li Y. Identification of natural xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Virtual screening, anti-xanthine oxidase activity, and interaction mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129286. [PMID: 38216015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a crucial target for hyperuricemia treatment(s). Naturally occurred XO inhibitors with minimal toxicity and high efficacy have attracted researchers' attention. With the goal of quickly identifying natural XO inhibitors, an integrated computational screening strategy was constructed by molecular docking and calculating the free energy of binding. Twenty-seven hits were achieved from a database containing 19,377 natural molecules. This includes fourteen known XO inhibitors and four firstly-reported inhibitors (isolicoflavonol, 5,7-dihydroxycoumarin, parvifolol D and clauszoline M, IC50 < 40 μM). Iolicoflavonol (hit 8, IC50 = 8.45 ± 0.68 μM) and 5,7-dihydroxycoumarin (hit 25, IC50 = 10.91 ± 0.71 μM) displayed the great potency as mixed-type inhibitors. Docking study and molecular dynamics simulation revealed that both hits could interact with XO's primarily active site residues ARG880, MOS1328, and ASN768 of XO. Fluorescence spectroscopy studies showed that hit 8 bound to the active cavity region of XO, causing changes in XO's conformation and hydrophobicity. Hits 8 and 25 exhibit favorable Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) properties. Additionally, no cytotoxicity against human liver cells was observed at their median inhibition concentrations against XO. Therefore, the present study offers isolicoflavonol and 5,7-dihydroxycoumarin with the potential to be disease-modifying agents for hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehong Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiana Du
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Pei He
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lizi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Can Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haiqi Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Singh A, Singh K, Sharma A, Kaur K, Chadha R, Singh Bedi PM. Past, present and future of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: design strategies, structural and pharmacological insights, patents and clinical trials. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2155-2191. [PMID: 37974965 PMCID: PMC10650961 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00316g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase, a molybdo-flavoenzyme, and an isoform of xanthine dehydrogenase both exist as xanthine oxidoreductase and are responsible for purine catabolism. Xanthine oxidase is more involved in pathological conditions when extensively modulated. Elevation of xanthine oxidase is not only the prime cause of gout but is also responsible for various hyperuricemia associated pathological conditions like diabetes, chronic wounds, cardiovascular disorders, Alzheimer's disease, etc. Currently available xanthine oxidase inhibitors in clinical practice (allopurinol, febuxostat and topiroxostat) suffer from fatal side effects that pose a serious problem to the healthcare system, raising global emergency to develop novel, potent and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors. This review will provide key and systematic information about: a. design strategies (inspired from both marketed drugs in clinical practice and natural products), structural insights and pharmacological output (xanthine oxidase inhibition and associated activities) of various pre-clinical candidates reported by various research groups across the globe in the past two decades; b. patented xanthine oxidase inhibitors published in the last three decades and c. clinical trials and their outcomes on approved drug candidates. Information generated in this review has suggested fragment-based drug design (FBDD) and molecular hybridization techniques to be most suitable for development of desired xanthine oxidase inhibitors as one provides high selectivity toward the enzyme and the other imparts multifunctional properties to the structure and both may possess capabilities to surpass the limitations of currently available clinical drugs. All in combination will exclusively update researchers working on xanthine oxidase inhibitors and allied areas and potentially help in designing rational, novel, potent and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors that can effectively tackle xanthine oxidase related disease conditions and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Renu Chadha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
- Drug and Pollution Testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
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Agrawal N, Arya M, Kushwah P. Therapeutic voyage of synthetic and natural xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:1293-1307. [PMID: 37550063 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors are commonly used to treat gout, nephropathy, and renal stone diseases related to hyperuricemia. However, recent research has shown that these inhibitors may also have potential benefits in preventing vascular diseases, including those affecting the cerebrovasculature. This is due to emerging evidence suggesting that serum uric acid is involved in the growth of cardiovascular disease, and XO inhibition can reduce oxidative stress in the vasculature. There is a great interest in the development of new XO inhibitors for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. The present review discusses the many synthetic and natural XO inhibitors that have been developed which are found to have greater potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Agrawal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Medha Arya
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Priya Kushwah
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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Hu SS, Zhang TJ, Wang ZR, Xu EY, Wang QY, Zhang X, Guo S, Ge GH, Wang J, Meng FH. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of N-phenyl aromatic amide derivatives as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106403. [PMID: 36801790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies suggested that N-phenyl aromatic amides are a class of promising xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor chemotypes. In this effort, several series of N-phenyl aromatic amide derivatives (4a-h, 5-9, 12i-w, 13n, 13o, 13r, 13s, 13t and 13u) were designed and synthesized to carry out an extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR). The investigation provided some valuable SAR information and identified N-(3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-4-((2-methylbenzyl)oxy)phenyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide (12r, IC50 = 0.028 µM) as the most potent XO inhibitor with close in vitro potency to that of topiroxostat (IC50 = 0.017 µM). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation rationalized the binding affinity through a series of strong interactions with the residues Glu1261, Asn768, Thr1010, Arg880, Glu802, etc. In vivo hypouricemic studies also suggested that the uric acid lowering effect of compound 12r was improved compared with the lead g25 (30.61 % vs 22.4 % reduction in uric acid levels at 1 h; 25.91 % vs 21.7 % reduction in AUC of uric acid) . Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that compound 12r presented a short t1/2 of 0.25 h after oral administration. In addition, 12r has non-cytotoxicity against normal cell HK-2. This work may provide some insights for further development of novel amide-based XO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Sen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ting-Jian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhao-Ran Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - En-Yu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qiu-Yin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Gong-Hui Ge
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Fan-Hao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 77, Puhe Road, North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Lone MS, Nabi SA, Wani FR, Garg M, Amin S, Samim M, Shafi S, Khan F, Javed K. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 5-chloro-6-methylaurone derivatives as potential anti-cancer agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13466-13487. [PMID: 36856061 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2183716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel 5-chloro-6-methylaurone derivatives (6a-p) were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized compounds were tested for anticancer activity against 60-human cancer cell line panel derived from nine cancer types at NCI, Bethesda, USA. Among the synthesized compounds, six compounds (6e, 6f, 6h, 6i, 6k and 6 m) exhibited growth inhibition and cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cell lines in one-dose data. The most potent compound among the series, 6i was active against 55 out of 60 human cancer cell lines. Compound 6i showed remarkable % growth inhibition and cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines exhibiting % GI in the range 36.05-199.03. The compound 6i was further evaluated for five dose assay and exhibited GI50 1.90 µM and 2.70 µM against melanoma and breast cancer cell lines respectively. Further evaluation of 6i for five-dose assay exhibited a diverse spectrum of anti-cancer activity towards all the 60 human cancer cell line panel with the selectivity index ratio ranging 0.854-1.42 and 0.66-1.35 for GI50 and TGI respectively. Based on one-dose and five-dose data compound 6i was further evaluated for cell apoptosis against MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cell line and was found to induce early apoptosis in cells explaining its mode of action. The in-silico studies for the synthesized compounds as LSD1 inhibitors (2H94) have shown better docking score and binding energy comparable to vafidemstat. All the compounds followed Lipinski rule of five. These findings concluded that the compound 6i could lead to the development of a promising therapeutic anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Saba Lone
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Ayaz Nabi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Farhat Ramzan Wani
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Manika Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shaista Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed Samim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Shafi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Farah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalim Javed
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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He P, Xu H, Yang C, Yu D, Liu Y, Du J, Li Y. Unveiling the inhibitory mechanism of aureusidin targeting xanthine oxidase by multi-spectroscopic methods and molecular simulations. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1606-1616. [PMID: 36688063 PMCID: PMC9827282 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06997k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key target for gout treatment. Great efforts have been made towards the discovery and development of new XO inhibitors. Aureusidin (AUR), a natural compound, emerges as the second reported XO inhibitor with an aurone skeleton with an IC50 value of 7.617 ± 0.401 μM in vitro. The inhibitory mechanism of AUR against XO was explored through enzyme kinetic studies, multi-spectroscopic methods, computer simulation techniques, and ADME prediction. The results showed that AUR acts as a rapid reversible and mixed-type XO inhibitor and its binding to XO was driven by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. Moreover, AUR presented a strong fluorescence quenching effect through a static quenching process and induced a conformation change of XO. Its binding pattern with XO was revealed through molecular docking, and its affinity toward XO was enhanced through interactions with key amino acid residues in the active pocket of XO. Further, AUR demonstrated good stability and pharmacokinetic behavior properties in molecular dynamics simulation and ADME prediction. In short, the current work clarified in depth the inhibitory mechanism of AUR on XO firstly and then provided fresh insights into its further development as a natural potent XO inhibitor with aurone skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei He
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China+86 28 8540 5220
| | - Haiqi Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China+86 28 8540 5220
| | - Can Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China+86 28 8540 5220
| | - Dehong Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China+86 28 8540 5220
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China+86 28 8540 5220
| | - Jiana Du
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China+86 28 8540 5220
| | - Yanfang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu610065China+86 28 8540 5220
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Kaur G, Singh A, Arora G, Monga A, Jassal AK, Uppal J, Bedi PMS, Bora KS. Synthetic heterocyclic derivatives as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: An overview. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:443-468. [PMID: 35763448 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of xanthine oxidase is an effective and most prominent therapeutic approach for the management of gout. Discovery of its association in the pathophysiology of diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, etc., widened its therapeutic horizons. Limited drug candidates in clinical practice along with side effects forced researchers to develop more efficacious and safer xanthine oxidase inhibitors for the management of gout and other disorders associated with xanthine oxidase hyperactivity. In this regard, this review focus on: (a) Various drug candidates in clinical practice and under clinical trials, (b) Development of various heterocyclic motifs as xanthine oxidase inhibitors in last two decades and (c) Various patented synthetic xanthine oxidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurinder Kaur
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Geetakshi Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Aditi Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anupmjot Kaur Jassal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Jasreen Uppal
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.,Drug and Pollution testing Laboratory, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kundan Singh Bora
- University Institute of Pharma. Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
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10
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Orhan IE, Deniz FSS. Natural Products and Extracts as Xantine Oxidase Inhibitors - A Hope for Gout Disease? Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:143-158. [PMID: 32723252 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200728144605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2) (XO) is one of the main enzymatic sources that create reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the living system. It is a dehydrogenase enzyme that performs electron transfer to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), while oxidizing hypoxanthin, which is an intermediate compound in purine catabolism, first to xanthine and then to uric acid. XO turns into an oxidant enzyme that oxidizes thiol groups under certain stress conditions in the tissue. The last metabolic step, in which hypoxanthin turns into uric acid, is catalyzed by XO. Uric acid, considered a waste product, can cause kidney stones and gouty-type arthritis as it is crystallized, when present in high concentrations. Thus, XO inhibitors are one of the drug classes used against gout, a purine metabolism disease that causes urate crystal storage in the joint and its surroundings caused by hyperuricemia. Urate-lowering therapy includes XO inhibitors that reduce uric acid production as well as uricosuric drugs that increase urea excretion. Current drugs that obstruct uric acid synthesis through XO inhibition are allopurinol, febuxostat, and uricase. However, since the side effects, safety and tolerability problems of some current gout medications still exist, intensive research is ongoing to look for new, effective, and safer XO inhibitors of natural or synthetic origins for the treatment of the disease. In the present review, we aimed to assess in detail XO inhibitory capacities of pure natural compounds along with the extracts from plants and other natural sources via screening Pubmed, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Google Academic. The data pointed out to the fact that natural products, particularly phenolics such as flavonoids (quercetin, apigenin, and scutellarein), tannins (agrimoniin and ellagitannin), chalcones (melanoxethin), triterpenes (ginsenoside Rd and ursolic acid), stilbenes (resveratrol and piceatannol), alkaloids (berberin and palmatin) have a great potential for new XO inhibitors capable of use against gout disease. In addition, not only plants but other biological sources such as microfungi, macrofungi, lichens, insects (silk worms, ants, etc) seem to be the promising sources of novel XO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkay E Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma S S Deniz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
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Bahuguna A, Jo IG, Lee JS, Kim M. Effects of Radishes, Apples, and Pears on the Lactic Acid Bacteria and Nutritional and Functional Qualities of Flavored Soy Sauce. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111562. [PMID: 33126674 PMCID: PMC7694003 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Producers of soy sauce are constantly making efforts to improve the sensory quality and nutritional value of their products. In this study, radishes, apples, and pears were used to prepare a distinctly flavored soy sauce, and the lactic acid bacteria, volatile compound content, and nutritional and functional qualities of the product were compared with two commercial flavored soy sauce products. Comparable physiochemical properties, antioxidant activities (in vitro and cellular), and higher prevalence of lactic acid bacteria (7.74 ± 0.55 log CFU mL−1) were observed in the prepared flavored soy sauce than in commercial flavored soy sauce. The comprehensive enzyme activity profile of the isolated lactic acid bacteria, Tetragenococcus halophilus (NCBI GenBank Accession no. MN270899), revealed the absence of any harmful enzymes such as β-glucuronidase. Moreover, the cell-free extract of T. halophilus showed xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 0.79 mg mL−1), suggesting that the product possessed functionality against xanthine oxidase-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, the prepared flavored soy sauce had higher amounts of total free amino acids (48.68 mg mL−1) and organic acids (7.77 mg mL−1). These results suggest that radishes, apples, and pears at a defined ratio are suitable for the large scale production of a flavored soy sauce with improved nutritional and functional qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Bahuguna
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (A.B.); (I.G.J.)
| | - Il Guk Jo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (A.B.); (I.G.J.)
| | - Jong Suk Lee
- Division of Food & Nutrition and Cook, Taegu Science University, Daegu 41453, Korea;
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (A.B.); (I.G.J.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-810-2958
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Liu L, Zhang L, Ren L, Xie Y. Advances in structures required of polyphenols for xanthine oxidase inhibition. FOOD FRONTIERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha 410205 China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Huaihua University Huaihua 418000 China
| | - Licheng Ren
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha 410205 China
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Shenzhen University General Hospital Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yixi Xie
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changsha 410205 China
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 China
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Novel 3-[4-alkoxy-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl) phenyl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-ones as promising xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2020; 95:103564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kim JH, Jin CH. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of isoflavonoids from Apios americana. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 83:107137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cui YJ, Tang LQ, Zhang CM, Liu ZP. Synthesis of Novel Pyrazole Derivatives and Their Tumor Cell Growth Inhibitory Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020279. [PMID: 30642134 PMCID: PMC6359563 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To find novel antitumor agents, a series of 1H-benzofuro[3,2-c]pyrazole derivatives 4a-e were designed and synthesized. The treatment of 6-methoxybenzofuran-3(2H)-one 3 with LiHMDS in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) followed by reaction with 3-substitued phenyl isothiocyanate gave the thioamide intermediates, which underwent condensation with hydrazine monohydrate in dioxane/EtOH (1:1) to provide the benzofuropyrazole derivatives 4a–e as well as the unexpected pyrazole derivatives 5a–e. In tumor cell growth inhibitory assay, all the benzofuropyrazole derivatives were not active against the breast tumor MCF-7 cell, only 4a was highly active and more potent than ABT-751 against the leukemia K562 (GI50 = 0.26 μM) and lung tumor A549 cells (GI50 = 0.19 μM), while other benzofuropyrazoles showed very weak inhibitory activity. In contrast, the pyrazoles 5a-e were in general more potent than the benzofuropyrazoles 4a–e. Compound 5a exhibited a similar tendency to that of 4a with high potency against K562 and A549 cells but weak effects on MCF-7 cell. Both pyrazoles 5b and 5e exhibited high inhibitory activities against K562, MCF-7 and A549 cells. The most active compound 5b was much more potent than ABT-751 against K562 and A549 cells with GI50 values of 0.021 and 0.69 μM, respectively. Moreover, 5b was identified as a novel tubulin polymerization inhibitor with an IC50 of 7.30 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Cui
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Long-Qian Tang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Cheng-Mei Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Zhao-Peng Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Hassan GS, Georgey HH, George RF, Mohamed ER. Aurones and furoaurones: Biological activities and synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bfopcu.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Nile SH, Keum YS, Nile AS, Jalde SS, Patel RV. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory activity of natural plant flavonoids and their synthesized derivatives. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Konkuk University; Seoul 143701 Republic of Korea
- Department of Crop Science, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Arti Shivraj Nile
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Konkuk University; Seoul 143701 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Rahul V. Patel
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Dongguk University; Ilsandong-gu Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do 410-820 Republic of Korea
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