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Simonetti J, Ficili M, Sgalla G, Richeldi L. Experimental autotaxin inhibitors for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:133-143. [PMID: 38299617 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2305126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, irreversible, and fatal lung disease with unmet medical needs. Autotaxin (ATX) is an extracellular enzyme involved in the generation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Preclinical and clinical data have suggested the ATX-LPAR signaling axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis and the progression of IPF. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to provide an update on the available evidence on autotaxin inhibitors in IPF and further details on the ongoing clinical studies involving these molecules. EXPERT OPINION The development of autotaxin inhibitors as a potential therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has gained attention due to evidence of their involvement in the disease. Preclinical and early-phase clinical studies have explored these inhibitors' efficacy and safety, offering a novel approach in treating this disease. Combining autotaxin inhibitors with existing anti-fibrotic agents is considered for enhanced therapeutic effects. Large phase III trials assessed Ziritaxestat but yielded disappointing results, highlighting the importance of long-term observation and clinical outcomes in clinical research. Patient stratification and personalized medicine are crucial, as pulmonary fibrosis is a heterogeneous disease. Ongoing research and collaboration are essential for this advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Simonetti
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ficili
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Richeldi
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Unita Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Benesch MG, Tang X, Brindley DN, Takabe K. Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidate Signaling: Prime Targets for Mitigating Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer. World J Oncol 2024; 15:1-13. [PMID: 38274724 PMCID: PMC10807915 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Overcoming and preventing cancer therapy resistance is the most pressing challenge in modern breast cancer management. Consequently, most modern breast cancer research is aimed at understanding and blocking these therapy resistance mechanisms. One increasingly promising therapeutic target is the autotaxin (ATX)-lysophosphatidate (LPA)-lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP) axis. Extracellular LPA, produced from albumin-bound lysophosphatidylcholine by ATX and degraded by the ecto-activity of the LPPs, is a potent cell-signaling mediator of tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, immune evasion, and resistance to cancer treatment modalities. LPA signaling in the post-natal organism has central roles in physiological wound healing, but these mechanisms are subverted to fuel pathogenesis in diseases that arise from chronic inflammatory processes, including cancer. Over the last 10 years, our understanding of the role of LPA signaling in the breast tumor microenvironment has begun to mature. Tumor-promoting inflammation in breast cancer leads to increased ATX production within the tumor microenvironment. This results in increased local concentrations of LPA that are maintained in part by decreased overall cancer cell LPP expression that would otherwise more rapidly break it down. LPA signaling through six G-protein-coupled LPA receptors expressed by cancer cells can then activate virtually every known tumorigenic pathway. Consequently, to target therapy resistance and tumor growth mediated by LPA signaling, multiple inhibitors against the LPA signaling axis are entering clinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent developments in LPA breast cancer biology, and illustrate how these novel therapeutics against the LPA signaling pathway may be excellent adjuncts to extend the efficacy of evolving breast cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G.K. Benesch
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - David N. Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Akhilesh, Menon A, Agrawal S, Chouhan D, Gadepalli A, Das B, Kumar R, Singh N, Tiwari V. Virtual screening and molecular dynamics investigations using natural compounds against autotaxin for the treatment of chronic pain. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38285669 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2308761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a common and debilitating condition with a huge social and economic burden worldwide. Currently, available drugs in clinics are not adequately effective and possess a variety of severe side effects leading to treatment withdrawal and poor quality of life. Recent findings highlight the potential role of autotaxin (ATX) as a promising novel target for chronic pain management, extending beyond its previously established involvement in arthritis and other neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we used a virtual screening strategy by targeting ATX against commercially available natural compounds (enamine- phenotypic screening library) to identify the potential inhibitors for the treatment of chronic pain. After initial identification using molecular docking based virtual screening, molecular mechanics (MM/GBSA), ADMET profiling and molecular dynamics simulation were performed to verify top hits. The computational screening resulted in the identification of fifteen top scoring structurally diverse hits that have free energy of binding (ΔG) values in the range of -25.792 (for compound Enamine_1850) to -74.722 Kcal/mol (for compound Enamine_1687). Moreover, the top-scoring hits have favourable ADME properties as calculated using in-silico algorithms. Additionally, the molecular dynamics simulation revealed the stable nature of protein-ligand interaction and provided information about amino acid residues involved in binding. This study led to the identification of potential autotaxin inhibitors with favourable pharmacokinetic properties. Identified hits may further be investigated for their safety and efficacy potential using in-vitro and in-vivo models of chronic pain.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh
- Neuroscience & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Arjun Menon
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Institute of Advance Research, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Somesh Agrawal
- Neuroscience & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Deepak Chouhan
- Neuroscience & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Anagha Gadepalli
- Neuroscience & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Bhanuranjan Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Neeru Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Institute of Advance Research, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Neuroscience & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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Tsukahara T, Imamura S, Morohoshi T. A Review of Cyclic Phosphatidic Acid and Other Potential Therapeutic Targets for Treating Osteoarthritis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2790. [PMID: 37893163 PMCID: PMC10603845 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic degenerative joint disease, is the most common form of arthritis. OA occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones gradually breaks down. This leads to the rubbing of bones against each other, resulting in pain and stiffness. Cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA) shows promise as a treatment for OA. In this article, we review the most recent findings regarding the biological functions of cPA signaling in mammalian systems, specifically in relation to OA. cPA is a naturally occurring phospholipid mediator with unique cyclic phosphate rings at the sn-2 and sn-3 positions in the glycerol backbone. cPA promotes various responses, including cell proliferation, migration, and survival. cPA possesses physiological activities that are distinct from those elicited by lysophosphatidic acid; however, its biochemical origin has rarely been studied. Although there is currently no cure for OA, advances in medical research may lead to new therapies or strategies in the future, and cPA has potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamotsu Tsukahara
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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