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Lee YG, Kim TH, Kwon JE, Kim H, Kang SC. Cytotoxic Effects of Ardisiacrispin A from Labisia pumila on A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:276. [PMID: 38398785 PMCID: PMC10890250 DOI: 10.3390/life14020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the predominant cause of cancer-related fatalities. This prompted our exploration into the anti-lung cancer efficacy of Labisia pumila, a species meticulously selected from the preliminary screening of 600 plants. METHODS Through the strategic implementation of activity-guided fractionation, ardisiacrispin A (1) was isolated utilizing sequential column chromatography. Structural characterization was achieved employing various spectroscopic methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), and infrared spectroscopy (IR). RESULTS L. pumila 70% EtOH extract showed significant toxicity in A549 lung cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 57.04 ± 10.28 µg/mL, as well as decreased expression of oncogenes and induced apoptosis. Compound 1, ardisiacrispin A, induced a 50% cell death response in A549 cells at a concentration of 11.94 ± 1.14 µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS The present study successfully investigated ardisiacrispin A extracted from L. pumila leaves, employing a comprehensive spectroscopic approach encompassing NMR, IR, and MS analyses. The anti-lung cancer efficacy of ardisiacrispin A and L. pumila extract was successfully demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (T.H.K.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (T.H.K.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Jeong Eun Kwon
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (T.H.K.); (J.E.K.)
| | - Hyunggun Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; (Y.-G.L.); (T.H.K.); (J.E.K.)
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Singh Dagur H, Behmard E, Rajakumara E, Barzegari E. Identifying potent inhibitory phytocompounds from Lagerstroemia speciosa against SARS-Coronavirus-2: structure-based virtual screening. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:806-818. [PMID: 37170794 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2205942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing spillover of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) calls for expedited countermeasure through developing therapeutics from natural reservoirs and/or the use of less time-consuming drug discovery methodologies. This study aims to apply these approaches to identify potential blockers of the virus from the longstanding medicinal herb, Lagerstroemia speciosa, through comprehensive computational-based screening. Nineteen out of 22 L. speciosa phytochemicals were selected on the basis of their pharmacokinetic properties. SARS-CoV-2 Main protease (Mpro), RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRp), Envelope viroporin protein (Evp) and receptor-binding domain of Spike glycoprotein (S-RBD), as well as the human receptor Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (hACE2) were chosen as targets. The screening was performed by molecular docking, followed by 100-ns molecular dynamic simulations and free energy calculations. 24-Methylene cycloartanol acetate (24MCA) was found as the best inhibitor for both Evp and RdRp, and sitosterol acetate (SA) as the best hit for Mpro, S-RBD and hACE2. Dynamic simulations, binding mode analyses, free energy terms and share of key amino acids in protein-drug interactions confirmed the stable binding of these phytocompounds to the hotspot sites on the target proteins. With their possible multi-targeting capability, the introduced phytoligands might offer promising lead compounds for persistent fight with the rapidly evolving coronavirus. Therefore, experimental verification of their safety and efficacy is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanuman Singh Dagur
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Esmaeil Behmard
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Eerappa Rajakumara
- Macromolecular Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Ebrahim Barzegari
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Low Z, Lani R, Tiong V, Poh C, AbuBakar S, Hassandarvish P. COVID-19 Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119589. [PMID: 37298539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment and management are now considerably regulated, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still one of the leading causes of death in 2022. The availability of COVID-19 vaccines, FDA-approved antivirals, and monoclonal antibodies in low-income countries still poses an issue to be addressed. Natural products, particularly traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and medicinal plant extracts (or their active component), have challenged the dominance of drug repurposing and synthetic compound libraries in COVID-19 therapeutics. Their abundant resources and excellent antiviral performance make natural products a relatively cheap and readily available alternative for COVID-19 therapeutics. Here, we deliberately review the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of the natural products, their potency (pharmacological profiles), and application strategies for COVID-19 intervention. In light of their advantages, this review is intended to acknowledge the potential of natural products as COVID-19 therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxuan Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Rafidah Lani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Vunjia Tiong
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chitlaa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Anti-influenza A virus activity by Agrimonia pilosa and Galla rhois extract mixture. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Mengmeng S, Zhuicheng X, Sixuan H, Xianjie S, Yan C, Xinru L, Yan S, Qin L, Chenxiao S, Tong X, An K. Systematic Identification of the Main Constituents from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. and Their Metabolites in Rats using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:1369-1383. [PMID: 35062039 DOI: 10.1055/a-1747-6004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Agrimonia pilosa is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant, commonly known as agrimony or hairy agrimony. The dried aerial parts of this species have been widely used for the treatment of acute diarrhea, hemostasis, and other inflammation-related diseases. However, information on the in vivo metabolism of A. pilosa constituents is limited. In this study, the phytochemical profile of A. pilosa was investigated using HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with a nontargeted diagnostic ion network analysis strategy. An information-dependent acquisition method with multiple filters was utilized to screen possible prototypes and metabolites in complex biological matrices. Furthermore, various data-processing techniques were applied to analyze possible prototypes and their metabolites in rat plasma, feces, and urine following oral administration of A. pilosa extract. A total of 62 compounds, which belonged to five main structural classes (21 phenols, 22 flavonoids, 6 coumarins, 3 triterpenes, and 10 organic acids), were tentatively identified in A. pilosa. In addition, using our proposed stepwise method, 32 prototypes and 69 metabolites were detected in rat plasma, feces, and urine. The main metabolic pathways after the oral administration of A. pilosa extract were revealed to include methylation, dihydroxylation, demethylation, hydrolysis, sulfation, and glucuronidation. This comprehensive in vivo and in vitro identification of the possible active components in A. pilosa could provide a basis for understanding its various pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mengmeng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Zhuicheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Sixuan
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Xianjie
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xinru
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Su Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan Chenxiao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xie Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Kang An
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Qi-Jie Zhu, Lang LJ, Wang Y, Zhang DQ, Jiang B, Xiao CJ. Triterpenoids from the Fruits of Wild Species of Crataegus scabrifolia and Their Lipid-Lowering Activities. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022060292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bi JH, Jiang YH, Ye SJ, Wu MR, Yi Y, Wang HX, Wang LM. Investigation of the inhibition effect of 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-β-D-glucose on gastric cancer cells based on a network pharmacology approach and experimental validation. Front Oncol 2022; 12:934958. [PMID: 35992839 PMCID: PMC9383036 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.934958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundGastric cancer (GC) is ranked as the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. 1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl-β-D-glucose (β-PGG) has various pharmacological activities and has been shown to suppress cancer development. However, the mechanism by which β-PGG inhibits gastric cancer has not been elucidated.ObjectiveThis study explored the potential targets and mechanism of β-PGG in GC using the network pharmacology approach combined with in-vitro experiments.MethodsThe PharmMapper software was used to predict the potential targets of β-PGG, and GC-related genes were identified on the GeneCards database. PPI analysis of common genes was performed using the STRING database. The potential regulatory mechanism of β-PGG in GC was explored through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. The binding ability of key genes and target proteins was verified by molecular docking. The effects of β-PGG on genes and proteins were evaluated using the CCK-8 assay, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assay, real-time fluorescence quantification polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blotting.ResultsEight hub genes involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis were identified. Cancer-related signaling pathways were identified using the Cytoscape tool. Some of those genes were significantly enriched in the p53 signaling pathway. The CCK-8 assay showed that β-PGG inhibited the proliferation of GC cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis experiments revealed that β-PGG induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that β-PGG inhibited β-PGG cells by modulating the p53 signaling pathway.ConclusionIn the present study, the targets and mechanism of β-PGG in gastric cancer were explored. The results indicate that β-PGG can be used to develop treatments for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-hui Bi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-han Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-jie Ye
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min-rui Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-xun Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-mei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Li-mei Wang,
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Proteomics Analysis of Antitumor Activity of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3324-3334. [PMID: 35892715 PMCID: PMC9332088 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44080229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a malignant neoplasm of oral cavity. It accounts for approximately 5% of all malignant tumors. Approximately 97% of all oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, followed by adenocarcinomas, and rarely malignant melanomas. It occurs particularly in males (twice as common in males than in females) of middle age (above 40 years). Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. has traditionally been known for its effective antitumor activity and is currently used in China for cancer therapy. A. pilosa Ledeb. has been traditionally used for the treatment of abdominal pain, sore throat, headache, blood discharge, parasitic infections, and eczema in Korea and other Asian countries. Most studies on A. pilosa Ledeb. are related to the leaves and a few investigated the roots of the plant. However, detailed mechanisms of antitumor activity of A. pilosa Ledeb. have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, to date, there have been no reports on the antitumor effect of A. pilosa Ledeb. in oral squamous cells. In this study, we used proteomic technology to observe changes in proteins related to anticancer activity of A. pilosa Ledeb. and identified target proteins among altered proteins to reveal the underlying mechanism of action.
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Lee MK, Hwang YH, Ryu H, Lee A, Jeong HH, Baek J, Kim MJ, Lee JY, Van JY, Liu Y, Choi CW, Kim MS, Lee B. Galla rhois water extract inhibits enzymatic browning in apple juice partly by binding to and inactivating polyphenol oxidase. Food Chem 2022; 383:132277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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da Silva-Júnior EF, Zhan P. Current trends in designing antiviral agents against emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 62:116741. [PMID: 35397970 PMCID: PMC8975753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Zhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
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Agrimonia pilosa: A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3742208. [PMID: 35529922 PMCID: PMC9076299 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3742208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., which belongs to Agrimonia and Rosaceae, is used in traditional Chinese medicine. It exhibits excellent medicinal properties and has been used to treat various diseases, such as tumors, trichomoniasis, vaginitis, diarrhea, and dysentery. Phytochemical studies have revealed that Agrimonia has over 100 secondary metabolites that can be categorized into six classes, i.e., flavonoids, isocoumarins, triterpenes, phloroglucinol derivatives, tannins, and organic acids. This review summarizes recently published literature on the chemical structures of 90 bioactive compounds that have been identified in A. pilosa and examines their pharmacological properties, including their antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic properties, as well as the potential development of parasitic resistance to these chemicals. This review highlights existing knowledge gap and serves as a basis for developing novel preparations of A. pilosa with medicinal value.
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Joo YH, Lee YG, Lim Y, Jeon H, Kim EH, Choi J, Hong W, Jeon H, Ahrweiler M, Kim H, Kang SC, Seo YJ. Potent antiviral activity of the extract of Elaeocarpus sylvestris against influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 97:153892. [PMID: 35033970 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elaeocarpus sylvestris (Lour.) Poir. (Elaeocarpaceae) belongs to a genus of tropical and semitropical evergreen trees, which has known biological activities such as antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. However, its antiviral potential against influenza virus infection remains unknown. PURPOSE In this study, we investigated the antiviral activity of the 50% aqueous ethanolic extract of E. sylvestris (ESE) against influenza A virus (IAV) infection, which could lead to the development of novel phytomedicine to treat influenza virus infection. METHODS To investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of ESE and its main ingredients, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (PGG) and geraniin (GE), the levels of viral RNAs, proteins, and infectious viral particles in IAV-infected MDCK cells were analyzed. Molecular docking analysis was performed to determine the binding energy of PGG and GE for IAV proteins. To investigate in vivo antiviral activity, IAV-infected mice were treated intranasally or intragastrically with ESE, PGG, or GE. RESULTS ESE and its gallate main ingredients (PGG and GE) strongly inhibited the production of viral RNAs, viral proteins, and infectious viral particles in vitro. Also through the viral attachment on cells, polymerase activity, signaling pathway, we revealed the ESE, PGG, and GE inhibit multiple steps of IAV replication. Molecular docking analysis revealed that PGG and GE could interact with 12 key viral proteins (M1, NP, NS1 effector domain (ED), NS1 RNA-binding domain (RBD), HA pocket A, HA receptor-binding domain (RBD), NA, PA, PB1, PB2 C-terminal domain, PB2 middle domain, and PB2 cap-binding domain) of IAV proteins with stable binding energy. Furthermore, intranasal administration of ESE, PGG, or GE protected mice from IAV-induced mortality and morbidity. Importantly, oral administration of ESE suppressed IAV replication and the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the lungs to a large extent. CONCLUSION ESE and its major components (PGG and PE) exhibited strong antiviral activity in multiple steps against IAV infection in silico, in vivo, and in vitro. Therefore, ESE could be used as a novel natural product derived therapeutic agent to treat influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hyun Joo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea
| | - Younghyun Lim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoyeon Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Ho Kim
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Joongyeon Choi
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Woojae Hong
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyelin Jeon
- Research Institute, GENENCELL Co., Ltd., Yongin 16950, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | | | - Hyunggun Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea.
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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Promising Antiviral Activity of Agrimonia pilosa Phytochemicals against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Supported with In Vivo Mice Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121313. [PMID: 34959713 PMCID: PMC8709118 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has focused the entire world’s attention toward searching for a potential remedy for this disease. Thus, we investigated the antiviral activity of Agrimonia pilosa ethanol extract (APEE) against SARS-CoV-2 and it exhibited a potent antiviral activity with IC50 of 1.1 ± 0.03 µg/mL. Its mechanism of action was elucidated, and it exhibited a virucidal activity and an inhibition of viral adsorption. Moreover, it presented an immunomodulatory activity as it decreased the upregulation of gene expression of COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A comprehensive analysis of the phytochemical fingerprint of APEE was conducted using LC-ESI-MS/MS technique for the first time. We detected 81 compounds and most of them belong to the flavonoid and coumarin classes. Interestingly, isoflavonoids, procyanidins, and anthocyanins were detected for the first time in A. pilosa. Moreover, the antioxidant activity was evidenced in DPPH (IC50 62.80 µg/mL) and ABTS (201.49 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/mg) radical scavenging, FRAP (60.84 mg TE/mg), and ORAC (306.54 mg TE/g) assays. Furthermore, the protective effect of APEE was investigated in Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Lung W/D ratio, serum IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β, HO-1, Caspase-1, caspase-3, TLR-4 expression, TAC, NO, MPO activity, and histopathological examination of lung tissues were assessed. APEE induced a marked downregulation in all inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis markers, and TLR-4 expression. In addition, it alleviated all histopathological abnormalities confirming the beneficial effects of APEE in ALI. Therefore, APEE could be a potential source for therapeutic compounds that could be investigated, in future preclinical and clinical trials, in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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