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Podila N, Penddinti NK, Rudrapal M, Rakshit G, Konidala SK, Pulusu VS, Bhandare RR, Shaik AB. Design, synthesis, biological and computational screening of novel pyridine-based thiadiazole derivatives as prospective anti-inflammatory agents. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29390. [PMID: 38655368 PMCID: PMC11036016 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel series of pyridine-based thiadiazole derivatives (NTD1-NTD5) were synthesized as prospective anti-inflammatory agents by combining substituted carboxylic acid derivatives of 5-substituted-2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole with nicotinoyl isothiocyanate in the presence of acetone. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. First, the compounds underwent rigorous in vivo testing for acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity and the results revealed that three compounds-NTD1, NTD2, and NTD3, displayed no acute toxicity and significant anti-inflammatory activity, surpassing the efficacy of the standard drug, diclofenac. Notably, NTD3, which featured benzoic acid substitution, emerged as the most potent anti-inflammatory agent among the screened compounds. To further validate these findings, an in silico docking study was carried out against COX-2 bound to diclofenac (PDB ID: 1pxx). The computational analysis demonstrated that NTD2, and NTD3, exhibited substantial binding affinity, with the lowest binding energies (-8.5 and -8.4, kcal/mol) compared to diclofenac (-8.4 kcal/mol). This alignment between in vivo and in silico data supported the robust anti-inflammatory potential of these derivatives. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted, extending over 100 ns, to examine the dynamic interactions between the ligands and the target protein. The results solidified NTD3's position as a leading candidate, showing potent inhibitory activity through strong and sustained interactions, including stable hydrogen bond formations. This was further confirmed by RMSD values of 2-2.5 Å and 2-3Ǻ, reinforcing NTD3's potential as a useful anti-inflammatory agent. The drug likeness analysis of NTD3 through SwissADME indicated that most of the predicted parameters including Lipinski rule were within acceptable limits. While these findings are promising, further research is necessary to elucidate the precise relationships between the chemical structures and their activity, as well as to understand the mechanisms underlying their pharmacological effects. This study lays the foundation for the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics, potentially offering improved efficacy and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Podila
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Mithun Rudrapal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gourav Rakshit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, India, Ranchi, 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sathish Kumar Konidala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur, 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Veera Shakar Pulusu
- Ohio University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Athens, OH, USA, 45701
| | - Richie R. Bhandare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, P O Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, P O Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afzal B. Shaik
- St. Mary's College of Pharmacy, St. Mary's Group of Institutions Guntur, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Chebrolu, Guntur, 522212, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, India
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2
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Salvan da Rosa J, Bramorski Mohr ET, Lubschinski TL, Vieira GN, Rossa TA, Mandolesi Sá M, Dalmarco EM. Interference in Macrophage Balance (M1/M2): The Mechanism of Action Responsible for the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of a Fluorophenyl-Substituted Imidazole. Mediators Inflamm 2024; 2024:9528976. [PMID: 38405621 PMCID: PMC10894048 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9528976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the treatment of inflammatory conditions has focused on the inhibition of inflammatory mediator production; however, many conditions are refractory to this classical approach. Recently, an alternative has been presented by researchers to solve this problem: The immunomodulation of cells closely related to inflammation. Hence, macrophages, a critical key in both innate and acquired immunity, have been presented as an alternative target for the development of new medicines. In this work, we tested the fluorophenyl-imidazole for its anti-inflammatory activity and possible immunomodulatory effect on RAW 264.7 macrophages. We also evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of the compound, and the macrophage repolarization to M2 was confirmed by the ability of the compound to reduce the M1 markers TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, and TLR4, the high levels of p65 phosphorylated, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression, and the fact that the compound was not able to induce the production of M1 markers when used in macrophages without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Moreover, fluorophenyl-imidazole had the ability to increase the M2 markers IL-4, IL-13, CD206, apoptosis and phagocytosis levels, arginase-1, and FIZZ-1 mRNA expression before LPS stimulation. Similarly, it was also able to induce the production of these same M2 markers in macrophages without being induced with LPS. These results reinforce the affirmation that the fluorophenyl-imidazole has an important anti-inflammatory effect and demonstrates that this effect is due to immunomodulatory activity, having the ability to trigger a repolarization of macrophages from M1 to M2a. These facts suggest that this molecule could be used as an alternative scaffold for the development of a new medicine to treat inflammatory conditions, where the anti-inflammatory and proregenerative properties of M2a macrophages are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Salvan da Rosa
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center for Health Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Talita Bramorski Mohr
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center for Health Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Tainá Larissa Lubschinski
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center for Health Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Nicácio Vieira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center for Health Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Thais Andreia Rossa
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcus Mandolesi Sá
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Center for Health Sciences, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-970, SC, Brazil
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3
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Mehany MM, Hammam OA, Selim AA, Sayed GH, Anwer KE. Novel pyridine bearing pentose moiety-based anticancer agents: design, synthesis, radioiodination and bioassessments. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2738. [PMID: 38302640 PMCID: PMC10834463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyridine compounds are one of the most important heterocyclic derivatives showing wide ranges in biological and pharmacological activities. Green chemistry eliminates or reduces the generation of hazardous compounds. It prevents pollution at a molecular level. The microwave technique used in heterocyclic compound synthesis is also an important branch of green chemistry techniques. In this study, we report designing and synthesizing a new pyridine-bearing pentose moiety via a one-pot multicomponent reaction using D-glucose and also investigate its behavior and reactivity toward some simple and heterocyclic amino derivatives. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized and tested for their cytotoxic activities. Some of the test compounds exhibited slight to high cytotoxic activities against Caco2 (colon cancer) cells, HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cells and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cells by MTT assay. The results showed clearly that compound 4 and compound 8 displayed strongest to moderate cytotoxic activity against the HepG2, Caco2 and MCF-7 respectively and compound 1 showed good activity against MCF-7 in comparison to the standard anticancer drug doxorubicin. These data were by cytopathological examination. An in-vivo radioactive tracing study of compound 4 proved its targeting ability to sarcoma cells in a tumor-bearing mice model. Our findings suggest that the synthesized compounds may be promising candidates as novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Mehany
- Laboratory Department, Chemistry Unit, Police Hospital, Agouza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat A Hammam
- Pathology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Adli A Selim
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Laboratories Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, 13759, Egypt.
| | - Galal H Sayed
- Heterocyclic Synthesis Lab., Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Kurls E Anwer
- Heterocyclic Synthesis Lab., Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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4
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Song S, Zhang X, Wu L, Wu J, Li X. Topical Application of Baicalin Combined with Echinacoside Ameliorates Psoriatic Skin Lesions by Suppressing the Inflammation-Related TNF Signaling Pathway and the Angiogenesis-Related VEGF Signaling Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40260-40276. [PMID: 37929119 PMCID: PMC10620902 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Baicalin (BAI), the main active component of Scutellaria baicalensis, has significant anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Echinacoside (ECH), an active component from Echinacea purpurea, has significant antiangiogenesis and antioxidant effects. In previous studies, BAI or ECH has been used for some skin inflammation problems by topical treatment. Psoriasis (PSO) is a common inflammatory skin disease with typical features such as excessive inflammatory response and vascular proliferation in skin lesions. Because of the anti-inflammatory effect of BAI and the antiangiogenic activity of ECH, it is proposed that the combination of BAI and ECH can ameliorate psoriatic skin lesions better than a single component. This study aims to explore the effects and potential mechanisms of BAI combined with ECH on imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic skin lesions by topical treatment. Transcriptome analysis first showed that the TNF signaling pathway and the VEGF signaling pathway were significantly enriched in IMQ-induced psoriatic skin lesions. Topical application of BAI combined with ECH could ameliorate IMQ-induced skin lesions in mice, especially the better effects of B2-E1 (BAI/ECH = 2:1). Network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking indicated that BAI-treated PSO on the skin by regulating the TNF signaling pathway, and ECH treated PSO on the skin by regulating the VEGF signaling pathway. Meanwhile, the ELISA test and the qPCR assay showed that BAI combined with ECH could inhibit the expression of key cytokines and genes related to the TNF signaling pathway and the VEGF signaling pathway. Zebrafish experiments demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic effects of BAI combined with ECH and revealed the potential mechanisms associated with regulating the inflammation-related TNF signaling pathway and the angiogenesis-related VEGF signaling pathway. This suggested that BAI combined with ECH may be a promising topical agent to ameliorate psoriatic skin lesions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Yongfang Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Shasha Song
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jianbing Wu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
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5
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Al-Sanea MM, Abdel-Maksoud MS, El-Behairy MF, Hamdi A, Ur Rahman H, Parambi DGT, Elbargisy RM, Mohamed AAB. Anti-inflammatory effect of 3-fluorophenyl pyrimidinylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives as p38α inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106716. [PMID: 37459825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the anti-inflammatory effect of 30 compounds containing 3-fluorophenyl pyrimidinylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole was investigated. All final target compounds showed significant Inhibitory effect on p38α. P38α is considered one of the key kinases in the inflammatory process due to its regulatory effect on pro-inflammatory mediators. The final target compounds divided into four group based on the type of terminal moiety (amide and sulfonamide) and the linker between pyrimidine ring and terminal moiety (ethyl and propyl). Most compounds with terminal sulfonamide moiety and propyl linker between the sulfonamide and pyrimidine ring were the most potent among all synthesized final target compounds with sub-micromolar IC50s. Compound 24g (with p-Cl benzene sulfonamide and propyl linker) exhibited the highest activity over P38α with IC50 0.68 µM. All final target compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit nitric oxide release and prostaglandin E2 production. Compounds having amide terminal moiety with ethyl linker showed higher inhibitory activity for nitric oxide release and compound 21d exhibited the highest activity for nitric oxide release with IC50 1.21 µM. Compounds with terminal sulfonamide moiety and propyl linker showed the highest activity for inhibiting PGE2 production and compounds 24i and 24g had the lowest IC50s with value 0.87 and 0.89 µM, respectively. Compounds 21d, 22d and 24g were tested for their ability to inhibit over expression of iNOS, COX1, and COX2. In addition the ability of compounds 21d, 22d and 24g to inhibit inflammatory cytokines were determined. Finally molecular docking of the three compounds were performed on P38α crystal structure to expect their mode of binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed S Abdel-Maksoud
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed Farrag El-Behairy
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Menoufiya 32897, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman Hamdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hidayat Ur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Della G T Parambi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab M Elbargisy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A B Mohamed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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6
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Anwer KE, Hamza ZK, Ramadan RM. Synthesis, spectroscopic, DFT calculations, biological activity, SAR, and molecular docking studies of novel bioactive pyridine derivatives. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15598. [PMID: 37730837 PMCID: PMC10511440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Enaminonitrile pyridine derivative was used as a precursor for preparation of fourteen heterocyclic compounds using both conventional thermal and microwave techniques. Diverse organic reagents, such as chloroacetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, chloroacetic acid, carbon disulfide, p-toluene sulfonyl chloride, maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, were used. The chemical formulae and structures of isolated derivatives were obtained using different analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H-, 13C-NMR as well as mass spectrometry. The spectroscopic analyses revealed diverse structure arrangements for the products. Molecular structure optimization of certain compounds were performed by the density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method and the basis set 6-31 G with double zeta plus polarization (d,p). The antimicrobial inhibition and the antioxidant activity of the reported compounds were screened. Compounds 5, 6, 11 and 13 exhibited the highest antibacterial inhibition, while compound 8 gave the highest scavenging activity (IC50 43.39 µg/ml) against the DPPH radical. Structure-activity relationship of the reported compounds were correlated with the data of antibacterial and the antioxidant activity. The global reactivity descriptors were also correlated with the biological properties of compounds. The molecular docking studies of reported compounds were investigated, and the analysis showed that the docked compounds have highly negative values for the functional binding scores. The binding interaction was found to be correlated with the substituent fragments of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurls E Anwer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zeinab K Hamza
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ramadan M Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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7
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Goel KK, Thapliyal S, Kharb R, Joshi G, Negi A, Kumar B. Imidazoles as Serotonin Receptor Modulators for Treatment of Depression: Structural Insights and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2208. [PMID: 37765177 PMCID: PMC10535231 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotoninergic signaling is identified as a crucial player in psychiatric disorders (notably depression), presenting it as a significant therapeutic target for treating such conditions. Inhibitors of serotoninergic signaling (especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)) are prominently selected as first-line therapy for the treatment of depression, which benefits via increasing low serotonin levels and norepinephrine by blocking serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake and thereby increasing activity. While developing newer heterocyclic scaffolds to target/modulate the serotonergic systems, imidazole-bearing pharmacophores have emerged. The imidazole-derived pharmacophore already demonstrated unique structural characteristics and an electron-rich environment, ultimately resulting in a diverse range of bioactivities. Therefore, the current manuscript discloses such a specific modification and structural activity relationship (SAR) of attempted derivatization in terms of the serotonergic efficacy of the resultant inhibitor. We also featured a landscape of imidazole-based development, focusing on SAR studies against the serotoninergic system to target depression. This study covers the recent advancements in synthetic methodologies for imidazole derivatives and the development of new molecules having antidepressant activity via modulating serotonergic systems, along with their SAR studies. The focus of the study is to provide structural insights into imidazole-based derivatives as serotonergic system modulators for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Kumar Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurukul Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar 249404, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Somesh Thapliyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India (G.J.)
| | - Rajeev Kharb
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India (G.J.)
| | - Arvind Negi
- Department of Bioproduct and Biosystems, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar Garhwal 246174, Uttarakhand, India (G.J.)
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to Be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
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8
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Liu Y, Chang D, Zhou X. Development of Novel Herbal Compound Formulations Targeting Neuroinflammation: Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Experimental Verification. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:2558415. [PMID: 37266321 PMCID: PMC10232107 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2558415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The multicomponent and multitarget approach may provide a practical strategy to address the complex pathological mechanisms of neuroinflammation. This study aimed to develop synergistic herbal compound formulas to attenuate neuroinflammation using integrated network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental bioassays. Eight phytochemicals with anti-neuroinflammatory potential were selected in the present study. A compound-gene target-signaling pathway network was constructed to illustrate the mechanisms of action of each phytochemical and the interactions among them at the molecular level. Molecular docking was performed to verify the binding affinity of each phytochemical and its key gene targets. An experimental study was conducted to identify synergistic interactions among the eight phytochemicals, and the associated molecular mechanisms were examined by immunoblotting based on the findings from the network pharmacology analysis. Two paired combinations, andrographolide and 6-shogaol (AN-SG) (IC50 = 2.85 μg/mL), and baicalein-6-shogaol (BA-SG) (IC50 = 3.28 μg/mL), were found to synergistically (combination index <1) inhibit the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production in microglia N11 cells. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that MAPK14, MAPK8, and NOS3 were the top three relevant gene targets for the three phytochemicals, and molecular docking demonstrated strong binding affinities of the phytochemicals to their coded proteins. Immunoblotting suggested that the AN-SG and BA-SG both showed prominent effects in inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) and MAPKp-p38 (both p < 0.05) compared with those induced by the LPS stimulation only. The AN-SG combination exhibited greater inhibitions of the protein expressions of iNOS (p < 0.05 vs. individual components), which may partly explain the mechanisms of the synergy observed. This study established a practical approach to developing novel herbal-compound formulations using integrated network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking, and experimental bioassays. The study provides a scientific basis and new insight into the two synergistic combinations against neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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9
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Yang C, Zhao Y, Luo Z, Hu Y, Wang S, Hu S, Yao Y, Pan L, Shen C, Xu T. Honokiol Inhibits the Inflammatory Response and Lipid Metabolism Disorder by Inhibiting p38α in Alcoholic Liver Disease. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:273-285. [PMID: 35714651 DOI: 10.1055/a-1878-3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is one of the leading causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, but effective treatments are still lacking. Honokiol, a lignin-type natural compound isolated from the leaves and bark of Magnolia plants, has been widely studied for its beneficial effects on several chronic diseases. Accumulating studies have revealed that honokiol displays a potential therapeutic effect on alcoholic liver disease. In this study, the protective activity of honokiol on alcoholic liver disease was confirmed due to its significant inhibitory activity on the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β) in EtOH-fed mice and in EtOH-induced AML-12 cells. Meanwhile, the expression of the lipid metabolic parameter sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c was also reduced. However, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α was increased in animal and cell experiments, which indicates that the activity of honokiol was related to its regulated activity on lipid metabolism. The result showed that honokiol significantly inhibited the expression level of p38α in vivo and in vitro. Blocking p38α inhibited the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c but promoted the expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α compared with the honokiol-treated group. Moreover, the forced expression level of p38α further produced the opposite effect on inflammatory cytokines and lipid metabolism indicators. Furthermore, p38α has been related to the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. In our study, honokiol significantly inhibited the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway mediated by p38α. In conclusion, the results suggest that honokiol might be an effective regulator of p38α by downregulating the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway, thereby reducing the inflammatory response and lipid metabolism disorder in alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Yang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Yinglian Zhao
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Zhipan Luo
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Yao
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Linxin Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanpu Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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10
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El-Banna AA, Darwish RS, Ghareeb DA, Yassin AM, Abdulmalek SA, Dawood HM. Metabolic profiling of Lantana camara L. using UPLC-MS/MS and revealing its inflammation-related targets using network pharmacology-based and molecular docking analyses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14828. [PMID: 36050423 PMCID: PMC9436993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lantana camara L. is widely used in folk medicine for alleviation of inflammatory disorders, but studies that proved this folk use and that revealed the molecular mechanism of action in inflammation mitigation are not enough. Therefore, this study aimed to identify L. camara phytoconstituents using UPLC-MS/MS and explain their multi-level mechanism of action in inflammation alleviation using network pharmacology analysis together with molecular docking and in vitro testing. Fifty-seven phytoconstituents were identified in L. camara extract, from which the top hit compounds related to inflammation were ferulic acid, catechin gallate, myricetin and iso-ferulic acid. Whereas the most enriched inflammation related genes were PRKCA, RELA, IL2, MAPK 14 and FOS. Furthermore, the most enriched inflammation-related pathways were PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Molecular docking revealed that catechin gallate possessed the lowest binding energy against PRKCA, RELA and IL2, while myricetin had the most stabilized interaction against MAPK14 and FOS. In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory testing indicated that L. camara extract is safer than piroxicam and has a strong anti-inflammatory activity comparable to it. This study is a first step in proving the folk uses of L. camara in palliating inflammatory ailments and institutes the groundwork for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A El-Banna
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.
| | - Reham S Darwish
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Center of Excellence for Drug Preclinical Studies (CE-DPS), Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industry Development Center, City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.,Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman M Yassin
- Center of Excellence for Drug Preclinical Studies (CE-DPS), Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industry Development Center, City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shaymaa A Abdulmalek
- Center of Excellence for Drug Preclinical Studies (CE-DPS), Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industry Development Center, City of Scientific Research & Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.,Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hend M Dawood
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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11
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Roberti A, Chaffey LE, Greaves DR. NF-κB Signaling and Inflammation-Drug Repurposing to Treat Inflammatory Disorders? BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030372. [PMID: 35336746 PMCID: PMC8945680 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Since its first description 35 years ago, the transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) has been shown to be a key mediator of immune cell responses to inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress and genotoxic injury. Dysregulated NF-κB signalling drives inflammation in inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, re-establishing the appropriate regulation of NF-κB activity seems like a promising approach to treat inflammatory diseases. Current anti-inflammatory drugs have many, often serious, side effects. Thus, there is an unmet clinical need for safe and effective anti-inflammatory medicines that both decrease inflammatory mediator production and enhance endogenous anti-inflammatory and prorepair pathways. So far, traditional de novo drug discovery has fallen short of satisfying this need. Drug repurposing is a cost- and time-effective alternative to de novo drug development for the identification of novel applications and has already resulted in the identification of effective anti-inflammatories in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper we critically review NF-κB as a potential target for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs with an emphasis on drug repurposing as a strategy to identify new approaches to treat inflammatory diseases. Abstract NF-κB is a central mediator of inflammation, response to DNA damage and oxidative stress. As a result of its central role in so many important cellular processes, NF-κB dysregulation has been implicated in the pathology of important human diseases. NF-κB activation causes inappropriate inflammatory responses in diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, modulation of NF-κB signaling is being widely investigated as an approach to treat chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmunity and cancer. The emergence of COVID-19 in late 2019, the subsequent pandemic and the huge clinical burden of patients with life-threatening SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia led to a massive scramble to repurpose existing medicines to treat lung inflammation in a wide range of healthcare systems. These efforts continue and have proven to be controversial. Drug repurposing strategies are a promising alternative to de novo drug development, as they minimize drug development timelines and reduce the risk of failure due to unexpected side effects. Different experimental approaches have been applied to identify existing medicines which inhibit NF-κB that could be repurposed as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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12
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Luo B, Ning Y. Comprehensive Overview of Carboxamide Derivatives as Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:957-975. [PMID: 35041423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Up to now, a total of 24 succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) fungicides have been commercialized, and SDHIs fungicides were also one of the most active fungicides developed in recent years. Carboxamide derivatives represented an important class of SDHIs with broad spectrum of antifungal activities. In this review, the development of carboxamide derivatives as SDHIs with great significances were summarized. In addition, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of antifungal activities of carboxamide derivatives as SDHIs was also summarized based on the analysis of the structures of the commercial SDHIs and lead compounds. Moreover, the cause of resistance of SDHIs and some solutions were also introduced. Finally, the development trend of SDHIs fungicides was prospected. We hope this review will give a guide for the development of novel SDHIs fungicides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yuli Ning
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Tea Plant Biology Key Laboratory of Henan Province, Xinyang 464000, China
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13
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Ali EMH, Mersal KI, Ammar UM, Zaraei SO, Abdel-Maksoud MS, El-Gamal MI, Haque MM, Das T, Kim EE, Lee JS, Lee KH, Kim HK, Oh CH. Structural optimization of 4-(imidazol-5-yl)pyridine derivatives affords broad-spectrum anticancer agents with selective B-RAF V600E/p38α kinase inhibitory activity: Synthesis, in vitro assays and in silico study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 171:106115. [PMID: 34995782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the current article, we introduce design of a new series of 4-(imidazol-5-yl)pyridines with improved anticancer activity and selective B-RAFV600E/p38α kinase inhibitory activity. Based on a previous work, a group of structural modifications were applied affording the new potential antiproliferative agents. Towards extensive biological assessment of the target compounds, an in vitro anticancer assay was conducted over NCI 60-cancer cell lines panel representing blood, lung, colon, CNS, skin, ovary, renal, prostate, and breast cancers. Compounds 7c, 7d, 8b, 9b, 9c, 10c, 10d, and 11b exhibited the highest potency among the tested compounds and demonstrated sub-micromolar or one-digit micromolar GI50 values against the majority of the employed cell lines. Compound 10c emerged as the most potent agent with nano-molar activity over most of the cells and incredible activity against melanoma (MDA-MB-435) cell line (GI50 70 nM). It is much more potent than sorafenib, the clinically used anticancer drug, against almost all the NCI-60 cell lines. Further cell-based mechanistic assays showed that compound 10c induced cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis in K562, MCF-7 and HT29 cancer cell lines. In addition, compound 10c induced autophagy in the three cancer cell lines. Kinase profiling of 10c showed its inhibitory effects and selectivity towards B-RAFV600E and p38α kinases with IC50 values of 1.84 and 0.726 µM, respectively. Docking of compound 10c disclosed its high affinity in the kinases pockets. Compound 10c represent a promising anticancer agent, that could be optimized in order to improve its kinase activity aiming at developing potential anticancer agents. The conformational stability of compound 10c in the active site of B-RAFV600E and p38α kinases was studied by applying molecular dynamic simulation of the compound in the two kinases for 600 ns in comparison to the native ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam M H Ali
- Center of Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST School), Seoul, Seongbuk-gu, 02792, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Yuseong-gu, 34113, Republic of Korea; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Cairo, 12055, Egypt
| | - Karim I Mersal
- Center of Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST School), Seoul, Seongbuk-gu, 02792, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Yuseong-gu, 34113, Republic of Korea; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Cairo, 12055, Egypt
| | - Usama M Ammar
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Seyed-Omar Zaraei
- Center of Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST School), Seoul, Seongbuk-gu, 02792, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Yuseong-gu, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed S Abdel-Maksoud
- Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre NRC (ID: 60014618)), Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Md Mamunul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tanuza Das
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunice EunKyeong Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Hyi Lee
- Center of Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST School), Seoul, Seongbuk-gu, 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, 20 Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, 20 Geonji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Hyun Oh
- Center of Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST School), Seoul, Seongbuk-gu, 02792, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon, Yuseong-gu, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Farahat AA, Samir EM, Zaki MY, Serya RAT, Abdel-Aziz HA. Synthesis and in vitro antiproliferative activity of certain novel pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines with potential p38α MAPK-inhibitory activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100302. [PMID: 34796536 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Novel series of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines 9a-j and 14a-f were prepared via a one-pot three-component reaction. Compounds 9a-j were synthesized by the reaction of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (4) with benzoyl acetonitriles 3a,b and aldehydes 5a-e, whereas the spiro derivatives 14a-f were synthesized by the reaction of pyrazole derivative 4 with 3a-c and indoline-2,3-diones 10a,b. Screening of the antiproliferative activity of 9a-j and 14a-f revealed that 14a and 14d were the most potent analogues against HepG2 and HeLa cells, with IC50 = 4.2 and 5.9 μM, respectively. Moreover, compounds 9c and 14a could promote cell cycle disturbance and apoptosis in HepG2 cells, as evidenced by DNA flow cytometry and Annexin V-FITC/PI assays. Cell cycle analysis of 9c and 14a indicated a reduction in HepG2 cells in the G1 phase, with arrest in the S phase and the G2/M phase, respectively. Also, 9c and 14a are good apoptotic inducers in the HepG2 cell line. Furthermore, compounds 9h and 14d stood out as the most efficient antiproliferative agents in the NCI 60-cell line panel screening, with mean GI % equal to 60.3% and 55.4%, respectively. Additionally, 9c, 9h, 14a, and 14d showed good inhibitory action against the cellular pathway regulator p38α kinase, with IC50 = 0.42, 0.41, 0.13, and 0.64 μM, respectively. A docking study was carried out on the p38α kinase active site, showing a binding mode comparable to that of reported p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. These newly discovered pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines could be considered as potential candidates for the development of newly targeted anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rabah A T Serya
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Bian M, Ma QQ, Wu Y, Du HH, Guo-Hua G. Small molecule compounds with good anti-inflammatory activity reported in the literature from 01/2009 to 05/2021: a review. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:2139-2159. [PMID: 34628990 PMCID: PMC8516162 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1984903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and disease are closely related. Inflammation can induce various diseases, and diseases can promote inflammatory response, and two possibly induces each other in a bidirectional loop. Inflammation is usually treated using synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs which are associated with several adverse effects hence are not safe for long-term use. Therefore, there is need for anti-inflammatory drugs which are not only effective but also safe. Several researchers have devoted to the research and development of effective anti-inflammatory drugs with little or no side effects. In this review, we studied some small molecules with reported anti-inflammatory activities and hence potential sources of anti-inflammatory agents. The information was retrieved from relevant studies published between January 2019 and May, 2021 for review. This review study was aimed to provide relevant information towards the design and development of effective and safe anti-inflammation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Bian
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Qian-Qian Ma
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yun Wu
- First Clinical Medical of Inner, Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Huan-Huan Du
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Gong Guo-Hua
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Inner Mongolia, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China.,First Clinical Medical of Inner, Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
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